The Road to WW I. Nations want peace after 1815 Belief that restoring old order would bring...
Transcript of The Road to WW I. Nations want peace after 1815 Belief that restoring old order would bring...
19TH CENTURY EUROPE
The Road to WW I
CONGRESS OF VIENNA,
INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION,
ECONOMIC “ISMS”,
UNIFICATION&
IMPERIALISM
CONGRESS OF VIENNA Nations want peace after 1815 Belief that restoring old order would bring stability
“THE GREAT POWERS” Great Britain Austria Prussia Russia France
GOALS Prevent future French aggression
Made few serious demands on France so not to instigate revenge
Maintain peace through balance of powerAll Great Powers were to be of equal
strength through treaties and agreements Restore old Monarchs: Democracy a
threatBut French & American Revolution still
admired
NATIONALISM Result of French Revolution & resistance
to Napoleon’s invasions Italy & Germany try to unify in 1848 Stopped by Great Powers who fear them
DEMOCRACY PREVAILS By mid-1800’s, impact of Industrial
revolution led to demands for democracy throughout Western Europe
THE INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION
CAUSES: Scientific Farming Increased Population Abundant Natural Resources Geographic Location Strong Banking System Political Stability
EFFECTS: New Inventions
Machines Factories Improved Transportation
(steam engine- R.R.) Increasing Population
Move to Cities Karl Marx
Communism Government Reforms
(protective laws & unions)
THE ECONOMIC “ISMS” Capitalism Communism Socialism
CAPITALISM Example: USA
Laissez-faire Individual choice/ freedom of choice Individuals run the businessEconomic Classes: Rich and poor and
middle-classCompetition makes goods better and
cheaperGovernment: Democracy
SOCIALISM Government & Economy of the people
SOCIALISM– DOESN’T REALLY EXIST
Everyone agrees to share economyEveryone is equal in terms of moneyEach person will receive money according
to how much they needNo competitionSocial Classes: NONEGovernment: Should be democracy, but
dictator never stepped down
WHY NO SOCIALISM??? In history, the dictator had NEVER
stepped down! Problem with Marx’s theory, he didn’t
take in to account the nature of man
COMMUNISMGovernment controlled EconomyGovernment controls all business decisionsNo competitionEconomic Classes: Rich government and
Poor citizens (proletariat)Government: Dictator
HISTORY OF COMMUNISM Karl Marx said Industrialization would
lead to a two-class system: Bourgeoisie & Proletariat
Civil War would occur between rich & poor
Poor would win Dictator would take power just long
enough to set-up socialist society Dictator would step down
Reality: Communism not Socialism
UNIFICATION Italian & German Unification
ITALIAN UNIFICATION
FACTORS FAVORING ITALIAN UNIFICATION
Common culture, history, traditions, language (though diff. dialects)
Common Religion: Roman CatholicDislike for Austria who prevented earlier
attempt to unite
ROADBLOCKS TO ITALIAN UNIFICATION
Opposition by state rulers who were backed by Austria, so wanted Austria to remain powerful
Pope feared losing power over Papal States
Disagreement over type of government once united: democratic republic (favored by Mazzini), constitutional monarchy (favored by Cavour), confederation under Pope
Foreign Opposition: Austria would lose territory and influence France feared a powerful neighbor
WARS TO WIN ITALIAN UNIFICATION
Austro-Sardinian Wars (1859): Napoleon III helped b/c of promise of Nice and Savoy, and Sardinia got Lombardy
Conquest of 2 Sicilies by Garibaldi (1861): Kingdom of Italy declared, but Rome not capital because in hands of Pope & protected by French troops
Austro-Prussian War (1866): Italy allied with Prussia and gained Venetia
Franco-Prussian War (1870-71): French troops removed from Italy to fight Germany, Rome now capital
World War I (1914-18): Italy claimed rest of land still under Austrian rule.
THE SOUL, THE SWORD, THE BRAIN The Soul: Mazzini
Led first unification effort in 1848, inspiration of the people
The Sword: Garibaldi Led the “Red Shirts” from Sardinia to conquer
the Kingdom of the Two Sicilies on to Lombardy The Brain: Cavour
Prime Minister to King Victor Emmanuel II of Sardinia
He believes nationalism can only happen through smart diplomacy and well-chosen alliances
1871– Italy is Unified!
GERMAN UNIFICATION
REALPOLITIKGerman plan for government that meant:
Calculating politics in which idealism played no part.
Often pejoratively referred to amoral, coercive, or Machiavellian politics.
