The Renaissance - Deer Park High School · Florence – the Renaissance City ... involved all the...
Transcript of The Renaissance - Deer Park High School · Florence – the Renaissance City ... involved all the...
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AP EUROPEAN HISTORY
The Renaissance
P O L I T I C A L
New Monarchies & Italian City-States Post the Hundred Years’ War and the Black Death, some regions were organized into national monarchies where leaders imposed their will – forming modern nation-states like in France, England and Spain. Italy, however, was made up of a collection of city-states including the most significant ones ruled by powerful families. Medieval Kings
Most income from own estates and money from vassals
Went to war with vassals who owed military service in exchange for land
Relied on nobles for advice and counsel
War, taxed peasants, administered and enforced laws – all things done by sovereign states
Shared power with the Church and were subordinate to the Pope
New Monarchs
Kept feudal income while taxing towns, merchants, and peasants
Professional armies paid from royal treasury but costly
Centralized administrative bureaucracy – educated and loyal middle-class officials
Had new relationship with the Catholic Church
How/why did medieval kings transform to new monarchs?
Growing towns formed alliances with kings
Kings would hire loyal merchants and townspeople for bureaucratic jobs – taking away power of aristocracy – weakening further the feudal system
Clergy and nobility in decline thanks to 100 Years’ War and Great Schism
Innovation in military weapons increased power of the rulers – gun-powdered cannonballs could breach stone castle walls – muzzle-loaded firearms could fire volleys
Growth of towns meant more prosperous middle class that wanted peace and order (i.e. strong central leadership)
Centralized administration gave them more control over commerce and trade
THE NEW MONARCHS FRANCE
Consolidated monarchy thanks to its victory over England in the Hundred Years’ War and collapse of Burgundy
Charles VII
Successfully ended the Hundred Years’ War and got England out of France
Enacted tax on land (taille) and the gobelle (salt), which would strengthen the royal treasury for 300 years
Permanent royal army (he employed 60 castle sieges in a year) Louis XI (r 1461-1483)
Enlarged the army
Promoted new industries like silk-weaving
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Francis I (r 1515—1547)
First to be called “Your Majesty”
Concordat of Bologna (1516) – authorized the king to nominate high church officials – gave them administrative control over the Church
P O L I T I C A L
ENGLAND
Political upheaval from the War of the Roses civil war from 1450-1485 – Richard III was defeated by Henry Tudor, aka Henry VII – he consolidated the power of the English monarchy Henry VII (r 1455-1509)
Created the Star Chamber – court to try nobles – secretive, no jury, no witnesses, no appeals
Used Justices of the Peace to extend his authority in countryside
Expanded merchant marine and wool industry Henry VIII (r 1509-1547)
Declared king head of Church of England – cutting ties with the Catholic Church
Dissolved monasteries – too their land and their wealth SPAIN
In the Middle Ages, Castile and Aragon were the strongest kingdoms
Isabelle of Castille and Ferdinand of Aragon married to create a powerful monarchy
Monarchy embodied state power: secured borders, went to the New World, took control of the Catholic Church in Spain
Allowed Castile and Aragon to keep their own administrative institutions like courts
But had a royal council of wealthy bureaucrats, NOT aristocrats
Kept a professional army – by 1500s was the strongest in Europe
Conquered Granada from Muslims (Reconquista) and declared Spain a Christian state
Isabelle and Ferdinand and the Church
Gave themselves the right to appoint church officials
Started the Spanish Inquisition in 1478 – expelled Jews and Muslims and verts who were thought to be genuine
Brought in a uniformity of religious beliefs
1492 – edict expelling all Jews from Spain and in 1502, ordered all Muslims convert or leave
“one king, one law, one faith” NO CENTRALIZATION = HOLY ROMAN EMPIRE
The center of the HRE = modern Germany
1200s it was a collection of individual principalities, city-states, ecclesiastical states, all under “control” of an elected Holy Roman Emperor
Only 7 elector states could choose the emperor, though
Hapsburg family ruled from 1452+ and always dealt with internal conflicts plus threats from Turks and the French in the Italian states
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THE ITALIAN CITY STATES
P O L I T I C A L
&
E C O N O M I C
Italy was a collection of city-states (smaller ones plus 5 dominant ones) ruled by powerful families.
5 dominant city-states
Florence
Papal States
Naples
Milan
Venice
City states were technically republics but were dominated by oligarchies (in part because of no hereditary kings)
Rich merchants and aristocrats often intermarried to increase their wealth and power
These wealthy families dominated the political, economic and artistic life in Italy
Commoners were excluded from voting and citizenship
City-states had lots of conflicts that prevented unity but Naples, Milan, and Florence signed the Treaty of Lodi (1454) to agree to peace.
