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The Rise of Kingdoms and the
Growth of Church Power
The Rise of Kingdoms and the
Growth of Church Power
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I. The Emergence & Growth of European Kingdoms, 1000 – 1300
A. KingsTheory
Practice
Expansion of royal power in the High Middle Ages
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II. England in the High Middle Ages
A. William of Normandy (1066 – 1087)
Battle of Hastings (1066)Fusion of Normans and Anglo-SaxonsInvolvement in FranceEnd of SubinfeudationDoomsday Book
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B. Henry II (1154 – 1189)
Plantagenet dynastyRoyal courtsCommon lawThe churchThomas Becket (Archbishop of Canterbury)
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C. King John (1199 – 1216)Loses in FranceCharacter flawsHigh taxationMagna Carta
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D. Edward I (1272 – 1307)ScotlandModel ParliamentEffects of Parliament
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II. The Growth of the French Kingdom
A. The Capetian Dynasty
Little real powerRoyal domain limited to the Île de France
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B. Philip II Augustus (1180 – 1223)
War against the EnglishFrench bureaucracy
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C. Louis IX (1226 – 1270) “Saint Louis”
JusticeParticipates in Crusades
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D. Philip IV the Fair (1285 – 1314)
Royal administration
Council for adviceChamber of Accounts (finances)Parlement (royal court)
Estates-General (French parliament)
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Map 10.1: England and France in the High Middle Ages
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III. Christian Reconquest: The Spanish KingdomsA. CordovaB. Reconquista (1000 –
1492)CastileNavarreAragónPortugalRepartimientoFueros
C. Alfonso X (1252 – 1284)
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Map 10.2: Christian Reconquests in the Western Mediterranean
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IV. The Lands of the Holy Roman Empire: Germany and Italy
A. Salian KingsB. German
NobilityC. Involvement in
ItalyThe Norman kingdom in southern ItalyNorthern kingdoms rich.
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D. Frederick I Barbarossa (1152 – 1190)
Attempts to conquer northern Italy
Pope and Italian cities oppose himBattle of Legnano (1176)
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E. Frederick II (1212 – 1250)King of Sicily, Germany, and Holy Roman EmperorPreoccupied with ItalyGermany left in confusion and chaos
Rudolf of Hapsburg (1273)
Emergence of Italian city states
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Map 10.3: The Lands of the Holy Roman Empire in the Twelfth Century
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V. New Kingdoms in Northern and Eastern Europe
A. Scandinavia
B. Hungary
C. PolandGermans and Slavs
Teutonic Knights
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Teutonic Knight Castle at Marienburg
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VI. Medieval Mongols & Russians
A. The Mongol Empire
1. Temuchin – Genghis Khan (c. 1162 – 1227)
2. Khubilai Khan3. Advances against the
Muslim world4. Advances against
Europe
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B. The Development of Russia1. Kiev – Rus
• Boyars
2. The church3. Mongol invasion4. Alexander Nevsky
(c. 1220 – 1263)
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Map 10.4: Northern and Eastern Europe
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VII. The Recovery and Reform of the Catholic Church
A. The Problems of Decline
Worldly bishops and abbotsMonastic decline
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B. The Cluniac Reform Movement
1. Cluny founded by Duke William of Aquitaine (910)
2. Money collected bypasses local gov’t and goes to Pope
3. Reform movement spreads
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C. Reform of the Papacy
1. Simony2. Nicholaism3. Gregory the Great4. Innocent III -Excommunication
of King John - Interdict on
England
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IX. New Religious Orders and Spiritual Ideals
A. The Cistercian Order
Saint Bernard of Clairvaux (1090 – 1153)Anti-Cluny
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C. The Franciscans: Saint Francis of Assisi (1182 – 1226)
1. Born in a wealthy family
2. life of poverty
3. Pope Innocent III
4. Robert Grosseteste
Poor Clares
the stigmata.
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D. The Dominicans
1. Dominic de Guzmán (1170 – 1221)
2. Very well educated
3. Albertus Magnus4. Thomas Aquinas
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X. Popular Religion in the High Middle Ages
Sacraments
Saints
The Virgin Mary
Relics
Indulgences
Pilgrimages
The reliquary containing the
blood of St. Januarius
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Map 10.6: Pilgrimage Routes in the Middle Ages
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XI. Voices of Protest and Intolerance
A. Heresy1. Catharism
• Dualist System• Catholic Church was
evil according to their views
2. Albigensian Crusade (began in 1209)
3. The Holy Office (Papal Inquisition)
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B. Persecution of the Jews1. Money lending2. The Crusades3. Fourth Lateran Council
(1215)4. Expulsion
1. Edward I (Eng) 12902. Philip IV (Fr) 13063. Poland (welcomed
them)
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C. Intolerance and Homosexuality
1. Associated with other minority groups
2. Thomas Aquinas and the “sin against nature”
3. Punishment
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The Early Crusades1. Pope Urban II (1088 – 1099)
Council of Clermont (1095)
2. GoalsPopesKnightsMerchants
3. First Crusade (1096 – 1099) – Success!
Captures Antioch (1098)Captures Jerusalem (1099)
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Map 10.7: The Early Crusades
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E. Muslims strike back
1. Fall of Edessa (1144)
2. Second Crusade (Loss of
Jerusalem)3. Every crusade
after the first is a failure
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F. Third Crusade (1189 – 1192)1. Reaction to the fall
of Jerusalem2. Saladin3. Led by Frederick I
Barbarossa of Germany, Richard the Lionhearted of England and Philip Augustus of France
Richard the Lionhearted Executing Muslims at Acre
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G. Crusades of the 13th Century1. Fourth Crusade
(1202 – 1204)Sack of ConstantinopleLatin Empire of Constantinople (1204 – 1261)There were many crusades after the fourth (all failures)
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H. Effects of the Crusades1. Little impact on the
Muslim world2. Impact on European
societyCultural interactionMany young warriors removed from EuropeItalian cities benefited economicallyAttacks on Jews