FACTORS FAVORING GERMAN UNIFICATION
Common language, history, culture, traditions
Industrial Revolution: Roads, railroads, growing trade united German states
Zollverein– customs union, NO tariffs within German Confederation EXCEPT Austria
ROADBLOCKS TO GERMAN UNIFICATION
Opposition by state rulers who feared losing power
Religion: Protestant North, Catholic South Jealousy & fear of Prussia; largest stateRivalry between Austria and Prussia over
control of smaller German statesOpposition from France who feared a
powerful bordering neighbor
BISMARCK: BLOOD & IRON Bismarck wanted Germany united!
Blood = War Iron = Industrialization
WARS TO WIN GERMAN UNIFICATION
V. Denmark (1864) for prestige and territory; Schleswig-
HolsteinAustro-Prussian War (1866)
Germans defeated Austria, and were very lenient in treaty, to keep Austria as ally in future war with France.
Franco-Prussian War (1870-71) Only a war against a foreign enemy could
unite Protestant North with Catholic South. Germany humiliates France and takes Alsace & Lorraine (France’s richest coal & iron deposits)
THE SOUL, THE SWORD, THE BRAIN The Soul: Kaiser Wilhelm I
King of Prussia, largest, wealthiest, industrialized state in un-unified Germany
The Sword: von MoltkeGeneral who led all 3 wars of German
Unfication The Brain: Bismarck
Prime Minister to Kaiser Wilhelm IBelieved in Realpolitik“Blood & Iron”
1871– Italy is Unified!
GERMANY VERY SUCCESSFUL Germany is unified in 1871!
Quickly surpasses Britain as most industrialized nation in Europe (2nd to only U.S.A.)
France & Germany HATE each other!!
IMPERIALISM The Policy of Extending the rule or
authority of one nation over foreign countries for the purpose of acquiring of colonies
Cause: Industrial Revolution and the need for raw materials and cheap labor
BRITISH EMPIRE Largest in the world: ¼ of world’s land
and people controlled by Britain
CHALLENGE TO BRITISH LEADERSHIP U.S. and Germany industrialized and
between 1870 and 1900 caused G.B. Production to drop from 1/3 of world’s total to 1/5.
Countries now charging tariffs on British goods to protect their own Industrialization.
Raw Materials on British Isles were depleting.
COLONIALISM SPREADS Other countries begin to recognize both the
economic gain of colonies as well as national pride.
France becomes 2nd largest empire. Dutch, Spain, Portugal, Belgium, Italy, and
Germany all expand in Africa Austria-Hungary moves into Balkans (major
cause of WWI) Even U.S. gets involved (Cuba, Philipines,
Puerto Rico, Guam) Hope that where business goes, the flag will
follow
EUROPEAN PRIDE Countries took great PRIDE in colonies,
even more important than economic gain
Europeans believed they were superior and had a duty to spread their technology.
Racism became a strong element at this time
AFRICA DIVIDED In 1875, less than 10% of Africa
controlled by Europeans In 1900, over 90%
BRITISH TAKE CONTROL OF INDIA
INDIAN NATIONALISM GROWS Indian tax payers paid for all
technological improvements Indian workers did hard labor jobs Resented signs “For Europeans Only” Prevented from getting top jobs and the
few mid-level jobs they could get they received as much as 20 times less than their British counter-part
SOUTHEAST ASIA
IMPERIALISM OF ASIA
BRITAIN MOVES INTO CHINA China was self-sufficient with 300 million
people, more than all of Europe. Britain wanted to trade but China was
not interested– didn’t need it So, Britain introduced a highly addictive
drug into China and it led to the manipulation of China by the British
CHINA SEVERELY WEAKENED Unfair treaties with British
Opium Wars Unfair treaties with other Western
nations West tries to help but China just wants
them gone Refusing help weakens them more Open door policy ends colonization but
puts China at constant mercy of outsiders
JAPANESE RESPOND QUITE DIFFERENTLY
Copy the Best of the West Japanese economy grew to modern Industrialized
economy within 30 years Railroads built throughout country Coal production increased by over 21 times Many factories built Very little $ borrowed by U.S. and Europe to maintain
independence Japan copied BEST MILITARIES of the West German Army British Navy So strong could defeat Russia (Russo-Japanese War--
1904) Able to renegotiate unfair treaties made with U.S in
1850’s Began own imperial dominance
ROAD TO WWI HAS BEGUN !
Each European country & Japan want to be an Empire
France insists it will take back Alsace & Lorraine and make Germany pay
SIX Great Powers (not just 5)Germany & Great Britain– very strongFrance– mildly strongRussia & Austria-- weak