The Revised Penal Code Book Scan

7/30/2019 The Revised Penal Code Book Scan

1/12

V The Revised Penal Code *

A BRIEF REVIEW

GENERAL FEATURES

By PROFESSOR FRANCISCO CAPISTRANO, College of Law, U. P.

The Revised Penal Code, which will take effect January 1,

has properly been regarded as being in the main a conso-

. n o f penal statutes in force at the time the work was

ken. It is not a codification in the strict sense of the

(Sinco, The Revised Penal Code, Phil. Law Journal, vol.

o. 4, p. 166.) About one half of its 367 articles are provi-

of the old Penal Code (Spanish Penal Code of 1870),

of which were rewritten; the other half, about thirty of

are new provisions, consist of provisions of special laws,

tten mainly in the light of pertinent provisions of the pro-

Correctional Code of 1916. About twenty five of the

new provisions were taken from the proposed Correc-

Code, and five were contributed by the Code Committee.

-Code contains two books. Book One contains a prelimin-

title, providing for the time when the Act takes effect and

pplication of its provisions, and five other titles as follows:

One-Felonies and circumstances which affect criminal

.ty; Title Two-Persons criminally liable for Felonies;

Three--Penalties; Title Four-Extinction of Criminal

ity and of Civil Liability Resulting from Crime; and Title

ivil Liability. Book Two, which deals with "Crimes andties," has fifteen titles, as follows: Title one-Crimes

National Security and the Law of Nations; Title Two-

against the Fundamental Laws of the State; Title Three

s Against Public Order; Title Four-Crimes Against

e Interest; Title Five-Crimes Relative to Opium and

Prohibited Drugs; Title Six-Crimes Against Public

; Title Seven-Crimes Committed by Public Officers;Eight--Crimes Against Persons; Title Nine-Crimes

st Personal Liberty and Security; Title Ten-Crimes

Property; Title Eleve~-Crimes Against Chastity; Ti-

elve-:Crimes Against the Civil Status of Persons; Title

n-Crimes Against Honor; Title Fourteen-Quasi Of-

; and Title Fifteen-Final Provisions, the repealing

of which (Art. 367) repeals "the present Penal Code,


2/12

the Provisional Law f or the application of its provisions," and

several penal Acts of the former Philippine Commission and

of the Philippine Legislature.

PARTICULAR FEATURES1. Exterritoriality of Penal Law.

Article 2, a new provision based on Art. 2 of the proposed

Correctional Code of 1916, extends the application of the pro-

visions of the Code outside the territorial jurisdiction of the

Philippines against those who "should commit an offense while

on a Philippine ship or airship;" "should forge or counterfeit

any coin or currency note of the Philippine Islands or obliga_tions and securities issued by the Government of the Philippine

Islands;" "should be liable for acts connected with the intro-

duction into these Islands of the obligations and securities men.

tioned;" "while being public officers or employees, should com-

mit an offense in the exercise of their functions; or "should

commit any of the crimes (treason and espionage, provoking

war and disloyalty in case of war, and piracy and mutiny onthe high seas,) against national security and the law of na-

tions defined in Title One of Book Two of this Code."

2. Impossible Crimes now punished.

Article 4, par. 2, a new provision contributed by the Code

Committee, provides that criminal liability shall be incurred

"by any person performing an act which would be an offense

against persons or property were it not for the inherent impos-sibility of its accomplishment or on account of the employment

of inadequate or ineffectual means." This pr ovision penalizes

the so called "impossible Crime." For example, a person who

attempts to poison another with common salt believing that it

is arsenic, or one who performs acts upon a woman to cause

abortion believing that the woman is pregnant when in fact she

is not, will be guilty of an offense under this article. The acthere performed by the offender undoubtedly shows a criminal

intent, and reveals him as a criminal personality. The act in

itself is not dangerous, but it reveals the danger which may

proceed from the actor, who has stamped himself as a danger-

ous person to the commuriity and who, according to the positi-

vist school of penal philosophy, should be punished. Cuello

Calon, De1'echo Penal, pp. 375, 376; GMofalo, Or iminology,p. 294. The penalty, according to article 59, is myesto mayor-

(from 1 month and 1 day to 6 months) or a fine ranging frona

200 to 500 pesos, the court, in imposing the penalty, to b

/n mind the social danger and the degree of criminality sho


3/12

the offender." On the other hand, the classical school of

I philosophy, claims that an impossible attempt is not real-

an attempted crime because there could be no commencement

the execution of that which is impossible to be executed, and

tthe acts performed are purely a manifestation of criminalt, but this alone is not sufficient for the imposition of a

Ity. Cuello Cal6n, Derecho Penal, p. 375; Dec. Sup. Ct. of

n, Nov. 26, 1879.

