The Rise of a Mass The Rise of a Mass DemocracyDemocracy

Chapter 13Chapter 13

The “Corrupt Bargain” of The “Corrupt Bargain” of 1824 1824 James Monroe was James Monroe was

completing his term, ending completing his term, ending the “Virginia Dynasty.”the “Virginia Dynasty.”

Four candidates:Four candidates: John Quincy Adams of John Quincy Adams of

MassachusettsMassachusetts Henry Clay of KentuckyHenry Clay of Kentucky William H. Crawford of GeorgiaWilliam H. Crawford of Georgia Andrew Jackson of TennesseeAndrew Jackson of Tennessee

All four professed to be All four professed to be “Republicans” but well-“Republicans” but well-organized parties had not yet organized parties had not yet emerged emerged

      

The Confusing Campaign The Confusing Campaign of 1824of 1824 Jackson had the strongest personal appeal, especially in the Jackson had the strongest personal appeal, especially in the

WestWest Jackson polled as many popular votes as his next two rivals Jackson polled as many popular votes as his next two rivals

combined, but failed to win majority of electoral votes combined, but failed to win majority of electoral votes 1212thth Amendment: House would decide the election Amendment: House would decide the election The influential Speaker of the House Clay was in a position The influential Speaker of the House Clay was in a position

to sway the election to sway the election Crawford, recently felled by a paralytic stroke, was out of Crawford, recently felled by a paralytic stroke, was out of

the picturethe picture Clay hated the “military chieftain” Jackson, his archrival Clay hated the “military chieftain” Jackson, his archrival

for allegiance of the West and Jackson bitterly resented for allegiance of the West and Jackson bitterly resented Clay’s public denunciation of his Florida attackClay’s public denunciation of his Florida attack

only candidate left was Adams who shared Clay’s only candidate left was Adams who shared Clay’s support of nationalism and the American Systemsupport of nationalism and the American System

Adams announced that Henry Clay would be the new Adams announced that Henry Clay would be the new Secretary of StateSecretary of State

Masses of angry Jacksonians raised a roar of protest against Masses of angry Jacksonians raised a roar of protest against this “corrupt bargain” and Jackson condemned Clay as this “corrupt bargain” and Jackson condemned Clay as “Judas of the West”“Judas of the West”

A Yankee Misfit in the A Yankee Misfit in the White HouseWhite House John Quincy Adams John Quincy Adams

was irritable, was irritable, sarcastic, and tactlesssarcastic, and tactless

entered under entered under charges of “bargain,” charges of “bargain,” “corruption,” and “corruption,” and “usurpation”—he was “usurpation”—he was the first “minority the first “minority president”president”

commanded respect commanded respect rather than popularity rather than popularity

nationalistic views nationalistic views gave him further gave him further woes; much of the woes; much of the nation was turning nation was turning away from away from nationalism and nationalism and toward states’ rights toward states’ rights and sectionalismand sectionalism

Going "Whole Hog" for Jackson Going "Whole Hog" for Jackson in 1828in 1828

Before the election of 1824, two parties had formed: Before the election of 1824, two parties had formed: National Republicans National Republicans and and Democratic-Democratic-RepublicansRepublicans.  .  Adams and Clay Adams and Clay were the figures of were the figures of the the National Republicans National Republicans and and Jackson Jackson was with the was with the Democratic-RepublicansDemocratic-Republicans..

Andrew JacksonAndrew Jackson beat Adams to win the beat Adams to win the election of election of 1828. 1828.  The majority of his support came from the  The majority of his support came from the South, while Adams's support came from the North.South, while Adams's support came from the North.

"Old Hickory" as President"Old Hickory" as President

Jackson was the first president from the Jackson was the first president from the West and 2nd without a college education. West and 2nd without a college education.

The Spoils SystemThe Spoils System Democrats replaced Democrats replaced

those in appointive those in appointive offices with their own offices with their own people (the common people (the common man) man)

people were illiterate people were illiterate and incompetentand incompetent

This system of rewarding This system of rewarding political supporters with political supporters with jobs in the government jobs in the government was known as the was known as the ""spoils systemspoils system."."

The Tricky "Tariff of The Tricky "Tariff of Abominations"Abominations" In 1824, Congress increased the In 1824, Congress increased the

general tariff significantly.  general tariff significantly.  TheThe Tariff of 1828Tariff of 1828

"Tariff of Abominations"; also "Tariff of Abominations"; also called the "called the "Yankee TariffYankee Tariff““

Very high tariff and the Very high tariff and the southerners felt that they were southerners felt that they were being discriminated againstbeing discriminated against

The South was having economic The South was having economic struggles and the tariff was a struggles and the tariff was a scapegoat.scapegoat.

