Table of Contents Table of Contents............................................................................................. 1ABSTRACT................................................................................................... 2CHAPTRER ONE: INTRODUCTION..................................................................31.0 Introdut!on....................................................................................... 31.1 Resear" Ba#$round...........................................................................31.% Cor&orate So!al Res&ons!b!l!t' !n C"!na...................................................51.( Proble) State)ent............................................................................... 71.* Ob+et!,es of Resear".........................................................................81.- So&e of t"e Resear"..........................................................................91.. Resear" /uest!ons.............................................................................. 91.0 Struture of Resear"...........................................................................9CHAPTER T1O: 2ITERATURE RE3IE1.........................................................11%.0 Introdut!on.......................................................................................... 11%.1 Cor&orate So!al Res&ons!b!l!t'.................................................................11%.1.1 Def!n!t!on of CSR.............................................................................11%.1.% T"e Tr!&le Botto) 2!ne......................................................................12%.1.( T"e I)&ortane of CSR !n Co))ere....................................................14%.% So!al 4 En,!ron)ental Aount!n$...........................................................16%.%.1 Def!n!t!on of So!al 4 En,!ron)ental Aount!n$.....................................16%.%.% So!al 4 En,!ron)ental Aount!n$......................................................18CHAPTER THREE: THE STATUS O5 SEA IN C"!nese CO6PANIES.......................23CHAPTER 5OUR: THE STATUS O5 SEA IN 5OREI7N CO6PANIES.....................32CHAPTER 5I3E: CONC2USION.....................................................................38-.1 Conlus!on........................................................................................... 38-.% Reo))endat!on................................................................................... 39-.( 2!)!tat!on of Stud'................................................................................ 41-.* Su$$est!on of 5uture Resear"...................................................................41RE5ERENCES............................................................................................. 43ABSTRACTIt $oes 8!t"out sa' t"at 8!t" t"e !nrease !n $lobal!9at!on and standard!9at!on of o))er!al standards of &rat!es: t"e )anner !n 8!t" o))ere ,!e8s so!al and en,!ron)ental !ssues ,!s;an est!)ated USB%-( b!ll!on? albe!t !ts out8ard !n,est)ent 8as a )ea$er USB.