No Penal Code in force in Continental Europe or South

erica seems to contain a provision similar to Article 4, par.

ol our Revised Penal Code. The proposed Italian Penale of 1921, however, in Article 16, recognized the necessity

~unishing"the impossible crime. Jiminez Asua, Estudio Cri-

del Proyecto de Codigo Penal Italiano de 1921, p. 59. In

connection, it is to be noted that Italy is recognized the

Id over as the seat particularly of modern penal philosophy.

auld seem, therefore, that while criminologists and courts

Continental Europe and South America are s,till discussingsubject as unsettled, we have gone farther, and without

the bench and bar having had a real chance as yet to dis-

the matter, we have provided in our new Code a penalty

the "impossible Crime." It must be stated, however, that

has been a tendency to punish "impossible crimes" as at-

pted felonies, under the common and usual code provision

the matter. Under our Code, there is an attempt i'Whenoffender commences the commission of a felony directly by

acts, and does not perform all the acts of execution which

d produce the felony by reason of some cause or accident

than his own spontaneous desistance." The highest Court

rmany, in recent celebrated decisions, has held the exist-

of an attempted infanticide in a case where it took place

child born dead, and of an attempted abortion in a case

e a person performed acts calculated to produce abortion,

a woman who was not actually pregnant. These deci-

, ftowever, were combated by the majority of German com-

tors. French jurisprudence has declared in certain cases

an impossible attempt constituted a punishable offense, as

e case of a person who attempted to steal from an empty

box:in 'a church, but in others, it has denied the existence

PUJl.ishableact. Cuello Cal6n, Derecho Penal, p. 376, Note:

In the common law, if the means are apparently and ab-

ly unfit, there is no attempted crime, but capability of suc-

is not essential to an attempt It is also held that there


4/12

attempting to steal from an empty pocket, in which case there

is an indictable offense because it is "public, indictable as a

scandal and breach of public peace, irrespective of the question

of personal loss." But it is held that where the object is abso-

lutely non-existent, as where a person takes aim at a shadow ora tree, imagining it to be an enemy, there is no indictable of.

fense, unless under circumstances disturbing public peace. Yet,

where there is actual injury to the person or property of an-

other, though, from circumstances exterior to the actor's will,this injury does not produce its immediate contemplated result,there is an offense. Thus, an attempt at miscarriage may be

proved, though it turns out the woman was not actually preg-nant; and an attempt at forgery could be sustained, although

the forged paper attempted to be made could not by any pos-

sibility defraud. Wharton's Criminal Law, secs. 222 to 225.

3. State of necessity as a justifying circumstance.

Article 11, par. 4, which according to a member of the

Code Committee (Guevara, Comm. on the Revised Penal Code,

p. 33) is an improvement on Art. 7, par. 8, of the old PenalCode, states that no criminal liability is incurred by "any per-

son who, in order to avoid an evil or injury, does an act which

causes damage to another, provided that the following requi.

sites appear present: first, that the evil sought to be avoided

exists; second, that the injury feared be greater than that done

to avoid it; third, that there be no other practical and less

harmful means of preventing it." The old provision stated,

"Any person who, in order to avoid an evil or injury, does an

act which causes damage to the prope'Yty of another etc." The

new provision merely says "damage to another," having omit-

ted the words "the property of," which ommission is the im-

provement claimed by the Code Committee, which believed that

the new provision would now cover physical injury, or homi-

cide through necessity. The old provision was unanimously

conceded to be applicable only to conflicts between propertyor rights, which demanded the destruction or injury of one or

of some for the benefit of another or others, but not to a con-

flict between two lives which would demand the destruction of

one in order that the other might be saved.. The act of one

who in order to save his own life caused the death of another a

in a shipwreck, is not a justified act, nor could such state of

necessity be considered as a justifying circumstance because theright of the person sacrificed to live is just as legitima~e ::

that of the one who caused his death. The person sacnfic

was innocent, he did nothing to bring about the state of da


5/12

h menaced the life of the other who chose to save himself.

all commentators are agreed that although the act done in

a case is not justified, nevertheless it is not punishable.

real reason for its non-punishability, according to Cuellon is that the act is "outside th~ domain of the penal law", "it

'be accepted as an act which fate decrees, as an inevitable

ortune."

