The Road To Statehood Chapter 3. Terms to Know Mound-builders Maize Clan Exogamy Polygamy Treaty...

The Road To Statehood Chapter 3

Terms to Know Mound-builders Maize Clan Exogamy Polygamy Treaty Northwest Ordinance Sectionalism Constitution Mound-builders Maize Clan Exogamy Polygamy Treaty Northwest Ordinance Sectionalism Constitution

PeoplePeople Hernando de Soto Rene Robert Cavelier Sieur de La Salle Henry de Tonti Pierre le Moyne Sieur deIberville Jean-Baptiste Le Moyne Sieur dBienville Winthrop Sargent David Holmes Hernando de Soto Rene Robert Cavelier Sieur de La Salle Henry de Tonti Pierre le Moyne Sieur deIberville Jean-Baptiste Le Moyne Sieur dBienville Winthrop Sargent David Holmes

PlacesPlaces Rosedale Fort Maurepas Fort Rosalie Natchez District Natchez Trace Washington Rosedale Fort Maurepas Fort Rosalie Natchez District Natchez Trace Washington

Early Mississippians Native Americans reached this part of North America tens of thousands of years ago. They hunted wild animals, foraged for food, and raised crops What does the fact that they farmed tell you? The Chickasaw, Choctaw, and Natchez were descendants of those early Native Americans. These were the largest tribes in the Mississippi region when Europeans and Africans began to arrive. Places like Yazoo and Biloxi are derived from Indian tribe names. Native Americans reached this part of North America tens of thousands of years ago. They hunted wild animals, foraged for food, and raised crops What does the fact that they farmed tell you? The Chickasaw, Choctaw, and Natchez were descendants of those early Native Americans. These were the largest tribes in the Mississippi region when Europeans and Africans began to arrive. Places like Yazoo and Biloxi are derived from Indian tribe names.

First Europeans The Spanish and the French were the first to explore Mississippi. Hernando de Soto discovered the Mississippi River but died while searching for treasure. The French travelled the river trading furs and proselytizing. The Spanish and the French were the first to explore Mississippi. Hernando de Soto discovered the Mississippi River but died while searching for treasure. The French travelled the river trading furs and proselytizing.

SettlementSettlement The French settled Natchez, beside the Mississippi River. Later the British, Spanish and Americans shared this region with the Choctaw. In 1798 the U.S. created the Ms Territory to encourage the orderly settlement of this part of the frontier The French settled Natchez, beside the Mississippi River. Later the British, Spanish and Americans shared this region with the Choctaw. In 1798 the U.S. created the Ms Territory to encourage the orderly settlement of this part of the frontier

Early Native Americans How did they get here? See Handout How did they get here? See Handout

History of early Native Americans is divided into four periods

Paleo Period Ice Age Period ended around 12,000 years ago Siberian land bridge vs French fishermen Archeologists have found few traces of Paleo Indians in Mississippi Ice Age Period ended around 12,000 years ago Siberian land bridge vs French fishermen Archeologists have found few traces of Paleo Indians in Mississippi

Archaic Period The climate became warmer and drier Large animals died out Native Americans became less nomadic They hunted, fished and gathered nuts and berries No writing system Used stone tools The climate became warmer and drier Large animals died out Native Americans became less nomadic They hunted, fished and gathered nuts and berries No writing system Used stone tools

Woodland Period Developed highly organized societies in the Mississippi and Ohio River valleys Built burial mounds over tombs sometimes shaping them like birds and animals (Moundbuilders) Learned how to farm and used copper and stone tools suggesting a wide-ranging trade system Villages became larger and politically linked. Began using bow and arrow Developed highly organized societies in the Mississippi and Ohio River valleys Built burial mounds over tombs sometimes shaping them like birds and animals (Moundbuilders) Learned how to farm and used copper and stone tools suggesting a wide-ranging trade system Villages became larger and politically linked. Began using bow and arrow