%.* )!ll!on !n t"e sa)e 'ear. Bes!des t"e abo,e f!$ures: t"e nat!on "as seen a nu)ber of !ts f!r)s beo)e !nreas!n$l' !n,ol,ed 8!t" t"e US seur!t!es 8"ereb' as of 5A%00D: t"e nat!on beo)e USE lar$est "older of US &ubl! debt stand!n$ at USB1.1. tr!ll!on 8ort" of US Treasur' Bonds >Hornb': %00D?. T"e robustness of !ts f!r)s !s e,!dent asseen !n t"e 5orbes 5A%01* re&ort t"at D- C"!nese o)&an!es for)ed &art of t"e -00 lar$est $lobal f!r)s and t"at f!,e out of ten of t"e lar$est &ubl! f!r)s "a,e t"e!r base !n C"!na not to )ent!on t"at t"e 8orldEs lar$est ban# >)easured b' total asset? !s "er Industr!al and Co))er!al Ban# of C"!na >C"en: %01*?. Per"a&s of an annual onern to Be!+!n$ !s t"e )anner !n 8"!" "er urren' !s often under,alued b' "er trad!n$ &artners. On anot"er note: t"e nat!on "as often been aused of lead!n$ t"e rae !n t"e )anufature of ounterfe!t $oods: so)et"!n$ t"e $o,ern)ent "as often sa!d !s tr'!n$ to urb. Des&!te t"e ra&!d $ro8t" of t"e C"!nese eono)': as of 5A%01*: t"e nat!onEs outstand!n$ debt stood at USB %C.% tr!ll!on 8"!" )!rrored about %%CF of "er 7DPG !nterest!n$l': t"e f!$ures 8ere lo8er t"an t"at of t"e USA but "!$"er t"an Ha&an and 7er)an' >Sutt: %01-?.1!t" t"e abo,e !n )!nd: !t t"en beo)es a&&arent t"at 8!t" t"e !nreas!n$ $ro8t" of t"e C"!nese eono)' and !ts furt"er !nte$rat!on !nto t"e $lobal one: t"ere !sneed for Be!+!n$ to be a8are of t"e need to )o,e to8ards !nor&orat!n$ so!al res&ons!b!l!t' 8!t"!n !ts f!r)s. It !s onl' b' !nreas!n$ t"e a,a!lable le$al fra)e8or#s on susta!nab!l!t' an t"e $o,ern)ent la!) to be )a#!n$ ser!ous efforts to8ards ta#!n$ are of t"e onsu)ers of "er &roduts. 1"ereas t"ere "as been )ent!on and effort to8ards a nu)ber of C"!nese o)&an!es beo)!n$ )ore so!all' a8are: t"!s "as onl' been obser,ed !n a selet fe8 !nternat!onall' o&erat!n$ C"!nese f!r)s t"us !)&l'!n$ t"at t"ere !s st!ll )ass!,e roo) for !)&ro,e)ent. 6ore !)&ortantl': !t ou$"tto be noted t"at t"e )o,e b' t"e fe8 f!r)s to !nor&orate susta!nable &rat!es "a,e !n so)e ases been out of e=&ose 8"ereb' t"e f!r) 8as )ent!on !n so)e for) of ad,erse re&ort t"us neess!tat!n$ t"e "an$e.Ie' to note !s t"e fat t"e C"!nese &o&ulat!on !s beo)!n$ !nreas!n$l' a8areof t"e fat t"at !ndeed t"e!r o)&an!es are not ta#!n$ are of t"e en,!ron)ent and t"e!r o))un!t!es !n t"e )anner t"at !t deser,es. T"!s !s &art!ularl' e,!dent fro) )ed!a e=&oses 8"ere res!dents are often !nter,!e8ed and often &o!nt out to t"e!r d!s&leasure about t"e state of affa!rs as seen 8!t" t"e e=tent !n a!r &ollut!on. 1!t" su" o)&la!nts be!n$ a!red o&enl': !t t"en beo)es a&&arent t"at !ndeed t"e nat!on "as done ,er' l!ttle to ta#e CSR )ore ser!ousl'. Ot"er !nd!at!ons f!r)s "a,e not ta#en CSR )ore ser!ousl' !nludes t"e fat t"at t"e nat!on "as been sa!d to be lead!n$t"e rae 8"en !t o)es to )anufature of ounterfe!t $oods: o))er!al fraud and "a#!n$. Su" tra!ts fro) "er o))er!al ent!t!es !)