THE RISE OF NAPOLEON

1799 “18th Brumaire”: Consulate supplants the Directory

1800 Napoleon defeats Austria at Marengo

1801/2

Concordat with Vatican; Peace of Amiens

1804 Civil Code promulgated; Napoleon becomes emperor

1805British navy wins the Battle of Trafalgar (Oct. 21); Napoleon crushes Austria at Austerlitz (Dec. 2)

1806/7

Conquest of Prussia; reorganization of Germany

1808 Occupation of Spain; beginning of Peninsular Wars

“The 18th Brumaire” (Nov. 9/10, 1799; see Markham, 61-64)

A. F. Callet, “Allegory on the 18th Brumaire” (1800)

P.-J.-C. François, “Allegory of the Concordat” (1802)

“The First Distribution of Medals of theLegion of Honor on 14 July 1804” (painted in

1812)

Europe after the Peace of

Amiens (1802/03)

James Gillray, “Boney and Talley” (1803)

Napoleon has just butchered Germany (dissolved the Holy Roman Empire) and destroyed Hanover. Holland has been slaughtered on the back wall, and Spain “fleeced”, with Prussia “Put up to fatten.” Foreign Minister Talleyrand seeks to restrain the butcher from further attacks. See Markham, pp. 94-99.

Opening of the War of the Third Coalition (Aug-Sep 1805)

THE BATTLE OF AUSTERLITZ, DECEMBER 1, 1805

SEPTEMBER 2, 9:00 a.m.

The Allies lost 27,000 men & 180 cannon; the French, 9,000

François Gerard, “The Battle of Austerlitz, 2 December 1805” (painted in 1810)

H.M.S. Victory at Trafalgar, October 21, 1805

Napoleon enters Berlin through the Brandenburg

Gate, October

1806

A.-J. Gros, “Napoleon on the Battlefield of Eylau, 9 February 1807” (completing the conquest of

Prussia)

Napoleon meets Tsar Alexander I at Tilsit on the Niemen River, June 1807: Russia joined the “Continental System”

Goya, “The Second of May, 1808” (1814): Spaniards rebelled when Napoleon made his brother their king

Goya, “The Third of May, 1808: The Execution of the Defenders of Madrid” (painted in 1814)

See Goya’s woodcuts, DISASTERS OF WAR#2: “With Reason or Without” [Rightly or Wrongly]

DISASTERS #3: “The Same” [i.e., Rightly or Wrongly]:A comment on the brutality of “guerrilla war”

“Napoleon, Marie-Louise, and the King of Rome”(Napoleon sought legitimacy with a Habsburg

bride)

Europe in 1812

The destruction of the Grande Armée in Russia, 1812

D.-A.-M. Raffet, “Episode on the Retreat in Russia” (1856)

“The East Prussian Landwehr Takes the Field in 1813”

The “Battle of the Nations,” Leipzig, October 16-10, 1813: 350,000 Allied troops defeated 180,000 French

“The Clichy Gate: The Defense of Paris, 30 March 1814”

(Napoleon abdicated as 800,000 Allied troops closed in)

“The Return from the Island of Elba” (March 1815)

“The Return of the Emperor” to Paris, March 20, 1815

“The Field of Waterloo the Morning after

the Memorable Battle” of June

18, 1815

“Madame Françoise and her Managers” (November 1815)

NAPOLEON’S ENDURING REFORMS

Administrative centralization: in every department a “prefect” rules.Concordat provides for cooperation (not separation) of Church and State (repealed only in 1906).“All sales are final!” –the emigrés may return but must renounce their confiscated lands.Careers open to talent! Competitive examinations govern civil service appointments; common soldiers rise into the officer corps.The Napoleonic Code abolishes hereditary privilege but defends the authority of fathers, husbands, and employers