Mississippian Period

Continued moundbuilding tradition however, instead of burial mounds, they built religious buildings and the homes of the chiefs on top of their flat, rectangular mounds Existed between the 8th and 17th centuries Found all throughout the southeastern U.S. The second largest mound is located in Natchez Many others are spread across the state In some cases, like Natchez, mounds were built in stages and some were multiple mounds. One was the base for a temple where elders bones were buried Built villages surrounded by wooden fences. Grew corn, squash, beans Continued moundbuilding tradition however, instead of burial mounds, they built religious buildings and the homes of the chiefs on top of their flat, rectangular mounds Existed between the 8th and 17th centuries Found all throughout the southeastern U.S. The second largest mound is located in Natchez Many others are spread across the state In some cases, like Natchez, mounds were built in stages and some were multiple mounds. One was the base for a temple where elders bones were buried Built villages surrounded by wooden fences. Grew corn, squash, beans

MounbuildersMounbuilders

Native American Societies Most were very small societies (Choula, Pascagoula, Tunica, and Biloxi) The largest were the Chickasaw, Choctaw and Natchez All Mississippi Native American languages were similar to others in the southeast EXCEPT for the Biloxi Most southeastern Native American tribes shared similar religious beliefs. Each village governed itself and sent representatives to the tribal councils. A strict chain of command was established and regulated issues like seating at councils, titles, and even tattoos Most were very small societies (Choula, Pascagoula, Tunica, and Biloxi) The largest were the Chickasaw, Choctaw and Natchez All Mississippi Native American languages were similar to others in the southeast EXCEPT for the Biloxi Most southeastern Native American tribes shared similar religious beliefs. Each village governed itself and sent representatives to the tribal councils. A strict chain of command was established and regulated issues like seating at councils, titles, and even tattoos

Native American Societies (cont) The Choctaw (18th Century) had a main chief and six lesser chiefs. They also had the Mingo Oumu (War Chief) and the Tichou Mingo (Spokesperson) Within each village resided several clans (Groups of related families) These clans punished crimes and protected members of the clan If necessary, it sought revenge for the murder of other clansmen. The clan approved marriages which ALWAYS crossed clan lines. (Marrying outside ones own clan is called Exogamy) When a couple married they lived close to the wifes family. The Choctaw (18th Century) had a main chief and six lesser chiefs. They also had the Mingo Oumu (War Chief) and the Tichou Mingo (Spokesperson) Within each village resided several clans (Groups of related families) These clans punished crimes and protected members of the clan If necessary, it sought revenge for the murder of other clansmen. The clan approved marriages which ALWAYS crossed clan lines. (Marrying outside ones own clan is called Exogamy) When a couple married they lived close to the wifes family.

Native American Society (cont) Any children were considered of the wifes clan. In this society the closest MALE relative of a child was considered to be the mothers brother; NOT his own father. Men held the important political and religious positions in the society Occasionally, a man had more than one wife (Polygamy) and the two wives were usually sisters. They built close to rivers and streams because it was easier to farm and irrigate. Women did most of the farming, although the men cleared the land. Crops included: Maize, Pumpkin, Beans, and Peas. Any children were considered of the wifes clan. In this society the closest MALE relative of a child was considered to be the mothers brother; NOT his own father. Men held the important political and religious positions in the society Occasionally, a man had more than one wife (Polygamy) and the two wives were usually sisters. They built close to rivers and streams because it was easier to farm and irrigate. Women did most of the farming, although the men cleared the land. Crops included: Maize, Pumpkin, Beans, and Peas.

Native American Society (cont) Women made pottery, gathered food, farmed, fished, and tanned hides Men constructed buildings, hunted deer and bear, and fought other tribes. Religion centered on the sun and sacred fires which represented the sun on Earth. They believed in spirits and gods associated with nature and animals. Women made pottery, gathered food, farmed, fished, and tanned hides Men constructed buildings, hunted deer and bear, and fought other tribes. Religion centered on the sun and sacred fires which represented the sun on Earth. They believed in spirits and gods associated with nature and animals.

