The Republic of China (Taiwan). Republic of China 1912 First republic in Asia First president: Sun...
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Transcript of The Republic of China (Taiwan). Republic of China 1912 First republic in Asia First president: Sun...
The Republic of China (Taiwan)
Republic of China 1912
• First republic in Asia
• First president: Sun Yat-sen (1866 - 1925)
ROC Constitution (1946)
• First constitutional president (1948 - 1975): Chiang Kai-shek (1887 - 1975)
• Defeated by CCP in 1949
• Retreated to Taiwan
• Authoritarian rule for a quarter century
ROC Government
• President (4-year term after 1996)
• The Five ``Yuan”:– Executive Yuan– Legislative Yuan– Judicial Yuan– Examination Yuan– Control Yuan
• 2 Provinces and 18 counties
Taiwan before 1949
• Immigration from mainland China for centuries (Fujian and Hakka)
• 1885, Qing government promoted Taiwan from prefecture to province
• 1895, ceded to Japan
• 1945, returned to Republic of China
• ``Taiwanese” versus ``mainlanders”– Fujian 70%, Hakka 15%, ``mainlanders” 13%
Taiwan & Islands
• Area: 13,900 square miles
• Population: 23 million
Chiang Kai-shek’s Rule
• Popular elections at the basic level
• Land reform
• 9-year compulsory education
• Economic take-off from 1960s– Export processing zones attract foreign direct
investment– Industrialization strengthens manufacturing
sector
Chiang’s One-China Policy
• ``Mainland was temporarily usurped by communist bandits”
• ``Gloriously retake the mainland”
• Refused diplomatic relations with any country that recognized PRC
• ROC was a permanent member of UN Security Council until 1971
Lee Teng-hui (1923 - )
• Succeeded Chiang Kai-shek’s son as president of ROC and chairman of GMD in 1988
• Became the first popularly elected president of ROC in 1996
• Helped Democratic Progressive Party gain power in 2000
Chen Shui-bian (1950 - )
• Leader of the pro-independent Democratic Progressive Party
• President of ROC 2000-2008
• Prisoner #2630 since 2008-11-12
Diplomatic Tug of War
• 162 countries recognize PRC (Beijing) as the legitimate government of China– 8 (’49) 32 (’59) 49 (’69) 113 (’79) 129 (’89)
• 29 countries recognize ROC (Taipei) as the legitimate government of China
US Official Policy
• US government shifted diplomatic recognition from ROC to PRC in 1979
• US congress passed Taiwan Relations Act in 1979
• American Institute in Taiwan• Taipei Economic and Cultural
Representative Offices in US
Economic Ties
• Trade and investment expanded rapidly despite restrictions by ROC government
• Workaround: Hong Kong and Macau
• ``Three links”:– mail, transportation, and trade
• Economic Cooperation Framework Agreement (ECFA) was signed in 2010
Taiwan's Export to Mainland China (billion US$)
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005
In 2012, Taiwan’s exports to Mainland China was $132 billion, and imports from Mainland China was $37 billion.
Taiwan's Investment on Mainland China (billion US$)
0
0.5
1
1.5
2
2.5
3
3.5
4
4.5
1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005
Hong Kong
Hong Kong SAR
Land & People
• 422 square miles– Hong Kong Island– Kowloon Peninsular– New Territories– Outlying islands
• 7 million residents– 95% Chinese
Brief History
• HK Island was occupied by UK in 1841
• New Territories on 99-year lease in 1898
• Occupied by Japan during World War II
• Shanghai enterprises fled CCP forces in late 1940s– industrialization of Hong Kong
• One of the four ``Asian Tigers”
Negotiations with UK
• Deng Xiaoping: “1 country, 2 systems”
• PRC Constitution of 1982: S.A.R.
• PRC & UK Joint Declaration in 1984
Handover to PRC
• 7th National People’s Congress adopted Basic Law of HKSAR in Beijing in 1990
• Became Hong Kong Special Administrative Region of PRC in July 1, 1997
Basic Law of Hong Kong SAR
• Stipulated in PRC-UK Joint Declaration in 1984
• Drafted by a committee with members from both Hong Kong and mainland
• Adopted by 7th NPC in Beijing in 1990
• Came into effect on July 1, 1997
• Constitutional document for HKSAR
3 Principles in the Basic Law
• ``One Country, Two Systems”– Capitalist system and way of life shall remain
unchanged for 50 years (B.L. A5)
• ``High Degree of Autonomy”
• ``Hong Kong People Running Hong Kong”
``One Country, Two Systems”
• Legal system (British common law) shall be maintained, except for any law that contravene the Basic Law and subject to amendment by the legislature (B.L. A8)
`` High Degree of Autonomy”
• HKSAR enjoys executive, legislative, and independent judicial power, including that of final adjudication (B.L. A2)
``HK People Running HK”
• executive authorities and legislature shall be composed of permanent residents of Hong Kong (B.L. A3)
• public servants must be permanent residents of Hong Kong, with some exceptions
Central People’s Government
• responsible for defense and foreign affairs relating to HKSAR (B.L. A13-14)
• authorizes HKSAR to conduct relevant external affairs on its own (B.L. A13)
• HKSAR shall be responsible for the maintenance of public order
• 11 PRC laws apply to HK (B.L. A18)
Rights and Freedoms
• freedom of speech, of the press, of publication, of association, of assembly, of procession, of demonstration, of communication, of movement, of conscience, of religious belief, of marriage..
• the right and freedom to form and join trade unions, and to strike
3 Branches of Political Structure
• Chief Executive– C. Y. Leung
• Legislative Council
• Court of Final Appeal
S/election of CE & Legco
• Shall be specified in the light of the actual situation in the HKSAR and in accordance with the principle of gradual and orderly progress (B.L. A45 & A68)
• The ultimate aim is the election of the Chief Executive and all the members of the Legislative Council by universal suffrage (B.L. A45 & A68)
S/election of Chief Executive
• 800-member Election Committee– industrial, commercial, and financial sectors
1/4– the professions 1/4– labor, social services, religious, & other 1/4– Legco, HK deputies to NPC, etc. 1/4
• C. Y. Leung (2012 - 2017)– no more than two consecutive terms
S/election of 60-member Legco
Since 1997
• Freedoms and rights substantially intact– dissident groups– Falun Gong
• Judicial system remains the same
• Weak executive and strong civil service
• Lack of political skills
• Multiple political parties
Hong Kong’s Competitiveness
• Geographic location– one of the best deep-water ports in the world
• hardworking well-educated workforce– literacy rate 94%
``World’s Freest Economy”
• exports and imports each (>US$400b) greater than GDP
• GDP per capita: US$50,700 (PPP)
• no VAT, sales tax, or capital gains tax
• only 3 types of income are taxed:– profits, salaries, and property
• but– 31% live in public housing
Influence on Mainland China
• US$400 billion direct investment each way
• Hong Kong bodies of law and expertise
• Hong Kong attracts talents from mainland
• Hong Kong radios, TV, newspapers, magazines, and Internet on mainland