Without, therefore, discussing whether the words "dam-

to another" now found in Art. 11, par. 4, would include de-

'on of life or physical injury through necessity or whether

ordinary import would be limited t o d estruction of prop-'Or riglats, as in the old Code, we merely point out that the

d requisite stated in the article, namely, "that the in-

feared be greater than that done to avoid it," would pre-

the application of the article to the destruction of human

n order to save another, for the reason that one life has

as much right to live as another. However, as pointed

the preceeding paragraph, homicide through necessity isunishable as being beyond the pale of the penal law, as

. an inevitable misfortune. The same view is sustained

the common law and even by the canon law. Wharton's'nal Law, sees. 126, 641-642. It may also come under

pting circumstance no. 6 of Article 12 of our Revised Pe-

Code, which states that "Any person who acts under the

Ise of an uncontrollable fear of an equal or greater injury",em.pt from criminal responsibility. CueUo Cal6n, Derecho

p.316.

It may be of interest to note that the new Spanish Penal

of 1928, in article 60, preserved substantially the meaning

import of Art. 7, par. 8, of the Code of 1870, which is the

as our ola Penal Code, refusing thus to extend its scope

omicide or physical injury through necessity on the ground,ding to the explanatory note (Exposici6n de Motivos),

to do otherwise would be to sanction a principle which

be aualified as egoistic and cruel. Alcubilla, Anuario det p. 276. -

. Delay in delivery of person arrested to judicial author-

Artn~le 125, based on Art. 202 of the old Code and Art 93

Proposed Correctional Code, punishes any public offic,er

ploY(~e"who shall detain any person for some legal ground

~alI fan to deliver such person to the proper judicial au-es within the period of one hour." This provision has


6/12

the ground that it would greatly hamper them in the perf

ance of their duties in making investigations of crime. On

other hand, police methods under the provision in the old

(Art. 202) providing for 24 hours, have been the subj

numerous complaints and criticism, for which reason, pro

the Code Committee reduced the time to one hour. Cl

the time limit of one hour is not only arbitrary, but also

reasonable. It may well happen that a peace officer haEs

prehended a criminal in a remote barrio, 15 or 20 kilo

distant from the poblaci6n which is accessible therefrom

on foot or on horseback. How could he comply with thein such a case? Should he merely take down the crim'

name and address and let him go, with instructions to

at headquarters at his earliest convenience? That, of c

would be absurd. On the other hand, the time of 24 hour

vided for in the old Code is also arbitrary because the

or detention may be made right in the poblaci6n, and

light offense, in which case the discretion given to peacficers to detain the person arrested for 24 hours would give

to serious abuse on the part of the unscrupulous ones.

believed that, instead of a fixed time limit, which neces

must be arbitrary, the law should merely provide por pu

ment in case of a "wrongful delay" so that each case will

to be considered in the light of the particular circumstances.

tending it, and both the police and the public should haycause for complaint. In fact, Art. 93 of the Proposed Co

tional Code does not fix a time but uses instead the expre

"wrongfully delays" (dilatare indebidamente). On this

ject the new Penal Law of New York, passed in 1931,

vides as follows: "Sec. 1844. A public officer or other

having arrested any person upon a criminal charge, who\

:fully and wrongfully delays, to take such person before a

gistrate having jurisdiction to take his examination, is

of a misdemeanor." Bender's Penal Law and Criminal Cp . 371.

5. Legiskttive immunity f rom search.

Article 145, which has merited much discussion and n

ous press editorials, in part provides for the imposition 0

penalty of prisi6n correccional (6 mos. and 1 day to 6

"upon any public officer or employee who shall, while th

gislature is in session, knowingly arrest or search ary me

thereof, except in case such member has commit.ed a

punishable under this Code by a penalty highe:' than

mayor" (6 yrs. and 1 day to 12 yrs). The '~ode Co


7/12

aims responsibility for the words "or search" now appear-

. the article. Gue'L'ara, Comm. on the Penal Code, pp. 223

~. The provision, fin.ds no counterpart, it is ?eli~ved,. inIAmerican law, and IS of very doubtful constitutIOnalIty.

t~shall not dwell upon it further ~cause Professor Sinco

already written a paper on the subject.