Native American Wide World of Sports Their sport was stickball. It was associated with religion also. It was called Ishtohbohl and accompanied by ceremonies and sometimes ritual sacrifice (Maya and Aztec) Ishtohbohl was always a contest between villages. The object was to throw or carry a ball between two goal posts. (Remind you of anything? The ball could only be touched by rackets. Virtually the only rule was that each team had to have the same number of players. They also played Chunky with a round stone. Their sport was stickball. It was associated with religion also. It was called Ishtohbohl and accompanied by ceremonies and sometimes ritual sacrifice (Maya and Aztec) Ishtohbohl was always a contest between villages. The object was to throw or carry a ball between two goal posts. (Remind you of anything? The ball could only be touched by rackets. Virtually the only rule was that each team had to have the same number of players. They also played Chunky with a round stone.

Native American Rulers The Natchez lived between Warren and Wilkinson. Their ruler was known as the Great Sun. Had both political and religious authority. He rode around in a litter and had multiple wives. When he died, some of his wives and other members of the tribe were killed and buried with him. This unquestioned authority of the Great Sun made a deep impression on the French explorers who arrived in the New World. The Natchez lived between Warren and Wilkinson. Their ruler was known as the Great Sun. Had both political and religious authority. He rode around in a litter and had multiple wives. When he died, some of his wives and other members of the tribe were killed and buried with him. This unquestioned authority of the Great Sun made a deep impression on the French explorers who arrived in the New World.

European Explorers

Periods of European Expansion Four periods of European, overseas expansion Initial period of expansion Fifteenth through seventeenth centuries Colonial trade rivalry England, Spain, France Seventeenth through early nineteenth century New empires in Africa and Asia Nineteenth century Decolonization mid-twentieth century Four periods of European, overseas expansion Initial period of expansion Fifteenth through seventeenth centuries Colonial trade rivalry England, Spain, France Seventeenth through early nineteenth century New empires in Africa and Asia Nineteenth century Decolonization mid-twentieth century

European Explorers Christopher Columbus sailed the ocean blue in 1492 and sparked the European exploration of the Americas. Explorers were followed by Settlers. This story is full of excitement, adventure, and triumph, As Well As, despair, disappointment, defeat, catastrophe, and death. Christopher Columbus sailed the ocean blue in 1492 and sparked the European exploration of the Americas. Explorers were followed by Settlers. This story is full of excitement, adventure, and triumph, As Well As, despair, disappointment, defeat, catastrophe, and death.

Spanish Explorers The Spanish were the first to visit Mississippi between 1539-1542. Hernando de Soto explored the southeastern part of North America He was after Gold and Silver The Spanish were the first to visit Mississippi between 1539-1542. Hernando de Soto explored the southeastern part of North America He was after Gold and Silver

Hernando de Soto Expeditions included six hundred soldiers, many on horseback. They brought hogs with them as a source for food. The Spanish introduced both hogs and horses to North America He landed near Tampa, Fl He explored as far North as North Carolina He then turned West and South He held Indian Chiefs hostage to secure labor, supplies and information In 1540 near Mobile he was attacked but the natives did not know how to fight cavalry and they were defeated He then led his forces into Mississippi. Expeditions included six hundred soldiers, many on horseback. They brought hogs with them as a source for food. The Spanish introduced both hogs and horses to North America He landed near Tampa, Fl He explored as far North as North Carolina He then turned West and South He held Indian Chiefs hostage to secure labor, supplies and information In 1540 near Mobile he was attacked but the natives did not know how to fight cavalry and they were defeated He then led his forces into Mississippi.

Hernando de Soto In 1541, another attack by Native Americans forced the expedition further west. In May, the weary soldiers reached the Mississippi River, built boats and crossed it. The exact site has not been determined. Possibly Memphis He died in 1542. His men buried him and then tried to walk to Mexico. That turned out to be too difficult so they returned to the Mississippi River and built boats again. They were often pursued by Native Americans and many died The survivors reached the Gulf of Mexico and sailed along the coast to Mexico. Less than half survived the expedition. In 1541, another attack by Native Americans forced the expedition further west. In May, the weary soldiers reached the Mississippi River, built boats and crossed it. The exact site has not been determined. Possibly Memphis He died in 1542. His men buried him and then tried to walk to Mexico. That turned out to be too difficult so they returned to the Mississippi River and built boats again. They were often pursued by Native Americans and many died The survivors reached the Gulf of Mexico and sailed along the coast to Mexico. Less than half survived the expedition.