In In 18221822, , Denmark VeseyDenmark Vesey led a led a slave rebellionslave rebellion in Charleston, in Charleston, South Carolina.South Carolina.

The The South Carolina South Carolina ExpositionExposition, made by , made by John C. John C. CalhounCalhoun, was published in , was published in 18281828.  It was a pamphlet that .  It was a pamphlet that denounced the Tariff of 1828 as denounced the Tariff of 1828 as unjust and unconstitutional.  unjust and unconstitutional.  

""Nullies" in the SouthNullies" in the South In an attempt to meet the South's In an attempt to meet the South's

demands, Congress passed the demands, Congress passed the Tariff of Tariff of 18321832, a slightly lower tariff compared to , a slightly lower tariff compared to the Tariff of 1828.  It fell short of the the Tariff of 1828.  It fell short of the South's demands.South's demands.

The state legislature of South Carolina The state legislature of South Carolina called for the called for the ColumbiaColumbia ConventionConvention.  .  The delegates of the convention called The delegates of the convention called for the for the tariff to be void within South tariff to be void within South CarolinaCarolina.  The convention threatened to .  The convention threatened to take South Carolina out of the Union if take South Carolina out of the Union if the government attempted to collect the the government attempted to collect the customs duties by force.customs duties by force.

Henry ClayHenry Clay introduced the introduced the Tariff of Tariff of 1833. 1833.  It called for the  It called for the gradual gradual reduction reduction of the Tariff of 1832 by about of the Tariff of 1832 by about 10% over 8 years10% over 8 years.  By 1842, the rates .  By 1842, the rates would be back at the level of 1816.  would be back at the level of 1816. 

The The compromise Tariff of 1833compromise Tariff of 1833 ended ended the dispute over the Tariff of 1832 the dispute over the Tariff of 1832 between the South and the White House.  between the South and the White House.  The compromise was supported by South The compromise was supported by South Carolina but not much by the other Carolina but not much by the other states of the South.states of the South.

The Trail of TearsThe Trail of Tears Jackson's Democrats were committed to western Jackson's Democrats were committed to western

expansion, but such expansion meant confrontation with expansion, but such expansion meant confrontation with the Indians who inhabited the land east of the Mississippi.the Indians who inhabited the land east of the Mississippi.

The The five civilized tribes five civilized tribes were thewere the Cherokees, Creeks, Cherokees, Creeks, Choctaws, Chickasaws, Choctaws, Chickasaws, and and SeminolesSeminoles.  President .  President Jackson wanted to move the Indians so the white men Jackson wanted to move the Indians so the white men could expand.  could expand. 

In In 18301830, Congress passed the , Congress passed the Indian Removal ActIndian Removal Act.  It .  It moved more than 100,000 Indians living east of the moved more than 100,000 Indians living east of the Mississippi to reservations west of the Mississippi.  The Mississippi to reservations west of the Mississippi.  The five "civilized" tribes were hardest hit.  five "civilized" tribes were hardest hit. 

Black HawkBlack Hawk, braves from Illinois and Wisconsin, resisted , braves from Illinois and Wisconsin, resisted the eviction.the eviction.

The The Seminoles in Florida Seminoles in Florida retreated to the Everglades, retreated to the Everglades, fighting for several years until they retreated deeper into fighting for several years until they retreated deeper into the Everglades.the Everglades.

The Bank WarThe Bank War President Andrew Jackson despised the Bank of the United States because he felt it President Andrew Jackson despised the Bank of the United States because he felt it

was very was very monopolisticmonopolistic.. The Bank of the United States was a private institution, accountable not to the The Bank of the United States was a private institution, accountable not to the

people, but to its elite circle of investors.  The bank people, but to its elite circle of investors.  The bank minted gold and silver coinsminted gold and silver coins.  .  Nicholas BiddleNicholas Biddle, the president of the Bank of the United States, held an immense and , the president of the Bank of the United States, held an immense and possibly unconstitutional amount of power over the nation's financial affairs.possibly unconstitutional amount of power over the nation's financial affairs.

The The Bank War Bank War erupted in erupted in 18321832 when when Daniel WebsterDaniel Webster and and Henry ClayHenry Clay presented presented Congress with a bill to renew the Bank's charter.  Clay pushed to renew the charter Congress with a bill to renew the Bank's charter.  Clay pushed to renew the charter in 1832 to make itin 1832 to make it an issue for the electionan issue for the election of that year.  He felt that if Jackson of that year.  He felt that if Jackson signed offsigned off on it, then Jackson would on it, then Jackson would alienate the people of the Westalienate the people of the West who hated who hated the Bank.  If Jacksonthe Bank.  If Jackson vetoed it, then he would vetoed it, then he would alienate the wealthy class of the alienate the wealthy class of the East East who supported the Bank.  Clay did not account for the fact that the wealthy who supported the Bank.  Clay did not account for the fact that the wealthy class was now a minority.  Jackson vetoed the bill calling the Bank unconstitutional.  class was now a minority.  Jackson vetoed the bill calling the Bank unconstitutional. 