Fierce competition and inability to cooperate left Italians vulnerable to invasions. French and Spanish rivalries spilled into Italy and led Rome to being sacked in 1527 and the Spanish getting power in the region.
Italy will not be unified until 1870!
Renaissance Italy started the resident ambassador system – developed a protocol on treatment of ambassadors and how to do diplomatic business
What was the Renaissance?
Started around 1350 and spread to most of southern and northern Europe.
Was a recovery (or “rebirth”) from the crises of the Middle Ages
Renewed interest in classical civilizations
New appreciation for the individual
New artistic styles Florence – the Renaissance City Why did the Renaissance start in Florence?
Seed was the revival of trade in 22th century – Italian cities developed into vibrant urban communities – merchants were experts at bookkeeping and creating commodities monopolies
In 1300s hurt by competition from the Hanseatic League, commercial and military alliance of 100+ northern German cities and guilds who controlled Baltic trade
Also hurt by the plague
Rebounded in 15th century and its trade fueled the Renaissance
Wool, silks, glassware and mining
But the big thing was BANKING. Economic growth needed commercial support so it became very lucrative
Medici – largest bank in Europe fueled the rise of Florence and the Roman Catholic Church and synonymous with Renaissance Florence – paid for libraries, churches, commissioned artwork, Florentine Neoplatonic Academy
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I N T E L L E C T U A L
Intellectual Shifts The Renaissance was ushered in by a profound shift of political and intellectual thought. Medieval = spiritual values and salvation Humanism - the defining intellectual movement
Celebrates secularism and individualism
Humanists = writers and teachers
Liberal arts
Classical works
Encouraged skepticism of traditional authorities like the Catholic Church
Why did individualism find a home in Italy? No inherited social rank so success was of their own skill, artists wanted recognition, portraiture, Oration on the Dignity of Man
Most writers wrote in the vernacular (language of the ordinary people in a region) Petrarch – the “Father of Humanism”
Promoted the study of classical Greece and Rome
Scorned medieval art and literature – came up with the “Dark Ages” for the Middle Ages
Civic virtue
Study of classical scholars – Pico della Mirandola formed humanist societies like the Florentine Platonic Academy, supported by the Medicis
Lots of humanist schools and tutors followed
Education for elite – humanities like grammar, poetry, rhetoric, history, ethics
Started to free education from the Catholic Church
Printing press led to rapid growth of lay education
Demand for books was huge
Educated population questioned the status quo
Also allowed for huge increase in religious materials – Bibles, prayer books Baldassarre Castiglione - The Courtier (medieval = study God, Renaissance – classics to understand human nature)
“universal man” excelled in many fields
Ideal courtier = polite, charming, dancer, poet, singer, musician, strong, grateful
Court lady = well-educated and charming but not to seek fame – she is expected to inspire art but not create it
Niccolo Machiavelli – The Prince (1513)
Lorenzo the Magnificent (a Medici) dies in 1492 and leaves Italy without a strong leader
France tries to take Naples but Spain contests its claim
Starts a conflict known as the Habsburgs-Valois Wars – involved all the major Italian city-states
Machiavelli was appalled by the devastation
“the whole land of Italy is without a head, without order, beaten, spoiled, torn in pieces, overrun and abandoned to destruction in every shape”
He wrote The Prince to advise Italian rulers on how they should be ruthless to unite Italy
Pessimistic view of people (selfish, untrustworthy, corrupt) had Machiavelli believe a prince had to be strong like a lion and shrewd like a fox
The ends justify the means – expediency more important than moral conscience
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S O C I A L
Social Structure during Renaissance 3 Estates
1. Clergy – only subject to laws of church and most paid no taxes 2. nobility – owned most land in Europe, held important political and military positions, during
Renaissance expected to get a classical education (see The Courtier) 3. everyone else – continued to diversity but peasants were still 90% of Europe ; merchants and
artisans gained some wealth and influence
Bottom: Slaves –
slave markets had exited for couple of hundred years with Muslim slaves sold to Spanish families
After the plague, the market expended because of a labor shortage and so they were imported from Africa, the Balkans, Constantinople – most from Eastern Mediterranean and Black Sea areas
Owners had total control but they w ere expensive so they usually treated them decently
Family/Gender in the Renaissance Marriages were often arranged for business – women were typically 16-18 years and men 30-40s
Men were the decision-makers and women ran larges estates while husbands were away, so did the poor
Aristocrats used wet nurses so she could have a lot of children so working class had fewer kids.