Effects of de Soto The Spanish did not return. They found no Gold They were constantly harassed by the natives The most profound effect was unexpected...Disease spread to Native Americans for which they had NO immunity. The extensive trade routes spread the diseases quickly. The population of the Native Americans dramatically decreased because of the diseases. It is estimated that the population of Native Americans decreased by 50% in the century and a half after Columbus landed. The Spanish did not return. They found no Gold They were constantly harassed by the natives The most profound effect was unexpected...Disease spread to Native Americans for which they had NO immunity. The extensive trade routes spread the diseases quickly. The population of the Native Americans dramatically decreased because of the diseases. It is estimated that the population of Native Americans decreased by 50% in the century and a half after Columbus landed.

The Columbian Exchange Massive movement and interaction of biological organisms after Columbus People, plants, animals, diseases Between Europe, Americas, Africa Shapes world up to present Massive movement and interaction of biological organisms after Columbus People, plants, animals, diseases Between Europe, Americas, Africa Shapes world up to present

French Explorers The French were next to explore Mississippi They settled in Quebec in 1608. They utilized the rivers and lakes to explore Searched for a water route to the Pacific Were most interested in fur trading and proselytizing. The French were next to explore Mississippi They settled in Quebec in 1608. They utilized the rivers and lakes to explore Searched for a water route to the Pacific Were most interested in fur trading and proselytizing.

Louis Jolliet and Jaques Marquette In 1673, sailed down the Mississippi River. Reached present-day Rosedale before realizing that the Ms. River flowed to the Gulf NOT the Pacific They turned around once they realized this In 1673, sailed down the Mississippi River. Reached present-day Rosedale before realizing that the Ms. River flowed to the Gulf NOT the Pacific They turned around once they realized this

Rene Cavelier, Sieur de La Salle, and Henry de Tonti In 1682, they came down the Ms. River and claimed the region for France They befriended the Natchez Indians near Vicksburg La Salle returned to the region and tried to establish a settlement at the mouth of the Ms. River He died trying In 1682, they came down the Ms. River and claimed the region for France They befriended the Natchez Indians near Vicksburg La Salle returned to the region and tried to establish a settlement at the mouth of the Ms. River He died trying

TontiTonti Made several trips up and down the Ms. River looking for La Salle, even leaving a letter for him with the Native Americans at the mouth of the Ms. River

SettlementSettlement Spain, England and France established colonial Settlements in Eastern North America. Spanish were in Florida English were along the East Coast from New Hampshire to Georgia French were in Canada These Countries competed for colonies and fought wars for control of the world Spain, England and France established colonial Settlements in Eastern North America. Spanish were in Florida English were along the East Coast from New Hampshire to Georgia French were in Canada These Countries competed for colonies and fought wars for control of the world

European Wars These wars had three major consequences: 1. The territory of each country changed 2. The colonists in America sought allies among the Native Americans and different tribes supported different countries 3. Mississippi was ruled first by the French, then by the English and finally by the Spanish. The United States did not gain control of Mississippi until 1798. These wars had three major consequences: 1. The territory of each country changed 2. The colonists in America sought allies among the Native Americans and different tribes supported different countries 3. Mississippi was ruled first by the French, then by the English and finally by the Spanish. The United States did not gain control of Mississippi until 1798.

French Settlement From their base in Quebec, the French tried to control the interior of North America Wanted to dominate the fur trade Wanted to confine the English to the East Coast In order to do that, they had to control the Ohio and Ms. River valleys From their base in Quebec, the French tried to control the interior of North America Wanted to dominate the fur trade Wanted to confine the English to the East Coast In order to do that, they had to control the Ohio and Ms. River valleys