6. Qualified and simple seduction, and consented abduction.

Qualified seduction. Under 337, "the seduction of a virgin

twelve years and under eighteen years of age, committed

a person in public authority, priest, house-servant, domestic,dian, teacher, or any person who, in any capacity, shall be

sted with the education or custody of the woman seduced,

be punished by prisi6n correccional in its minimum and

imum periods."

Simple seduction. In article 338 "The seduction of a wo-

who is single or widow of good r eputation, over twelve

under eighteen years of age, committed by means of deceit,

Ibe punished by arresto mayor."

Consented abduction. Under article 343, "The abduction

a virgin over twelve and under eighteen years of age, car-

out with her consent and with lewd designs, shall be punish-

with prisi6n correcional in its minimum and medium pe-

s."

These articles are substantially the same as articles 443

446 of the old Penal Code.

The word virgin in articles 337 and 343 appears as donce-

in the Spanish text of the law. But the character of being

ella, according to the Supreme Court of Spain in con-

ing articles 443 and 446 of the Code of 1870, is not required

the law in the sense of "mujer que desconoce varon, sino dejer honesta y recatada, para establecer que la cualidad de

lla debe reconocerse en la mujer soltera de vida honesta

or al hecho cuando las pruebas 0circunstancias procesa-

no destruyen esa presunci6n". Dec. Sup. Ct. of Spain, May

1888, March 2, 1887, and June 4, 1896. The same require-

tof mujer honesta was made as to simple seduction, punish-

under art. 443 of the old Code. It, therefore, appears thatuse of i:e word 'virgin in articles 337 and 343 is improper,to avo d strid interpretation, the word doncella appear-

ti' la islJ ~ext, should have been changed to mujer ho-, as e r e~.' ;::pa.nishPenal Code of 1928 has done in art-

605 b06 and 612 The expression in article 338 "woman


8/12

parallel in any Penal Code in force in Continental Europe

South America. For simple seduction, the New Spanish

nal Code, in article 605, uses the same term "mujer hones

The Code Committee in drafting article 338 of the Revised

nal Code probably had in mind Viada's words: "Si hubiera

de difinir nosotros el estupro, diriamos que POl' el debe en

derse, in general, el concubito 0acceso carnal legitimo con

jer soltera 0viuda de buena fama, mayor de doce alios y me

de veintitres." 3 Viada, 132. As the original Spanish text

our law has seen it fit to use "donceUa" in articles 337 and 3

it should have used the same term in article 338, for, as stathe word merely means "mujer honesta" in penal jurispruden

The English equivalent of "mujer honesta" or "doncella" as

is used in the statute would probably be an "unmarried wo

of good repute," but not a virgin. In this connection, it is 0

teresting to note that most American statutes require that

woman be of "previous chaste character," which has been

fined to be not external reputation for chastity, but actualsonal possession of chastity: Wharton's Criminal Law,

2104.

7. Killing of spouse in act of adultery.

Article 247, which is similar to Art. 425 of the old Pe

Code as amended by Act 3195, states that: "Any legally

ried person who, having surprised his spouse in the act of co

mitting sexual intercourse with another person, shall kill eit

of them in the act or immediately thereafter, or shall inf!o

upon them any serious physical injury, shall suffer the pena

of destierro" (banishment for 6 mos. and 1day to 6 years).

provision of the old Code, on which Article 247 was based,

unanimously criticized in Spain particularly during the last f

years as being a cruel provision, indirectly authorizing the 0.

fended spouse to take away the life of the adulterers. Aceo

ingly, the new Spanish Penal Code, in article 5.23, merely co

siders the act as having been executed under passion and

fuscation as a special extenuating circumstance such that

offended spouse will have to suffer the penalty for the offen

committed, but lower by one degree. In the Philippines, wh

adultery is a ground for divorce, there is added reason for sUpressing the antiquated and cruel provision preserved in arti

