THE RHETORICAL SITUATION
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Transcript of THE RHETORICAL SITUATION
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THE RHETORICAL SITUATION
Lloyd Bitzer
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RHETORICAL SITUATION
CALLS THE DISCOURSE INTO EXISTENCE
CRISIS SITUATION
INVITES APPLICATION OF METHOD AND CREATION OF DISCOURSE
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WHAT MAKES A WORK RHETORICAL?
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WHAT MAKES A WORK RHETORICAL?
RESPONSE TO A SITUATION OF A CERTAIN KIND
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WHAT DOES BITZER SAY RHETORIC IS?
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RHETORIC
MODE OF ALTERING REALITYBY CREATION OF DISCOURSE WHICH CHANGES REALITY THROUGH MEDIATION OF THOUGHT AND ACTION
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HOW DOES RHETORIC ALTER REALITY?
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ALTERS REALITY BY:
BRINGING INTO EXISTENCE A DISCOURSE THAT SO ENGAGES AUDIENCE IN THOUGHT AND ACTION THAT IT BECOMES A MEDIATOR OF CHANGE
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RHETORICAL SITUATION NATURAL CONTEXT OF PERSONS, EVENTS,
OBJECTS, RELATIONS
EXIGENCE WHICH STRONGLY INVITES UTTERANCE
OBLIGED TO SPEAK
IMPERATIVE STIMULUS
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WHAT ARE THE 7 THINGS THAT MAKE RHETORIC
SITUATIONAL?
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RHETORIC IS SITUATIONAL
① EXISTS AS NECESSARY CONDITION OF RHETORICAL DISCOURSE
② SPEECH IS GIVEN RHETORICAL SIGNIFICANCE BY SITUATION
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③ EXISTS AS NECESSARY CONDITION OF RHETORICAL DISCOURSE
④ MANY RHETORICAL SITUATIONS MATURE AND DECAY WITHOUT GIVING BIRTH TO RHETORICAL UTTERANCE
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⑤NEEDS AND INVITES DISCOURSE CAPABLE OF PARTICIPATING WITH SITUATION AND THEREBY ALTERING ITS REALITY
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⑥FUNCTIONS AS FITTING RESPONSE TO SITUATION WHICH NEEDS AND INVITES IT
⑦CONTROLS THE RHETORICAL RESPONSE
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DEFINITION OF THE RHETORICAL SITUATION?
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RHETORICAL SITUATION COMPLEX OF PERSONS, EVENS, OBJECTS,
AND RELATIONS PRESENTING AN ACTUAL OR POTENTIAL EXIGENCE WHICH CAN BE COMPLETELY OR PARTIALLY REMOVED IF DISCOURSE, INTRODUCED INTO THE SITUATION, CAN SO CONSTRAIN HUMAN DECISION OR ACTION TO BRING ABOUT SIGNIFICANT MODIFICATION OF EXIGENCE
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WHAT ARE THE 3 CONSTITUENTS TO ANY
RHETORICAL SITUATION?
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3 CONSTITUENTS TO ANY RHETORICAL SITUATION
EXIGENCE
AUDIENCE
CONSTRAINTS
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EXIGENCE
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EXIGENCE IMPERFECTION MARKED BY URGENCY
DEFECT, OBSTACLE
SOMETHING WAITING TO BE DONE
THING OTHER THAN IT SHOULD BE
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EXIGENCE IS RHETORICAL WHEN . . .
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EXIGENCE IS RHETORICAL WHEN:
CAPABLE OF POSITIVE MODIFICATION
WHEN POSITIVE MODIFICATION REQUIRES DISCOURSE OR CAN BE ASSISTED BY DISCOURSE
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WHAT IS THE ORGANIZING PRINCIPLE
OF EXIGENCE?
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1 CONTROLLING EXIGENCE FUNCTIONING AS ORGANIZING PRINCIPLE
AUDIENCE TO BE ADDRESSED
CHANGE TO BE EFFECTED
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WHAT MAKES AN AUDIENCE RHETORICAL?
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RHETORICAL AUDIENCE
THOSE PERSONS CAPABLE OF BEING INFLUENCED BY DISCOURSE AND OF BEING MEDIATORS OF CHANGE
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CONSTRAINTS?
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CONSTRAINTS
PERSONS, EVENTS, OBJECTS, RELATIONS THAT HAVE POWER TO CONSTRAIN DECISION AND ACTION NEEDED TO MODIFY EXIGENCE
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7 FEATURES OF A RHETORICAL SITUATION?
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RHETORICAL SITUATION① INVITATION TO CREATE AND
PRESENT DISCOURSE
② INVITES A FITTING RESPONSE
③ DICTATES PURPOSE, THEME, MATTER, AND STYLE OF RESPONSE
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④ EXIGENCE LOCATED IN REALITY, OBSERVABLE AND PUBLICLY OBSERVABLE HISTORIC FACTS
⑤ WILL BE STRUCTURED (LOOSELY OR HIGHLY)
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⑥ SOME MATURE OR DECAY
⑦ SOME MATURE AND PERSIST