The Role of Land Wealth on Child Labour in Vietnam · – 12000 children over 15 years in Vietnam,...
Transcript of The Role of Land Wealth on Child Labour in Vietnam · – 12000 children over 15 years in Vietnam,...
TheRoleofLandWealthonChildLabourinVietnam
YinLiToh
Ischildlabouramassphenomenon?
LiteratureReview• BasuandVan(1998)’sluxuryaxiom• Povertyhypothesis
– Basu(1999),Ranjan(1999),RosaJ&Rossi(2003)• Wealthparadox
– Bhalotra&Heady(2003),Ganglmair(2006),Dumas(2007),Kruger(2007)
– Landwealth:incomeandsubsJtuJoneffects
• LabourmarketimperfecJons– Basu,Bas&DuYa(2010)inverted-Ushapedmodelbetweenlandsize
andchildlabour– Inabilitytohirelabourers(eg.moralhazard)andareincenJvisedto
hireownchildren
LiteratureReview|Vietnam|Data|Methodology|Results|ConcludingRemarks
ChildlabourinVietnam• DoiMoieconomicreform(1986)
– Economicgrowthratesofover6%perannum– ChildlabourreducJonfrom40%(1993)to17%(1998)(RosaJ&
Tzannatos,2006)• ILO(2014)esJmates1.75millionworkingchildreninVietnam• 1990s:povertyhypothesis
– Improvementsinpercapitaexpenditure(Edmonds,2005)– RicepricesincreaseasaresultoftradeliberalisaJon(Edmonds&
Pavcnik,2004)• 2000s:wealthparadox?
– 1993LandLaw:land-rightsexchangeandinvestment– 70%Vietnamesehouseholdsproducerice(Minot&Golee,2000)– Increasedinricepricesin1990s– 71%ofworkingchildreninagriculture(ILO,2014)
LiteratureReview|Vietnam|Data|Methodology|Results|ConcludingRemarks
Data• YoungLivesSurveypanel
– 12000childrenover15yearsinVietnam,Peru,EthiopiaandIndia– Vietnam:1000OlderCohortchildrenaged7-8years– 3rounds:2002,2006,2009
• KeycharacterisJcs:– LowaYriJonrate(9.6%)– Non-binarychildlabourmeasure
• paidacJvity• domesJctasks(farmingandfamilybusiness)• householdchores• caringforhouseholdmembers
LiteratureReview|Vietnam|Data|Methodology|Results|ConcludingRemarks
0
0.5
1
1.5
2
2.5
3
PaidacJvity
DomesJctasks
Householdchores
Caringforothers
Totalwork
Total
Male
Female
Childlabour(hours/day)bygender
LiteratureReview|Vietnam|Data|Methodology|Results|ConcludingRemarks
NoWork Work Total
NoSchool 7 278 285
School 722 1921 2643
Total 729 2199 2928
DistribuBonofchildreninworkandinschool
LiteratureReview|Vietnam|Data|Methodology|Results|ConcludingRemarks
Alltypes DomesBctasks
Obs Mean Obs Mean
Total 1915 2.585 1930 0.840
Landsize(hectares)
≤30%(0.01) 741 2.090 744 0.046
30-70%(1.65) 661 2.445 669 0.541
>70% 513 3.480 517 1.793
Childlabour(hours/day)bypercenBlesoflandsize
Methodology
yit* =α + βX '
it +ν i + ε it yit =yit
* if yit* > 0
0 otherwise
⎧⎨⎪
⎩⎪
• Tobitmodelrandomeffects
VariablesChildCharacterisJcs Age(years)
MaleHouseholdResources Landowned(hectares)
Log(non-foodexpenditure)/capitaHouseholdStructure Malehouseholdhead
No.ofhouseholdmembersNo.offemales&males0-5,6-17,18-60,60+
Parents’EducaJon Mother&Father:None,Primary,Secondary/higher
CommunityCharacterisJcs RuralSchooltravelJme(mins)Communityfixedeffects
LiteratureReview|Vietnam|Data|Methodology|Results|ConcludingRemarks
ResultsTobitesJmates Probability Marginaleffects
Land 0.321***(0.069)
0.031***(0.007)
0.221***(0.048)
Land2 -0.003***(0.001)
- -
Log(expenditure) -0.552***(0.084)
-0.054***(0.009)
-0.383***(0.059)
Age 2.422*(1.425)
0.048***(0.005)
