The Rise of Totalitarianism, 1929-1939. 1929 The start of the Great Depression The start of...
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![Page 1: The Rise of Totalitarianism, 1929-1939. 1929 The start of the Great Depression The start of collectivization in the USSR In both cases: crisis and heavy.](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022082612/56649e915503460f94b967de/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
The Rise of Totalitarianism, 1929-1939
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1929
The start of the Great Depression The start of collectivization in the USSR
In both cases: crisis and heavy statist response to the failures of the market economy
The rise of Stalin: General Secretary since 1923, concentration of power in the 1920s, the growth of personality cult in the 1930s
The rise of Hitler: leadership of the Nazis since 1923, increasing political influence in the 1920s, appointment as Reichskanzler in 1933
2 forms of totalitarianism Similarities Exchange of experience
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Differences Germany:
to prevent a revolution to overcome the Depression to reverse the results of WWI racism as the core of Nazi ideology
USSR: to preserve Communist Party rule to defend the country from hostile environment to foster world revolution class struggle as the core of Soviet ideology
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Has Stalin succeeded?
Totalitarianism modernized the country by means of extraordinary expansion of state power – but the costs were enormous: The human toll*
1927-38: 10 mln. excess deaths: famine, executions, labour camps Incarceration: a camp population of 2 mln. throughout the 1930s
The destruction of civil society Terrorization of the ruling class – especially the military purge of
1938-39 The policy failures of personal dictatorship The ideological impact of Stalinism undermined resistance to the rise
of fascism: democracy was crushed from both sides The USSR came close to defeat in World War II
______________________________*Chris Ward. Stalin’s Russia. L.: Arnold, 1999, p.135-136
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Fascism and Communism as sworn enemies
Both sides tried to win allies Hitler: I am crushing communism and protecting
Western civilization (ideological) Stalin: I am trying to stop Hitler’s aggression
(geopolitical) Both succeeded to some extent:
Hitler managed to overthrow the Versailles constraints and expand Germany’s borders
Stalin gained US recognition and a degree of respectability in the West with his policy of “collective security”
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Stalin’s choice:
Continued policies of collective security (alliance with democracies to stop Hitler), OR:
An alliance with Hitler to stay out of the coming war
Why was the Hitler option chosen?
Why did the enemies’ interests converge?
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Stalin and Ribbentrop sign on the division of Eastern Europe, Aug.1939