THE RISE AND FALL OF NAPOLEON

THE RISE AND FALL OF NAPOLEON

THERMIDORIAN REACTION (1794-1795)

Continued counter-revolutionary uprisings

Continued foreign attacks

New constitution limited popular participation in govt.

Chose 5-man executive: THE DIRECTORY

The end of the Terror

• Robespierre executed so many, lost base of support

Robespierre guillotined, June 1794

THE RISE AND FALL OF NAPOLEON

THE DIRECTORY (1795-1799)

Victories under young General Napoleon Bonaparte

• Conquered territories become “sister republics”

Crises of 1799

• Govt. on brink of bankruptcy

• Losing control of countryside

• Turned to army to restore order

Napoleon & brother Joseph seize power, Nov. 2, 1799

THE RISE AND FALL OF NAPOLEON

THE CONSULATE

Quickly asserted authoritarian rule

• Bypassed legislative functions

• Created diverse administration

• Ended all semblance of free political life

• Imposed highly centralized structure on govt, curtailing local authority

Napoleon made “First Consul” in new 3-man Consulate

THE RISE AND FALL OF NAPOLEON

NAPOLEONIC REFORM

Opened govt. offices to anyone of talent, regardless of class

Emphasized education

Restored relations with Pope: Concordat of 1801

Extended religious toleration

THE RISE AND FALL OF NAPOLEON

NAPOLEONIC REFORM

Created new Civil Code (NAPOLEONIC CODE)

• But little individual liberty

• Reinforced women’s subordination & lack of rights

• Upheld many of rights granted by Revolution

THE RISE AND FALL OF NAPOLEON

EMPEROR NAPOLEON

Crowns himself in 1804

Between 1804 & 1814, conquers much of Europe

• Overturned much of old order

• Reorganized states, created new systems of government

• Spread ideas of the Revolution

• Spread NAPOLEONIC CODE

• Unleashed nationalism

THE RISE AND FALL OF NAPOLEON

EXPANDING THE EMPIRE

Main goal = defeat British, but could not

1805: Defeated Austrians & Russians

1806: Defeated Prussians & Russians

Forced Russia into alliance

Imposed Continental SystemBattle of TrafalgarBattle of Austerlitz

Treaty of Tilsit

Tried to subdue Spain

JOSEPH BONAPARTE

THE RISE AND FALL OF NAPOLEON

Collapse of Russian alliance

• Invaded June, 1812 with 595,000 troops

BATTLE OF BORODINO, Sept. 1812

French occupied abandoned Moscow

• Tsar refused to surrender

THE INVASION OF RUSSIA

Forced to withdraw, losing many soldiers on way out

THE RISE AND FALL OF NAPOLEON

MOUNTING PROBLEMS

Coup attempt in Paris, 1812

Spanish resistance growing, Joseph expelled

British & Spanish now planning to invade France

Great Powers aligned against him

THE RISE AND FALL OF NAPOLEON

NAPOLEON’S END Defeated at Leipzig, Oct. 1813

• Allies invade France, force Napoleon to abdicate

• Restored Bourbon monarchy, Louis XVIII, 1814

• Exiled Napoleon to Elba

Escaped Feb. 1815, took back throne (100 DAYS)

• Defeated at BATTLE OF WATERLOO, June 18

• Exiled to St. Helena, died there in 1821