&l!es t"at t"e nat!on 8ould soon be eas!l' loose out to "er o)&et!tors 8"o 8ould see# to ensure t"at t"e' obser,e t"e!nternat!onal standards. Indeed: loo#!n$ at t"e ase of t"e reent alls b' t"e Un!ted Nat!ons to "er )e)ber states to be )ore a8are to t"e en,!ron)ent and t"e reent alls b' US Pres!dent Oba)a for !nreased arbon uts: C"!na stands to lose out !n future trade o&&ortun!t!es !f CSR ta#es a ba# seat !n "er &r!or!t!es.Bes!des a&&l'!n$ CSR to t"e en,!ron)ent: t"e C"!nese f!r)s need to start off b' !)&le)ent!n$ better 8or#!n$ ond!t!ons and so!al 8elfare for !ts labor fore. Co)!n$ out of t"e o))un!st era !)&l!es t"at ensors"!& )a' st!ll be "!$" and t"us res!dents )a' not be full' a8are of t"e!r 8or#erEs r!$"ts !n t"e ne8 a$e of $lobal o))ere. As su": !t !s t"e res&ons!b!l!t' of t"e $o,ern)ent to ensure t"at su" r!$"ts are obser,ed not onl' !n t"e !,!l ser,!e but also !n t"e &r!,ate setor 8!t" &art!ular e)&"as!s !n t"e )anufatur!n$ and )!n!n$ !ndustr!es 8"ere t"ere are al8a's ases of )!nes a,!n$ !n on )!ners. 1!t" t"e abo,e !n )!nd: !t t"en &o!nts outt"at t"e treat!se needs to )a#e a note on t"e le,el of a8areness: benef!ts and &roble)s t"at C"!nese o)&an!es enounter as t"e' see# to ado&t standard!9ed so!aland en,!ron)ental aount!n$ &rat!es. 1.( Proble) State)ent5!r)s t"at are #no8n to be ,!olat!n$ bus!ness et"!s "a,e ot"er t"e reent 'ears been !n t"e l!)el!$"t. Su" !nlude t"e l!#es of Enron and Starbu#s 8"o 8ere e)bro!led !n ausat!ons of en$a$!n$ !n transfer &r!!n$ t"at resulted !n t"e losure oft"e for)er and &enalt!es on t"e latter. T"ere are ot"er ases su" as !n C"!na 8"ere a )!l# &o8der )anufaturer 8as sa!d to "a,e !nluded )ela)!ne as one of t"e !n$red!ents. In 3!etna): 3edan Co)&an' 8as aused of du)&!n$ to=! 8aste !nto t"e T"! 3a! R!,er. Su" at!ons are often ,!e8ed as detr!)ental to t"e stab!l!t' of t"e !ndustr': onsu)ers and en,!ron)ent. T"e abo,e e=a)&les offer so)e of t"e reason as to 8"' f!r)s need to de,elo& o"erent CSR &ol!!es t"at are able to 8!t"stand t"e !nreased de)ands for standards fro) t"e o))un!t'.1!t" t"e abo,e !n )!nd: se,eral @uest!ons o)e to )!nd. 5or e=a)&le: 8"at do su" o)&an!es need to do so as to be ,!e8ed b' t"e so!et' as ones t"at are !n l!ne 8!t" tenets of susta!nab!l!t'J 1"at res&ons!b!l!t!es does re$ulator' a$en!es "a,eto8ards "e#!n$ on susta!nable de,elo&)entJ At 8"at le,el of entr' s"ould a f!r)Es or&orate so!al res&ons!b!l!t' be )easured fro)J Do t"e onsu)ers !n de,elo&ed nat!ons "a,e ade@uate e=&osure to t"e e=tent !n 8"!" t"e' &ossess r!$"ts t"at all forf!r)s to res&et t"e!r 8ell;be!n$ and t"at of t"e!r en,!ron)entJ In sear" for so)e of t"e abo,e ans8ers: !t !s re,ealed t"at t"e a&&l!at!on of t"e CSR &ol!' to t"e f!r) ou$"t to be based on a to&;do8n a&&roa" but of oursebe ont!n$ent on t"e nu)ber of &ersons t"at are be!n$ ser,ed 8!t"!n t"e f!r)Es )ar#et. Er$o: !t t"en follo8s t"at t"e f!r) )a' result to a&&l'!n$ d!fferent et"!al rules 8"en ser,!n$ a d!fferent nu)ber of l!ents all to$et"er.Ta#!n$ a ste& ba#: !t !s !)