0.339***(0.027)
Age2 -0.071(0.052)
- -
Male -0.475***(0.099)
-0.046***(0.010)
-0.330***(0.069)
Obs 1817 1817 1817***p<0.01,**p<0.05,*p<0.1
LiteratureReview|Vietnam|Data|Methodology|Results|ConcludingRemarks
Probability MarginaleffectsMale Female Male Female
Land 0.047*** 0.037*** 0.288*** 0.343***
Log(expenditure) -0.056*** -0.050*** -0.340*** -0.461***
Age 0.058*** 0.036*** 0.353*** 0.327***
Femalesaged0-5 0.059** 0.050*** 0.362** 0.462***
Malesaged0-5 0.077*** 0.076*** 0.470*** 0.694***
Momeduc:Primary -0.047 -0.043 -0.286 -0.396
Momeduc:Sec/Higher -0.063 -0.056* -0.387 -0.515*
Dadeduc:Primary 0.020 0.057* 0.122 0.520*
Dadeduc:Sec/Higher -0.049 0.057* -0.301 0.524*
Rural 0.091 0.232** 0.552 2.125**
SchooltravelJme -0.005*** -0.004*** -0.032*** -0.037***
CommuniJes YES YES YES YESObs 897 920 897 920***p<0.01,**p<0.05,*p<0.1
LiteratureReview|Vietnam|Data|Methodology|Results|ConcludingRemarks
• NumberofcaYle– AlternaJvemeasureofwealth– Smallerinvestment(collateral)– Incomesourceduringnon-remuneraJvecropproducJon– CaYlerearingrequiressubstanJallabour
RobustnessCheck
LiteratureReview|Vietnam|Data|Methodology|Results|ConcludingRemarks
TobitesJmates Probability Marginaleffects
Land CaYle Land CaYle Land CaYle
Land 0.321*** - 0.031*** - 0.221*** -
Land2 -0.003*** - - - - -
CaYle - 0.338*** - 0.031*** - 0.227***
CaYle2 - -0.013*** - - - -
Log(expenditure) -0.552*** -0.516*** -0.054*** -0.049*** -0.383*** -0.360***
Age 2.422* 2.771* 0.048*** 0.049*** 0.339*** 0.361***
Age2 -0.071 0.083 - - - -
Male -0.475*** 0.476*** -0.046*** -0.046*** -0.330*** -0.332***
Obs 1817 1817 1817 1817 1817 1817
***p<0.01,**p<0.05,*p<0.1
LiteratureReview|Vietnam|Data|Methodology|Results|ConcludingRemarks
• ConsistentwithevidencefromCambodia(Seiichi,Kana&Phoumin,2013)– Nosignificanteffectoflandwealthonchildlabour
ConcludingRemarks• Inverted-UshapedrelaJonshipbetweenlandwealthand
childlabourinVietnam– ImperfecJonsinlabourmarkets(Basu,Bas&DuYa,2010)– RobustwithalternaJvemeasureofwealth-numberofcaYle
• DomesJcworkchannelcanexplainchildlabourincidenceinimperfectlabourmarkets– Genderbiasonprobabilityandmarginaleffectsofchildlabour
• ContribuJonstoliterature:– EvidencefromSouthEastAsiaonthewealthparadoxofchildlabour– Non-binarychildlabourvariablethatincludesdomesJcwork
LiteratureReview|Vietnam|Data|Methodology|Results|ConcludingRemarks
PolicyConsideraJons• InvestmentinraisingreturnsofeducaJon
– MarginalchildlabourproducJvityrelaJvetochildnon-workreturns• InvestmentinfemaleeducaJon
– ReducechildlabourofcurrentgeneraJon– ImprovequalityofnextgeneraJon’schildrenoutcomes
• Labourstandardstocoverfamilybusinessandfarming(domesJcwork)
• Channelinreducingpovertyisimportant
LiteratureReview|Vietnam|Data|Methodology|Results|ConcludingRemarks
LimitaJonsandFutureResearch• Non-normaldistribuJonandheteroskedasJcerrorsfrom
Tobitmodel– CensoredleastabsolutedeviaJons(CLAD)model
• PotenJalendogeneityproblemwithconsumpJonexpenditureashouseholdincomeproxy
• DataavailabilityonseasonalagriculturalproducJon,riceprices,wages,unemploymentrate
• Didnotexplorecausaleffectsoflandwealthonschooling
LiteratureReview|Vietnam|Data|Methodology|Results|ConcludingRemarks