Sieur dIberville In 1699, the French sent dIberville of Canada to the Gulf of Mexico to establish a colony. Finding the Spanish firmly established in Pensacola, he continued west, looking for a good site. He reached Ship Island and then landed on the mainland on February 13, 1699. By March he located the mouth of the Mississippi River He travelled up river past Baton Rouge and met with the tribe Tonti left the La Salle letter with 15 years earlier. He sailed back to Ship Island and then built Fort Maurepas on the present site of Ocean Springs. This was the first European settlement in Mississippi. He left 80 men, his brother Jean-Baptiste le Moyne and Sieur dBienville. In 1699, the French sent dIberville of Canada to the Gulf of Mexico to establish a colony. Finding the Spanish firmly established in Pensacola, he continued west, looking for a good site. He reached Ship Island and then landed on the mainland on February 13, 1699. By March he located the mouth of the Mississippi River He travelled up river past Baton Rouge and met with the tribe Tonti left the La Salle letter with 15 years earlier. He sailed back to Ship Island and then built Fort Maurepas on the present site of Ocean Springs. This was the first European settlement in Mississippi. He left 80 men, his brother Jean-Baptiste le Moyne and Sieur dBienville.

LouisianaLouisiana Iberville made several more trips to the Gulf Coast before dying in 1706 On one of those trips he established Mobile. He abandoned Fort Maurepas because of its poor water supply, few trading partners, poor soil and no access to the interior. Basically....It Sucked! Bienville governed and defended the settlements while Iberville was away and established the settlement of New Orleans in 1718. Iberville made several more trips to the Gulf Coast before dying in 1706 On one of those trips he established Mobile. He abandoned Fort Maurepas because of its poor water supply, few trading partners, poor soil and no access to the interior. Basically....It Sucked! Bienville governed and defended the settlements while Iberville was away and established the settlement of New Orleans in 1718.

French Incursions French Canadians traveled up and down the Ms River and many were attacked along the way Bienville sailed up-river and took several chiefs hostage until the perpetrators had been captured and put to death. He built Fort Rosalie in 1716, at the present site of Natchez and Fort St. Pierre where the Yazoo River joined the Ms. River at present-day Vicksburg A small community developed around Fort Rosalie and prospered until 1729. French Canadians traveled up and down the Ms River and many were attacked along the way Bienville sailed up-river and took several chiefs hostage until the perpetrators had been captured and put to death. He built Fort Rosalie in 1716, at the present site of Natchez and Fort St. Pierre where the Yazoo River joined the Ms. River at present-day Vicksburg A small community developed around Fort Rosalie and prospered until 1729.

The Massacre at Fort Rosalie The local governor demanded that the Natchez surrender a nearby village. In response, they attacked the fort, killed two hundred French, and freed nearly 300 black slaves The French retaliated with the help of the Choctaw, destroying the Natchez as a separate tribe. Those that survived fled north to the Chickasaw. The local governor demanded that the Natchez surrender a nearby village. In response, they attacked the fort, killed two hundred French, and freed nearly 300 black slaves The French retaliated with the help of the Choctaw, destroying the Natchez as a separate tribe. Those that survived fled north to the Chickasaw.

Native Americans and Europeans The relationship between Native Americans and Europeans is a complex subject. Native Americans were NOT united among themselves and often at war with one another. The relationship between Native Americans and Europeans is a complex subject. Native Americans were NOT united among themselves and often at war with one another.

Understanding Indian Politics Meanwhile the French and British were almost always at war with one another. In America each side bought allies with trade goods, especially guns and gunpowder. The Choctaw sided with the French The Natchez, Chickasaw and Creek sided with the British The Chickasaw raided Choctaw lands, captured them and took them to Charlestown, SC to be sold as slaves. The Choctaw, in turn, attacked the Chickasaw near Tupelo with French help, but were defeated. Meanwhile the French and British were almost always at war with one another. In America each side bought allies with trade goods, especially guns and gunpowder. The Choctaw sided with the French The Natchez, Chickasaw and Creek sided with the British The Chickasaw raided Choctaw lands, captured them and took them to Charlestown, SC to be sold as slaves. The Choctaw, in turn, attacked the Chickasaw near Tupelo with French help, but were defeated.