&ortant to ta#e note of t"e fat t"at f!r)s )a' not be ent!rel' read' to !n,est !n CSR !n nat!ons 8"ere t"e !ndustr' la#s t"e rele,ant le$al fra)e8or# to fa!l!tate as )u". Indeed: !f t"e e,ents of t"e %0t" entur' are an't"!n$ to $o b': f!r)s 8ere often lost !n t"e ause to a)ass "u$e &rof!t !nstead of t"!n#!n$ of !n,est!n$ t"e!r &rof!ts on t"e o))un!t': 8ell: ,oluntar!l' t"at !s. Conse@uentl': nat!ons )o,ed too slo8l' be$!n to de,elo& &ol!!es t"at to8ards t"!s end albe!t onl' result!n$ !n a ser!es of la8s t"at 8ere o,erla&&!n$ at t"e ,ar!ous le,elsof $o,ern)ent >fro) t"e )!n!ster!al le,el to t"e ount' oun!l le,els?. 5or full !)&le)entat!on: t"ere "as al8a's been t"e "u$e tas# of $ett!n$ a s!n$le re$ulator to tr' and &!ee to$et"er all t"ese &ol!!es: ons!der!n$ t"at d!fferent $o,ern)ent a$en!es !ssued d!fferent re@u!re)ents. 6ore !)&ortantl': !t !s ,er' !)&ortant to ta#e note of t"e fat t"at t"e &ol!es are often des!$ned to affet lar$e;sale enter&r!ses as t"e $o,ern)ent often assu)es t"at t"e' are often t"e ones t"at are )ore l!#el' to "a,e a "u$e !)&at on t"e o))un!t' and en,!ron)ent. 6oreo,er: $o!n$ after t"e s)all;sale enter&r!se )a' be eas!l' be )!sonstrued as t"e $o,ern)ent reat!n$ an uno)fortable en,!ron)ent for bus!ness at!,!t!es. 6ore so: for t"e ase of C"!na: 8"ose eono)' 8as st!ll lar$el' entrall' &lanned onl' a fe8 deades a$o: !t la#s ade@uate le$al fra)e8or# for full sale !)&le)entat!on.T"e fat t"at t"e C"!nese eono)' "as been !n a onstant state of trans!t!on fro) a &lanned eono)': o))un!st: !)&l!es t"at t"e s!tuat!on &resented a $a& !n t"e$o,ern)ent 8"en !t a)e to tr'!n$ to #ee& u& 8!t" t"e e)er$ene and $ro8t" of a free )ar#et eono)'. Indeed: t"e Den$ K!ao&!n$ o&en )ar#et refor)s 8ere $ood fort"e o,erall &ro)ot!on of o))ere but detr!)ental for t"e onsu)ers and en,!ron)ent. Case !n &o!nt: t"ere !s ,!s!ble e,!dene to s"o8 t"e e=tent of d!sre$ard for en,!ron)ental susta!nab!l!t' !n Be!+!n$ 8"ere res!dents are e,en seen to be 8al#!n$ 8!t" nose )as#s to &rotet t"e) fro) t"e "ea,!l' &olluted a!r. All t"ese 8as a result of Be!+!n$ fa!l!n$ to re$ulate t"e )ar#et t"us allo8!n$ o)&et!t!on to ta#e an un&reedented turn 8"ereb' o,ers!$"t ta#es a ba# seat. Su" t"en &laes "er e=&orts !n a &rear!ous &os!t!on 8"ereb' !t often ree!,es a lot of @ual!t' o)&la!nts. Effet!,el': t"e )ode of aount!n$ &rat!es !n C"!na: t"at !s: trad!t!onal: need to under$o )ass!,e refor)s: es&e!all' ta#!n$ note of t"e fat t"at t"e nat!on !s a )e)ber of $lobal trad!n$ or$an!9at!ons su" as 1TO and ASEAN. In add!t!on to t"!s: t"e !nreased $ro8t" and &rof!tab!l!t' of C"!nese f!r)s to t"e e=tent t"at a nu)ber of t"e) are !n o&erat!on abroad !)