The veto showed that Jackson felt that the Executive Branch had more power than The veto showed that Jackson felt that the Executive Branch had more power than the Judicial Branchthe Judicial Branch in determining the Constitutionality of the Bank of the United in determining the Constitutionality of the Bank of the United States.States.

"Old Hickory" Wallops Clay "Old Hickory" Wallops Clay in 1832in 1832

A third party entered the election in the election A third party entered the election in the election of 1832: of 1832: The Anti-Masonic partyThe Anti-Masonic party.  The party .  The party opposed the Masonic Order, which was perceived opposed the Masonic Order, which was perceived by some as people of privilege and monopoly.  by some as people of privilege and monopoly.  Although Jackson was against monopolies, he was Although Jackson was against monopolies, he was a Mason himself; therefore the Anti-Masons were a Mason himself; therefore the Anti-Masons were an an anti-Jackson partyanti-Jackson party.  It gained support from .  It gained support from evangelical Protestant groups.evangelical Protestant groups.

The Jacksonians were opposed to allThe Jacksonians were opposed to all government government meddling in social and economic life.meddling in social and economic life.

Andrew JacksonAndrew Jackson was reelected in the was reelected in the election of election of 18321832..

Burying Biddle's BankBurying Biddle's Bank The Bank of the United States's charter expired in The Bank of the United States's charter expired in

18361836.  Jackson wanted to make sure that the Bank would .  Jackson wanted to make sure that the Bank would be exterminated.  be exterminated. 

In In 18331833, 3 years before the Bank's charter ran out, , 3 years before the Bank's charter ran out, Jackson decided to remove federal deposits from its Jackson decided to remove federal deposits from its vaults.  Jackson proposed depositing no more funds in vaults.  Jackson proposed depositing no more funds in the bankthe bank and he gradually shrunk existing depositsand he gradually shrunk existing deposits by by using the funds to pay for day-to-day expenditures of the using the funds to pay for day-to-day expenditures of the government.government.

The death of the Bank of the United States left a The death of the Bank of the United States left a financial vacuum in the American economy.  Surplus financial vacuum in the American economy.  Surplus federal funds were placed in several dozen state banks federal funds were placed in several dozen state banks that were political supportive of Jackson.that were political supportive of Jackson.

Smaller, wildcat banks in the west had begun to issue Smaller, wildcat banks in the west had begun to issue their own currency.  But this "their own currency.  But this "wildcatwildcat" currency was " currency was extremely unreliable because its value was based upon extremely unreliable because its value was based upon the value of the bank it was issued from.  In the value of the bank it was issued from.  In 18361836, , "wildcat""wildcat" currencycurrency had become sohad become so unreliable unreliable that that Jackson told the Jackson told the Treasury to issue a Specie CircularTreasury to issue a Specie Circular- - a decree that required all public lands to be purchased a decree that required all public lands to be purchased with metallic money.  This drastic step contributed with metallic money.  This drastic step contributed greatly to the greatly to the financial panic of 1837financial panic of 1837..

The Birth of the WhigsThe Birth of the Whigs The Whigs were conservatives who The Whigs were conservatives who

supported government programs, supported government programs, reforms, and public schools.  They reforms, and public schools.  They called forcalled for internal improvements internal improvements like like canals, railroads, and telegraph lines.canals, railroads, and telegraph lines.

The Whigs claimed to be defenders of The Whigs claimed to be defenders of the common man and declared the the common man and declared the Democrats the party of corruption.Democrats the party of corruption.

The Election of 1836The Election of 1836 Martin Van BurenMartin Van Buren was Andrew Jackson's was Andrew Jackson's

choice as his successor for the Democratic choice as his successor for the Democratic nomination in the election of 1836.  nomination in the election of 1836. 

General William Henry HarrisonGeneral William Henry Harrison was one was one of the Whig's many presidential nominees.  of the Whig's many presidential nominees.  The Whigs did not win because they did The Whigs did not win because they did not unite behind just one candidate.not unite behind just one candidate.