Wives would help husbands in business (merchants, farming)
Some prostitution
Most women had no political rights – lower in states and lost memberships in guilds The Outliers: querelle des femmes– the debate about women – What is their role in society and their character, nature?
Christine de Pizan (1364-1430) – known as the “First Feminist”
First female writer to earn a living that way
Wrote about women to refute “masculine myths” Isabella d’Este (1475-1539) – First Lady of the Renaissance
Most famous Renaissance woman
Aristocrat and art patron of many of the greatest artists
Only elite women experienced changes due to Humanism
Most lives did not change – they still could not be in guilds or have civil rights
Childbearing and raising restricted their freedoms
A R T
Renaissance Art
Same as medieval – religion themes, especially in northern Europe
Different than medieval: secular and classical themes – thanks to humanism
Portraiture popular due to individualism
Advances in math and science changed art – colors more realistic, more realistic portrayal of anatomy, perspective
First nudes since classical times
Realistic portrayals was the primary goal of artists
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Status of artists increased – regarded as geniuses, not just craftsmen Characteristics of Italian Renaissance art
Perspective – illusion of depth and was foundation of European painting for 500 years
Chiaroscuro – blending of light and shade – creates illusion of volume
Pyramid configuration – Byzantine and medieval art had subjects in line, Renaissance art has them in a pyramid configuration
Classical forms and subjects – they did NOT abandon religion but would combine the classical and religious
A R T
Byzantine – no perspective, Jesus looks
like miniature man
Perspective and realism - Jesus looks like a child plus also pyramid configuration
Chiascurro Birth of Venus – classical figures
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FAMOUS RENAISSANCE ART Michelangelo’s David
reminiscent of Greece and Rome
Defiantly faces Goliath – metaphor for Florence victory over Milan
Raphael – The School of Athens Plato & Aristotle dominate; includes portraits of his contemporaries (Raphael on far right) – order, unity, symmetry
Piero della Francesca - Battista Sforza e Federico da Montefeltro
State portraits of a duke and his wife
Celebrates the power of aristocratic elites
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Michelangelo’s Sistine Chapel
Combines the classical and the religious
Shows the power of the Renaissance papacy
Creation of Adam – Adam is built like a Greek god
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I N T E L L E C T U A L,
E C O N O M I C
A N D
R E L I G I O U S
The Northern Renaissance How did the Renaissance ideals and art spread to northern Europe?
Late 1400s, northern European students studied art in Italy
Merchants from Low Countries, Germany, France, England also traveled to Italy Christian Humanism
Northern humanism often called Christian humanism because specifically wanted Christian content
Classical values of calmness with Christian virtues of piety, humility, love
Wanted moral and institution reform Erasmus (1466-1536) – Dutch - “Prince of the Humanists”
Sometimes called the “greatest scholar of his age”
The Praise of Folly – satire that made fun of greedy merchants, pompous priests, bickering scholars – especially took on church leaders for immorality, hypocrisy
Was devout Catholic who wanted to reform the Church
Also wrote “Education of a Christian Prince” saying prince had moral obligations to his subjects Thomas More (1478-1535) – Utopia
Leading humanist scholar in England
Utopia – imaginary place off Americas that featured religious toleration, humanist education for men and women, and communal ownership of property
Michel de Montaigne (1533-1592)
French – started essays as literature genre
Printing Press
Gutenberg – first one in 1455
By 1500, presses in 200 cities and 8-20 million books
HUGE IMPACT – REVOLUTIONARY
HUMANIST WORKS SPREAD ACROSS Europe
Authorities couldn’t suppress dissenting opinions
Also let monarchs quickly spread royal decrees
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Northern Renaissance Art
A R T
Characteristics:
Oil painting – first to use it and allowed artists to paint really very precisely – meticulously detailed (van Eyck painting has reflection in mirror)
Everyday objects often disguised symbolism
Different from Italian in that those artists often had large cathedral walls to do frescos, northern churches were more gothic so they often painted on a smaller scale on wood panels
Jan van Eyck – Flemish Pioneer in oil painting
Albrect Durer Fully absorbed innovation of Italian Renaissance Known for woodcuts and self-portraits
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A R T
Durer woodcuts
Hans Holbien the Younger
Blended Northern Renaissance realism with Italian balance, proportion and perspective
Portraits of Erasmus, Thomas More and Henry VIII
Painting of Henry VIII visually expressed the rising power of the monarchs
Erasmus
Sir Thomas More Henry VIII