The Rise of Nationalism and Its Discontents

1. The population continued to increase

male female total NSW Vic. Qld. WA Tas.

1860 668 000 477 000 1 145 000 348 000 538 000 28 000 15 000 90 000

1900 1 977 000 1 788 000 3 765 000 1 350 000 1 200 000 490 000 180 000 172 000

Settling the continent

(Marjorie Barnard, A History of Australia. London: Angus, 1962. p.272.)

2. Transportation of convicts ended completely

3. British military troops withdrawn, defence handed over to the colonies

4. Exploration and charting continued

Burke and Wills (from Melbourne to Gulf of Carpentaria)Stuart (from Adelaide to Port Essington, near Darwin)Forrest (WA)Warburton, Gosse, Giles (WA & Central)

5. Cities grew in size and sophistication

6. Transport and communication further improvedrailroads, coach services,steam vs. sail shipping (inland, international, coastal),electricity & telegraph

7. “Unlocking the land”conflict between squatters and selectors, the selection acts,fraudulent practices

8. Bushrangers: Ned Kelly

9. Rural development assisted by invention of new machinery,wire fencing, refrigeration

10. New mining venturesgold in WA (Coolgardie, Kalgoorlie), silver in NSW,copper, tin, coal, diamond, oil shale, opal

11. Tariff barriers established to protect home industriestariff campaign in Victoria, free trade in NSW

12. The development of trade unionism (“workers’ paradise”)campaign for the 8-hour day, union radicalism and socialism,the Maritime Strike, the Queensland shearers’ strike,1892 strike at Broken Hill,“New Australia” (the Paraguay experiment),the Australian Labor Party (ALP)

13. Colonial governments become more democraticwomen gain vote in SA & WA

Widening the franchise, 1856-1908

Vote for Vote for Secret Paymentadult males women ballot of members

NSW 1858 1902 1858 1889

Victoria 1857 1908 1856 1870

South Australia 1856 1894 1856 1887

Tasmania 1900 1903 1858 1890

Queensland 1872 1905 1859 1886

Western Australia 1893 1899 1877 1900

14. “Free, compulsory and secular” education for all children

15. Nationalism literary nationalism romanticizing the bush and mateship,

art, sport, and military servicethe Bulletin School of writers (Henry Lawson, “Banjo” Paterson,

Joseph Furphy)the Heidelberg School of painters (Tom Roberts,

Frederick McCubbin, Arthur Streeton, Charles Conder)

16. Discontents: Racism and Discrimination

Bulletin, 9 June 1883.

The Sunrise. Souvenir of Labour Fair, Melbourne, 1912.