  

Depression Doldrums and the Depression Doldrums and the Independent TreasuryIndependent Treasury

The The basic cause basic cause of the of the panic of 1837 panic of 1837 was the was the rampant speculation prompted by a get-rich scheme.  rampant speculation prompted by a get-rich scheme.  Gamblers in western lands were doing a "land-office Gamblers in western lands were doing a "land-office business" on borrowed capital.  The speculative craze business" on borrowed capital.  The speculative craze spread to canals, roads, railroads, and slaves.spread to canals, roads, railroads, and slaves.    Jacksonian finance also helped to cause the panic.  In Jacksonian finance also helped to cause the panic.  In 18361836, the failure of two British banks caused the , the failure of two British banks caused the British investors to call in foreign loans.  These loans British investors to call in foreign loans.  These loans were the beginnings of the panic. were the beginnings of the panic.

The panic of 1837 caused many banks to collapse, The panic of 1837 caused many banks to collapse, commodity prices to drop, sales of public to fall, and commodity prices to drop, sales of public to fall, and the loss of jobs.the loss of jobs.

Van Buren proposed the Van Buren proposed the Divorce Divorce Bill.  Not passed by Bill.  Not passed by Congress, it called for the dividing of the government Congress, it called for the dividing of the government and banking altogether.  and banking altogether. 

The The Independent Treasury Bill Independent Treasury Bill was passed in was passed in 18401840.  An independent treasury would be established .  An independent treasury would be established and government funds would be locked in vaults.  and government funds would be locked in vaults. 

Gone to TexasGone to Texas Mexico Mexico won its independencewon its independence

from Spain in from Spain in 18231823.  Mexico .  Mexico gave a huge chunk of land to gave a huge chunk of land to Stephen AustinStephen Austin who would who would bring families into Texas.bring families into Texas.

The Texans had many The Texans had many differences with the differences with the Mexicans.  Mexicans were Mexicans.  Mexicans were against slavery, while the against slavery, while the Texans supported it.  Texans supported it. 

Santa AnnaSanta Anna- president of - president of Mexico who, in 1835, wiped Mexico who, in 1835, wiped out all local rights and started out all local rights and started to raise army to suppress the to raise army to suppress the upstart Texans.upstart Texans.

The Lone Star RebellionThe Lone Star Rebellion Texas declared its independence in Texas declared its independence in 18361836.  . 

Sam HoustonSam Houston- commander in chief for Texas.- commander in chief for Texas. General Houston forced Santa Anna to sign a General Houston forced Santa Anna to sign a

treaty in 1836treaty in 1836 after Houston had captured after Houston had captured Santa Anna in the Santa Anna in the Battle of San JacintoBattle of San Jacinto..

The Texans wanted to become a state in the The Texans wanted to become a state in the United States but the northerners did not United States but the northerners did not want them to because of the issue of want them to because of the issue of slavery.  Admitting Texas would mean one slavery.  Admitting Texas would mean one more slave state.more slave state.

  

Log Cabins and Hard Cider Log Cabins and Hard Cider of 1840of 1840 ““Tippecanoe and Tippecanoe and Tyler, Too!”Tyler, Too!”

William Henry William Henry HarrisonHarrison defeated defeated Van Buren to win the Van Buren to win the election of 1840election of 1840 for for the Whigs.  The the Whigs.  The Whig's campaign Whig's campaign included pictures of included pictures of log cabins and cider. log cabins and cider.

Politics for the PeoplePolitics for the People There were There were 2 major changes in 2 major changes in

politicspolitics after the Era of Good after the Era of Good Feelings:  Feelings:  Politicians who were too clean, too well Politicians who were too clean, too well

dressed, too grammatical, and too dressed, too grammatical, and too intellectual were not liked. Aristocracy intellectual were not liked. Aristocracy was not liked by the American people.  was not liked by the American people.  The The common man common man was moving to the was moving to the center of the national political stage.center of the national political stage.

The Two-Party SystemThe Two-Party System There was a formation of a There was a formation of a two-party systemtwo-party system.  . 

The two parties consisted of the The two parties consisted of the Democrats and Democrats and thethe Whigs Whigs (the National Republican Party had (the National Republican Party had died out).  died out). 

Jacksonian Jacksonian DemocratsDemocrats glorified the liberty of glorified the liberty of the individual.  They supported states' rights and the individual.  They supported states' rights and federal restraint in social and economic affairs.  federal restraint in social and economic affairs.  The The Whigs Whigs supported the natural harmony of supported the natural harmony of society and the value of community.  They society and the value of community.  They favored a renewed national bank, protective favored a renewed national bank, protective tariffs, internal improvements, public schools, tariffs, internal improvements, public schools, and moral reforms, such as the prohibition of and moral reforms, such as the prohibition of liquor and the abolition of slavery. liquor and the abolition of slavery.