The Renaissance in Europe

The Italian States

The Italian StatesContent VocabularyMercenary

Republic

Burgher

Bonus: Burgher Republic

A soldier who fights primarily for pay

A form of government in which the leader is not a king or monarch and certain citizens have the right to voteMember of the middle class Shopkeepers artisans skilled workersA form of government in which the leader is not a king or monarch and members of the middle class have the right to vote

The Italian States• Italy led Europe out of the

dark ages because of its access to overland and maritime (sea) Trade creating independent city states with their own governments which were open to new ideas in Science and Art

The Italian States• Five major urban centers – Milan,

Venice, Florence, Rome, and Naples – Dominated Italy and played crucial roles in Italian politics and culture.

• These City States (Area Controlled by a leading business person instead of a monarch) became wealthy because of their locations on major trade routes

*The Italian States• Powerful monarchies in other

parts of Europe, particularly France and Spain, began to vie for control of Italy, leading to a series of wars between French and Spanish forces

• These wars culminated in the 1527 pillaging of Rome by the Armies of Charles I of Spain

The Italian StatesIn his book The Prince, Machiavelli expressed views that political activity should be independent of moral principals and that the end justifies the means and rule by any means necessary

The Italian StatesRenaissance society, like society in the Middle Ages, was divided into three social classes: the clergy, the nobility, and the peasants and townspeople

Peasant life hadn’t changed much since the dark ages

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The Italian StatesAlthough nobles made up only a small portion of the population, they dominated society and were expected to adhere to certain ideals

The Italian StatesTownspeople were divided into three groups: the wealthy urban upper class, the burghers – Shopkeepers, artisans, guild masters, and guild members; and the workers, who earned low wages, along with the unemployed. The poor workers and the unemployed were by far the most numerous

Ideas and Art of the Renaissance

Ideas and Art of the Renaissance

Content VocabularyHumanism

Vernacular

An intellectual movement of the Renaissance based on the study of the humanities, Away from purely religious topics to include the knowledge of the ancient Greeks and RomansWriting in a local language of everyday speech of a particular region to allow more people access to new information

Ideas and Art of the Renaissance

Content VocabularyFresco

Perspective

New artistic technique of Painting on fresh, wet plaster with water based paints

Artistic techniques used to give the effect of three dimensional depth to two-dimensional surfaces

Ideas and Art of the Renaissance

Humanism, and intellectual movement of the Renaissance, was based on the study of humanities, which included grammar, logic, rhetoric, poetry, moral philosophy, mathematics, astronomy, music, and historygoing back to the teaching of the Greeks and RomansWhy was this so different than what they had been doing?

Ideas and Art of the Renaissance

Petrarch, often called the father of Italian Renaissance humanism, emphasized the use of pure classical Latin, resulting in the widespread us of humanist ideas in scholarly works

Ideas and Art of the Renaissance

• Often writers, such as Dante Alighieri and Christian de Pizan, wrote in the Vernacular in order to be accessible to a larger audience• The invention of the printing

press in the mid-fifteenth century contributed to the rise in literacy

Ideas and Art of the Renaissance

Liberal studies were at the core of humanist schools as humanist educators aimed to create complete citizens, virtuous and wise

Ideas and Art of the Renaissance

Renaissance artists developed a worldview that placed human beings at the center. They also used a new technique in painting and sculpture to imitate nature, especially the human form, in their art

Ideas and Art of the Renaissance

• The High Renaissance (about 1490 to 1520) produced master artists such as Leonardo da Vinci, Raphael, and Michelangelo.

• The artists of northern Europe also imitated nature, but they used different approaches than their counterparts in Italy

Ideas and Art of the Renaissance

• The High Renaissance (about 1490 to 1520) produced master artists such as Leonardo da Vinci, Raphael, and Michelangelo.

• The artists of northern Europe also imitated nature, but they used different approaches than their counterparts in Italy

• Leonardo Da Vinci painted the Mona Lisa and carved the Statue of David