Mid 18th Century War again broke out between France and Great Britain However, this time, the war started in America Known as the French and Indian War here (1754-1763) was fought to see who would control the Ohio and Mississippi River Valleys Most of the fighting took place north of Mississippi Although the Choctaw fought a civil war between supporters of the French and those of the British The French supporters of the Choctaw won France lost the greater war France gave up all territory east of the Ms River at the Treaty of Paris, 1763. War again broke out between France and Great Britain However, this time, the war started in America Known as the French and Indian War here (1754-1763) was fought to see who would control the Ohio and Mississippi River Valleys Most of the fighting took place north of Mississippi Although the Choctaw fought a civil war between supporters of the French and those of the British The French supporters of the Choctaw won France lost the greater war France gave up all territory east of the Ms River at the Treaty of Paris, 1763.

DefinitionDefinition Treaty: A Formal agreement between two or more nations. Treaty: A Formal agreement between two or more nations.

British Mississippi The British influenced Mississippi before 1763 British traders from Charleston had travelled among the Choctaw and Chickasaw for decades, although the Choctaw preferred the French After 1763, Mississippi was an official part of the province of West Florida It was an unimportant and remote portion of the British Empire The Capital was Pensacola The colony of Georgia claimed the region Britain encouraged settlement in West Florida and the Natchez area Veterans of the war received land grants. The British influenced Mississippi before 1763 British traders from Charleston had travelled among the Choctaw and Chickasaw for decades, although the Choctaw preferred the French After 1763, Mississippi was an official part of the province of West Florida It was an unimportant and remote portion of the British Empire The Capital was Pensacola The colony of Georgia claimed the region Britain encouraged settlement in West Florida and the Natchez area Veterans of the war received land grants.

British Mississippi By 1774, 3000 settlers had taken up residence in the Natchez district Relations soured between Great Britain and her colonies July 4, 1776 the colonists declared independence from Britain Not until 1778 did it affect the Natchez district James Willing travelled down the Mississippi River and seized territory in the Natchez district and then continued on to New Orleans. Spain declared war on Great Britain and captured Natchez in September 1779 In 1783, The Treaty of Paris ended the Revolutionary War placing the border at 31 degrees north latitude although Spain held on to Natchez By 1774, 3000 settlers had taken up residence in the Natchez district Relations soured between Great Britain and her colonies July 4, 1776 the colonists declared independence from Britain Not until 1778 did it affect the Natchez district James Willing travelled down the Mississippi River and seized territory in the Natchez district and then continued on to New Orleans. Spain declared war on Great Britain and captured Natchez in September 1779 In 1783, The Treaty of Paris ended the Revolutionary War placing the border at 31 degrees north latitude although Spain held on to Natchez

Spanish Mississippi The district prospered under Spanish rule The population tripled between 1785-1798 (2000 people-6,900 people) The Spanish Governor encouraged American immigration to the district and even gave generous land grants and was tolerant of Protestant religions Originally, the land was wooded but once cleared it was quite fertile Tobacco and indigo were important but COTTON became the best cash crop In 1800 the district exported 3 million pounds (1/6th the total exports of all the Americas that year) The district prospered under Spanish rule The population tripled between 1785-1798 (2000 people-6,900 people) The Spanish Governor encouraged American immigration to the district and even gave generous land grants and was tolerant of Protestant religions Originally, the land was wooded but once cleared it was quite fertile Tobacco and indigo were important but COTTON became the best cash crop In 1800 the district exported 3 million pounds (1/6th the total exports of all the Americas that year)

Spanish Mississippi Farmers in the district grew corn, feeding people and animals. Hogs and cattle were also raised The cattle drives of Texas had their origins in Mississippi Spain controlled the district but the U.S. claimed it as its own This issue was known as the Right of Deposit Getting goods to market was a huge problem: Traveling by road, if any existed in an area, was slow So it became important to send goods down the rivers to New Orleans for export Farmers in the district grew corn, feeding people and animals. Hogs and cattle were also raised The cattle drives of Texas had their origins in Mississippi Spain controlled the district but the U.S. claimed it as its own This issue was known as the Right of Deposit Getting goods to market was a huge problem: Traveling by road, if any existed in an area, was slow So it became important to send goods down the rivers to New Orleans for export

Pinckneys Treaty Also known as the Treaty of San Lorenzo Granted the right of Americans to deposit their goods in New Orleans Spain surrendered its hold over the Natchez district The U.S. took control over the region in 1798. Also known as the Treaty of San Lorenzo Granted the right of Americans to deposit their goods in New Orleans Spain surrendered its hold over the Natchez district The U.S. took control over the region in 1798.

