Our campaign around Gettysburg by John Lockwood (publ 1864) [Actions near Harrisburg PA in 1863]
The Road to Gettysburg: 1863
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Transcript of The Road to Gettysburg: 1863
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The Road to Gettysburg: 1863
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Gettysburg Set-Up• Army of Northern VA – Lee
• Key commanders = • Longstreet (Lee’s Key subordinate)• Ewell (replaced Stonewall Jackson)• A.P Hill• Jeb Stuart Cavalry leader
• Army of the Potomac • June 27th Joseph Hooker resigns b/c Lincoln refused to give him additional troops• George G. Meade takes over command • John Buford Cavalry leader
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The Road to Gettysburg• Lee crosses the Potomac river above
Harper’s Ferry and moves quickly through MD to PA
• John Buford and cavalry arrive at Gettysburg• Key defensive location• 10 roads converge – key transportation hub• Strategically great location
• Meade is in MD• Prefers to fight a defensive battle• He wants to fight Lee at Pipe Creek• Orders get confused and troops move
towards Gettysburg to help Buford
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Gettysburg Day One
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Gettysburg Day 2
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Gettysburg Day 3
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Gettysburg Casualties
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Runaway inflation – almost 9,000% Class resentment
Those w/20+ slaves exempt from service
Upper class could afford substitutes 50,000 were purchased
High desertion rates 1/4 of the slaves escaped to Union
lines – the rest were increasingly disobedient
Peace movements spring up
Problems in the South
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Northern SocietyDecline in sale of products
consumed/supplied by South – cotton goods, shoes for slaves, construction
Plentiful jobs but high inflationQuarter master Dept. single largest
U.S. employer w/thousands of manufacturing contracts
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Union • Lower paid at first - 54th Massachusetts
refuse pay and their officers join protest• Given menial jobs• Segregated units with white officers• A few came from other places besides the
North – Canada, Africa, France, escaped from South
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Violent attacks on black businesses, orphanages, homes
Also attacked homes of upper-class whites who could afford to pay a substitute to avoid the draft• A reflection of the gap between rich and
poor
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Changing Roles of WomenSouth• Clerk jobs• School teachers for the first time
• North• Form the backbone of U.S Sanitary
Commission – nutrition/1st aid• Professionalization of nursing
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Extensive Legislation Passed
Without the South in Congress
1861 – Morrill Tariff Act 1862 – Homestead Act - 1862 – Legal Tender Act 1862 – Morrill Land Grant Act 1862 – Emancipation
Proclamation 1863 – Pacific Railway Act 1863 – National Bank Act
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EmancipationMarch 1862 – gradual emancipation - states choice• Wanted to colonize African Americans in
Caribbean/South America• Confiscation act (1862) take property of anyone
supporting the rebellion• September 1862 – Post-Antietam = threat to
Confederacy put down arms or lose slaves• Jan 1, 1863 – formal Emancipation Proclamation for
Confederate States Only• 1864 Election – Republican Platform contained 13th
Amendment proposition
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Chickamauga/Chattanooga• September 1863 – November 1863• If Union can capture Chattanooga they can go
down Railroad to Deep South
• Union – Army of the Cumberland = Rosecrans
• Confederate = Army of TN = Bragg
• Initial Confederate victory – Bragg then institutes a siege on Chattanooga where Union has fallen back to
• Part of Army of the Potomac arrive in TN• Grant is now in overall command of West –
fires Rosecrans
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Chattanooga• Another decisive battle for the Union in the
West
• Chattanooga was now PERMANENTLY in Union Control• November 26th – coincientally the day
following the end of the Battle of Chattanooga, was declared as a national day of Thanksgiving by President Lincoln
• This date had been set on Oct. 3, 1863 following Gettysburg in the middle of the siege on Chattanooga
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Chattanooga & Atlanta
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Atlanta Campaign
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Atlanta – July1864• Atlanta = 2nd most important Confederate city
left
• Confederacy – Army of TN – Johnston• 60,000 men
• Union – Grand Federal Army – Sherman• 100,000 men• Contained the Armies of THE Cumberland,
TN, & OH• 10 weeks of fighting following the railroad down to Atlanta• Union forced Johnston back across the
Chattahoochie River towards Atlanta
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Atlanta Continued• 3 separate battles around Atlanta
• Confederates lose each one
• Part of Union Army goes South around Atlanta to cut off Southern RR in
• Confederates incorrectly believe it’s a diversion
• By September 2, 1864 Atlanta is evacuated and in Union control
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Types of WarfareLimited War – Make war on armies not
armies, civilians, and property Total War – Everything (armies, civilians, property) consumed by the war or involved in it
War of Attrition – the side with the greatest resources uses their power to wear down the other side
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Sherman’s
Marchthroug
hGeorgiato theSea, 1864
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March to the SeaNov. 1864 – Dec. 1864
• Atlanta to Savannah = 300,000 miles
• Tore up the landscape • Property damage emphasized – not harm to
civilians• Took livestock, crops, burned factories,
homes,etc• Goal was to undermine the morale of the
Confederacy and destroy the economy
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Sherman’s March Overall• 650,000 Miles
• Under 100 marching days
• Captured 3 state capitals – GA, SC, NC
• Lost less than 600 men
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Presidential
Election of 1864
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The Progress of War: 1861-1865
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The Final Virginia Campaign:1864-1865
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South had abandoned Richmond=capital
Not a courthouse Unconditional Surrender
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Casualties on Both Sides
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Civil War Casualtiesin Comparison to Other
Wars
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John Wilkes Booth – Ford’s Theater Confederate Sympathizers
Conspiracy Same day as a ceremony at Fort
Sumter – Lincoln chose to see a play instead of attending