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Transcript of The Rise of Islam. Islam The Arabian Peninsula Desert Home of Arabs Loyal to tribes No centralized...
The Rise of Islam The Rise of Islam
Islam
The Arabian Peninsula Desert Home of Arabs
Loyal to tribes No centralized authority Pastoral nomads
Islam
The Ka’ba
Arabian Religion Animistic, pagan Mecca
Commercial center of Arabia
Religious center Ka’ba
Pilgrimage site Brought money to city
Islam
Muhammad (570-632) Born in Mecca Involved in Meccan caravan trade Spiritual man Prophet of Islam
Night of Power (610): Angel Gabriel worship God alone
Revelations for rest of life Must preach to others
Islam
Islam on the Rise Preached in Mecca
Gained converts UMMAH
Overall response was negative
Flight of Muhammad Invited to Medina Hijrah (622)
Emigration of ummah to Medina
Gained political power, subdued enemies
Islam Islam on the Rise:
Return to Mecca Ummah wanted to see
city converted March on Mecca (630)
Muhammad and 10,000 men
Offer made to city, accepted by religious leaders
Muhammad entered city triumphantly
Cleansed Ka’ba
Islam Questions?
Islam
Dome of the Rock (687-692), Jerusalem
Islam Islam: “submission to
God” Five Pillars of Islam
“There is no God but Allah and Muhammad is His Prophet”
Pray 5 times daily toward Mecca
Ramadan Almsgiving Pilgrimage to Mecca
MOSQUE Muslim place of worship
Islam The Quran
Collection of revelations of Muhammad
Teachings Absolute monotheism Jesus was an “apostle
of God” “God forbid that he should
have a son!” (4:171) Judgment on Last Day “People of the Book” Make war on “infidels”
Jihad
Islam
Islamic Conquests (622-733)
Islam Why the Successful
Conquest? Arabs were fighters! Exhausted Roman and Persian
military forces Not all Roman and Persian
subjects were loyal Muslims were tolerant toward
other monotheistic faiths No forced conversions Relied on other monotheists’
leaders Non-Muslims not equal to
Muslims
Islam The Caliphate
Muhammad died (632) United many Arabs Who would succeed him?
CALIPHS Successors of Muhammad First were early converts, from inner circle of Prophet
(Rashidun) Office was political and religious
Islam
Islam Division within the Ummah
Uthman (r. 644-656) murdered successor? Ali (r. 656-661)
Muhammad’s cousin, husband of Fatima Dedicated Muslim The one Muhammad intended to be successor?
Civil war between Ali and Mu’awiyah Ali assassinated (661) Mu’awiyah (r.661-680) caliph
Aftermath: Sunni vs. Shi’ah
Islam Division within the Ummah
Sunnis Accept legality of Rashidun and subsequent caliphs Majority of Muslims (90%)
Shi’ahs Faction of Ali Except for Ali and descendants, all caliphs were usurpers Led by imams
Divinely inspired Await return of 12th imam
Islam
Islam Shari’ah
Sacred law of ummah Intended to regulate all
activities Sources
Quran Tradition of Muhammad
(sunnah) Community consensus
Qadis Shari’ah judges Appointed by state
Individuals before a qadi
Islam
Islamic Civilization The “great” civilization of
Early Middle Ages Science and mathematics
Immersed in knowledge of classical world
Own contributions Literature and poetry Great librariesQuran page, beginning of surah 18
(9th or 10th cent.)
Islam
Khadijah
Status of Women Women in the Quran
Men to manage women’s affairs
Men may have up to 4 wives, to be treated equally
Some inheritance rights granted
Reforms of Quran not always maintained
Khadijah (d. ca. 620) was first convert
Islam Questions?
The Rise of IslamHow does Islam compare and
contrast with the other religions introduced?
How does Islamic civilization compare and contrast with the others in the course?