The Mississippi Territory

Mississippi Territory When the U.S. began governing the territory Native Americans made up the largest segment of the population They had title to most of the land It was mainly wooded and home to deer, turkey and bear Many snakes, some deadly, could be found throughout the territory Roads were little more than trails There were no bridges The Natchez Trace was the Highway to Nashville Stands along the Trace served as stores and Motels for weary travelers Natchez was a center of trade and commerce and a major port for sailors and goods When the U.S. began governing the territory Native Americans made up the largest segment of the population They had title to most of the land It was mainly wooded and home to deer, turkey and bear Many snakes, some deadly, could be found throughout the territory Roads were little more than trails There were no bridges The Natchez Trace was the Highway to Nashville Stands along the Trace served as stores and Motels for weary travelers Natchez was a center of trade and commerce and a major port for sailors and goods

Territorial Government The NorthWest Ordinance of 1787 established the framework for the government of the territories. The Ordinance provided for the admission of new states The exception was that it did NOT allow for slavery but the territories south of the Ohio River did allow slavery. The NorthWest Ordinance of 1787 established the framework for the government of the territories. The Ordinance provided for the admission of new states The exception was that it did NOT allow for slavery but the territories south of the Ohio River did allow slavery.

The Admission Process Had 3 Stages: 1. The President, with Congressional approval, appointed a territorial governor, 3 judges and a secretary to the governor. The Governor and Judges acted as a territorial legislature. Once the population of adult, free, men reached 5,000 phase 2 began 2. The voters could now elect an assembly to pass laws and a territorial representative to Congress. The governor and judges remained. 3. Began when the territory had 60,000 people (excluding Indians) Representatives were elected to write a state constitution. After Congress approved it, a new state was admitted. Had 3 Stages: 1. The President, with Congressional approval, appointed a territorial governor, 3 judges and a secretary to the governor. The Governor and Judges acted as a territorial legislature. Once the population of adult, free, men reached 5,000 phase 2 began 2. The voters could now elect an assembly to pass laws and a territorial representative to Congress. The governor and judges remained. 3. Began when the territory had 60,000 people (excluding Indians) Representatives were elected to write a state constitution. After Congress approved it, a new state was admitted.

Mississippis First Government Territorial Governor: Winthrop Sargent Secretary to the Governor: John Steele Territorial Judges: Peter Bryan Bruin Daniel Tilton William McGuire Territorial Governor: Winthrop Sargent Secretary to the Governor: John Steele Territorial Judges: Peter Bryan Bruin Daniel Tilton William McGuire

Early Problems Sargent almost immediately became controversial Disputes centered on the laws he imposed and the strict nature of his administration. The National political climate drove much of the controversy. Federalists vs Republicans Federalists led by Thomas Jefferson and James Madison Republicans led by John Adams and Alexander Hamilton Sargent was a federalist His opponents in the state were Jeffersonians There was also a huge rift between merchants in Natchez and their rural customers. Sargent almost immediately became controversial Disputes centered on the laws he imposed and the strict nature of his administration. The National political climate drove much of the controversy. Federalists vs Republicans Federalists led by Thomas Jefferson and James Madison Republicans led by John Adams and Alexander Hamilton Sargent was a federalist His opponents in the state were Jeffersonians There was also a huge rift between merchants in Natchez and their rural customers.

Change in Government After Jefferson won the Presidency he appointed a new Governor (W.C.C. Claiborne) and moved the Capital from Natchez to the town of Washington to appease the farmers. It was highly symbolic.

LandLand Ownership of the land in the territory was a major issue. Most of the land was owned by the Choctaw and Chickasaw tribes Pressure grew on the U.S. to acquire the land. Ownership of the land in the territory was a major issue. Most of the land was owned by the Choctaw and Chickasaw tribes Pressure grew on the U.S. to acquire the land.