247 above quoted. The Code Committee, which was too mode

in punishing the impossible crime, was, perhaps, quite an

J;uated in preserving the provision of Article 423 of the

1 l C d


9/12

8. Civil Liability of the offender:

Articles 100 to 111, providin~ in. t?e m.ain that every p:r.-iminally liable for a felony IS CIVIllylIable, and that CIVIl

n cr ., t' f th dbTty ipcludes restItutIOn, repara IOn0 e 'amage caused,ad

1i~demnification of consequential damages, are substantially

same as articles 18 to 20, and 119 to 126 of the old Penal

~e. These provisions are antiquated. Under said provisions,

recovery can be had of the so called "daiios morales;" that

o pain, mental suffering, etc. and in cases of murder or homi-

'de the settled jurisprudence in this country generally allows

,000.00 as damages to the heirs of the deceased, which un-uestionably is grossly inadequate. There has been an utter

eglect of the rights of the offended party, contrary to the mo-

dern tendency on the subject. Cuello Calan, Derecho Penal,

p.471-476. Modern Penal Codes like those of Argentina (Art.

29) and Peru (Arts, 65 and 67) allow the recovery of "moral

damages". The civil codes of Germany (secs. 347, 847- and

1,300) and of Austria (secs. 1293 to 1341), and the law od'obligations of Switzerland (art. 54) also allow "moral dam-

ages." French, Italian' and Spanish jurisprudence have also,

of late, allowed the recovery of "moral damages." Cuello Calan,

Derecho Penal, pp. 474 and note 7; 485 and note: 30. The new

panish Penal Code, in article 75, allows indemnity for "daiios

morales". In reference to Anglo-American law, it is of com-

on knowledge that "moral damages" are recoverable there-under, and have been for a long time. Again it seems that,

m respect to the civil liability of the offender, the Code Com-

mittee did not keep progress with the times.

9. Miscellaneous Provisions.

Lack of time forbids a discussion of many interesting and

noteworthy provisions of the Revised Penal Code. Only a brief

statement of the substance of some of these provisions will bemade.

a. Art. 13, par. 2, considers extreme old age (over 70

ears) as a mitigating circumstance.

Bta b. Article 14, par. 20, considers as an aggravating circum-

1 1 nee the commission of a crime "with the aid of persons un-

er fifteen years of age or by means of motor vehicles, airships,Or other similar means."

~. Article 194 punishes with prisian correccional or a fine

rn~lDg. from 300 to 10,000 pesos, or both, "any physician

~ntIst who shall prescribe opium for any person whose

YSlcalcondition does not require the use of the same."


10/12

d. Article 268, no. 4, considers as murder the killing

person "on the occasion of an earthquake, eruption of a

cano, destructive cyclone, epidemic or any other public cala

e. Article 273 punishes with prisi6n correccioruU in its

nimum and maximum per:iods and a fine not exceeding 500

sos any person "who, under the pretext of reimbursing hi

for a debt incurred by an ascendant, guardian or person

trusted with the custody of a minor, shall, against the la

will, retain him in his service."

f. Article 275, no. 2, penalizes with arresto mayor

one who shall fail to help or render assistance to another w

he has accidentally wounded or injured."g. Article 289 punishes with arresto mayor and a fine

exceeding 300 pesos "any person who, for the purpose of

ganizing, maintaining or preventing coalitions of capital

labor, strike of laborers or lockout of employers, shall em

violence or threats in such a degree as to compel or force

laborers or employers in the free and legal exercise of their

dustry or work, if the act shall not constitute a more seriou

fense in accordance with the provision of this code."h. Article, par. 5 and 6, punishes with arresto 1nayor

a fine "Any person who shall accept any compensation gi

him under the belief that it is in payment of services ren

or labor performed by him, when in fact he did not ac

perform such services or labor," and "Any person who

being a surety in a bond given in a criminal or civil

without express authority from the court or before the ca

'ation of his bond or before being relieved from the obli

cO"ltraeted by him, shall sell, mortgage, or, in any other man

incumber the real property or properties with which he

anteed the fulfillment of such obligation."

i. Article 335, par. 3, lowers the penalty for adultery

degree "If tne person guilty of adultery committed this of~

while being abandoned without justification -by the off

spouse."j. Article 341 punishes with prisi6n correcC'ioncLl"Any

son who, in any manner, or under any pretext, shall engag

the business or shall profit by prostitution or shall enlist

services of women for the purpose of prostitution."

k. Article 357 penalizes with arresto mayor or a fi

from 200 to 2,000 pesos, or both, "Any reporter, editor or

agel' of a newspaper, daily or magazine, who shall publish f

connected with the private life of another and offensivehonor, virtue and reputation of said person, even though


11/12

I, tion be made in connection with or under the pretext

b Ica . h t' f . d' . I d"t 't is necessary m t e narra IOn 0 any J U lCla o r a mmlS-

af~e proceedings wherein such facts have been -mentioned."

II Article 363 punishes with arresto mayor "any personh 'by' any act not constituting per~ury, shall directly or in-

ir~tlY incriminate or impute to an innocent person the com-

'ssion of a crime.m. Article 364 punishes with arresto mayor o r a f ine not

ceeding 200 pesos any person guilty of "any intrigue which

s for its principal purpose to blemish the honor or reputa-

ion of a person."n. Article 365 punishes with prisi6n correccional in its

medium and maximum periods (2 yrs. 4 mos. 1 day to 6yrs.)

the crime of homicide though "imprudence or negligence and

ith violation of the Automobile Law."

10. A few notew01thy features of the New Penal Code of

pain of 1928.

It is only natural that certain new features of the SpanishPenal Code of 1928 be noted, at least for comparison with our

Revised Penal Code, Some of these have already been men-

tioned in the foregoing discussion,

a. The new Spanish Penal Code has abolished subsidiary

imprisonment in case of insolvency, or inability to pay a fine

or indemnity, because it creates an odious inequality between

the rich and the poor, and, gives facilities for the payment offines imposed, which may be made by installments and from the

income of the convict's property or business or of his personal

labor out of or in prison. Arts. 179 to 183; Alcubilla, Anuario

del 1928, pp. 275, 3-14-315. Our Revised Penal Code has re-

tained subsidiary imprisonment in case of insolvency at the

rate of P2.50 per day and further provides that "the subsidiary

.iability which the convict may have suffered by reason of his

Insolvency shall not relieve him from reparation of the damage

~used, nor from indemnification for the consequential damages

a n ,case his financial circumstances should improve; but shall

reheve him from pecuniary liability as to the fine." Art. 39.

b. For the purpose of putting an end to an old and cen-

urable custom, which is that of trying to influence judges and

adrni~istrative officers in the decision of pending cases, the new

P~l1lsh Penal Code, in article 425, punishes what are termed

: 0 .recommendaciones punibles;" that is, recommendations made~udges, justices, and administrative officers to. do any act

or InCur in any omission which because of its being unjust

Dstitutes prevarication of duty, as defined in articles 413 to


12/12

424. See also article 814, punishing similar but less

acts as misdemeanors.

A provision like the foregoing, it is believed, is nee

the Philippines, where the pernicious custom referredprevails as a heritage from Spain.

c. The new Spanish Penal Code has abolished the pe

penalties. The lon~est prison term of imprisonment pro

for is thirty years. Arts. 108 et. seq. Our Revised Penal

still provides for reclusion perpet1la and perpetual absolspecial disqualification. Art. 25.

d. Articles 538 and 539 penalize persons for containg others with venereal diseases: They are as follows:

538. Quien sabiendo que se encuentra atacado de una enf

dad sexual en su periodo contagioso infectare a otro po

intersexual 0de otra manera sera castigado con la pena d

meses y un dia a un ano de prision. Si el hecho se rea

entre conyuges, solamente podra ser perseguido a instan .

parte"; "Art. 539. Sera castigado con la pena de dos m

un dia a un ana de prisi6n 0de multa de 2,000 a 10,00 peel que, conociendo la enfermedad sifilitica 0contagiosa qu

dece un nino lactante, 10 entrega a erial' 0 toma una n

con dicho fin y ocasiona el contagio de esta."

Some such provisions are, undoubtedly, needed

country.

e. Article 819 punishes the so called "piropo", a pa

not unknown in th~ Philippines due to Spanish influence.article provides: "El que, aun con proposito de galanter

dirigiere a una mujer con gestos, ademanes 0 frases grose

chabacanas, 0la asedie con insistencia molesta de palabra ()

escrito, sera castigado con la pena de arresto de cinco a v

dias 0 multa de 50 a 500 pesetas."

CONCLUSION

Like any other human, undertaking the Revis~d Penal

is not free from defects. or criticism, some of which have

touched upon in the foregoing discussion. In some respec

is extremely modern, but in other respects it is quite antiqu

On the whole, however, the Revised Penal Code is a fine pi

work.

The Revised Penal Code Book Scan

Documents

Transcript of The Revised Penal Code Book Scan