LandLand Settlers held title to the land from all three previous ruling countries: France, Spain and Britain Others had purchased land grants from Georgia Often these claims overlapped causing confusion Many settlers were Squatters and had cleared and farmed the land, built homes but did not own it. The U.S. government had developed an orderly process to gain land ownership with the Land Ordinance of 1785. Land was divided into townships Each township was 6 miles square with 36 sections. Each section was 640 acres Section 16 was given to the people to rent Settlers held title to the land from all three previous ruling countries: France, Spain and Britain Others had purchased land grants from Georgia Often these claims overlapped causing confusion Many settlers were Squatters and had cleared and farmed the land, built homes but did not own it. The U.S. government had developed an orderly process to gain land ownership with the Land Ordinance of 1785. Land was divided into townships Each township was 6 miles square with 36 sections. Each section was 640 acres Section 16 was given to the people to rent

SectionalismSectionalism Definition: An allegiance to local interests. The Natchez district dominated the politics of the territory. Settlers East of the Pearle River resented the Natchez district and its power Whites in the East believed that the Natchez whites used their wealth and slaves to run the territorial government for their own benefit. Conflicts arose between whites and then between predominantly white districts and those with African Americans and would continue throughout the history of the state Definition: An allegiance to local interests. The Natchez district dominated the politics of the territory. Settlers East of the Pearle River resented the Natchez district and its power Whites in the East believed that the Natchez whites used their wealth and slaves to run the territorial government for their own benefit. Conflicts arose between whites and then between predominantly white districts and those with African Americans and would continue throughout the history of the state

Taking Shape In 1804, the territory was extended to the Tennessee border after Georgia gave up its claims. The southern border was extended after the U.S. won the war of 1812 and Spain was forced to give up its claims Mississippis territorial period only lasted about twenty years but was an exciting era Personal quarrels often led to duels and death. During the War of 1812 the U.S. fought the Creek Indians in the Eastern part of the territory. The Creek attack on Fort Mims resulted in the deaths of over 500 men, women and children. Settlers fled to Mobile and Natchez. Andrew Jackson defeated the Creeks and reopened the land In 1804, the territory was extended to the Tennessee border after Georgia gave up its claims. The southern border was extended after the U.S. won the war of 1812 and Spain was forced to give up its claims Mississippis territorial period only lasted about twenty years but was an exciting era Personal quarrels often led to duels and death. During the War of 1812 the U.S. fought the Creek Indians in the Eastern part of the territory. The Creek attack on Fort Mims resulted in the deaths of over 500 men, women and children. Settlers fled to Mobile and Natchez. Andrew Jackson defeated the Creeks and reopened the land

StatehoodStatehood Dividing the state and joining the Union

StatehoodStatehood Congress divided the state in two in 1817 creating Alabama. Once Congress established the borders a constitution was written. Definition: Constitution...Sets up the framework of a government and determines its powers and limitations. The legislative branch was given more power than the executive because of the territorys history with overzealous governors. Judges were appointed for life. Property owners could vote. Blacks and non-taxpaying-whites were not counted. Congress divided the state in two in 1817 creating Alabama. Once Congress established the borders a constitution was written. Definition: Constitution...Sets up the framework of a government and determines its powers and limitations. The legislative branch was given more power than the executive because of the territorys history with overzealous governors. Judges were appointed for life. Property owners could vote. Blacks and non-taxpaying-whites were not counted.

Did You Know? The delegates to the constitutional convention did not submit the new constitution to the voters but sent it to the federal government for approval. Upon approval, Mississippi became the 20th state on December 10, 1817. David Holmes became the first Governor. The delegates to the constitutional convention did not submit the new constitution to the voters but sent it to the federal government for approval. Upon approval, Mississippi became the 20th state on December 10, 1817. David Holmes became the first Governor.

End Chapter 3

The Road To Statehood Chapter 3. Terms to Know Mound-builders Maize Clan Exogamy Polygamy Treaty...

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