&l!es t"at t"e nat!on "as an !deal o&&ortun!t' to s"a&e !t o))er!al &"!loso&"' and s"o8 t"e 8orld t"at !ts f!r)s an !ndeed en$a$e !n susta!nable bus!ness o&erat!ons. Er$o: f!r)s need to be o$n!9ant oft"e fat t"at redu!n$ ost of o&erat!ons need not be a reason to lo8er @ual!t' standardsG t"e nat!on needs to understand t"at !t be!n$ a)on$ t"e lar$est eono)' faes o)&et!t!on fro) t"e USA 8"o 8ould be read' to &resent t"e) as ut;t"roat bus!ness &eo&le.1.* Ob+et!,es of Resear"Based on t"e !deas &resented abo,e: !t t"en follo8s t"at t"e ensu!n$ resear" &ossess t8o #e' ob+et!,es:>a? To !n,est!$ate t"e le,el of a8areness on CSR and So!al and En,!ron)ental Aount!n$ !n t"e onte=t of C"!nese o))ereG>b? To understand t"e urrent status of CSR and So!al and En,!ron)ental Aount!n$ !n t"e onte=t of C"!nese dotr!nes of o))ere.1.- So&e of t"e Resear" Based on t"e resear" to&!: t"e resear" ,ar!ables are e,!dent. T"e resear" !ntends to o,er t"e one&t of so!al and en,!ron)ental aount!n$ 8!t"!n t"e onte=t of C"!nese and fore!$n o)&an!es o&erat!n$ 8!t"!n C"!na. 6oreo,er: !t underta#es a ase stud' a&&roa" of !n,est!$at!n$ t"e )anner !n 8"!" Arelor6!ttal:N!&&on Steel: Nuor and US Steel "a,e ado&ted CSR. E)&"as!s 8!ll be &laed on de)'st!f'!n$ t"e le,el of a8areness: benef!ts and &roble)s. T"e ob+et of t"e resear" 8!ll be based on ollet!on and anal's!s of seondar' data s&ann!n$ a &er!odof t"ree )ont"s >Hune %01- to Se&te)ber %01-?.1.. Resear" /uest!onsTo a!d t"e de,elo&)ent of t"e stud' and t"e full real!9at!on of t"e "'&ot"es!s: s!= ore resear" @uest!ons "a,e been for)ulated:>!? 1"at !s CSRJ>!!? 1"at !s en,!ron)ental and so!al aount!n$J>!!!? 1"' are t"e' !)&ortant to bus!ness at!,!t!esJ>!,? To 8"at e=tent are C"!nese o)&an!es a8are of t"e !)&ortane of en,!ron)ental and so!al aount!n$ !ssues !n t"e o))er!al at!,!t!esJ>,? Ho8 do C"!nese o)&an!es !)&le)ent CSR and en,!ron)ental and so!al aount!n$ !n real!t'J>,!? Ho8 are fore!$n o)&an!es !n t"e !ron and steel !ndustr' 8or#!n$ to8ards en,!ron)ental and so!al aount!n$J1.0 Struture of Resear" T"!s resear" &a&er !s d!,!de !nto f!,e #e' areas.>!? C"a&ter 1 L Introdut!on>!!? C"a&ter % L 2!terature Re,!e8>!!!? C"a&ter ( L T"e Status of SEA !n C"!nese Co)&an!es>!,? C"a&ter * L T"e Status of SEA !n 5ore!$n Co)&an!es>,? C"a&ter - L Conlus!onIn t"e f!rst "a&ter: a ba#$round t"at offers t"e rat!onale to t"e resear" &a&er!s offered t"us sett!n$ out t"e ob+et!,e and so&e of t"e resear". Conse@uentl': C"a&ter T8o offers a l!terature re,!e8 of aount!n$ t"eor' 8!t" re$ards to CSR: t"e tr!&le botto) l!ne and t"e !)&ortane of CSR on bus!ness at!,!t!es. 6oreo,er: t"e set!on 8!ll deal 8!t" &art!ulars on so!al and en,!ron)ental aount!n$. In t"e t"!rd"a&ter: t"e fous s"!fts to understand!n$ t"e a8areness: benef!ts and &roble)s faed b' C"!nese aount!n$ 8"en !t o)es to CSR. T"e sa)e fous !s t"en offered !n C"a&ter 5our albe!t to8ards fore!$n o)&an!es 8!t" &art!ular e)&"as!s on Arelor6!ttal: N!&&on Steel: Nuor and US Steel. T"e last "a&ter &ro,!des a onlus!on for t"e resear" alon$s!de reo))endat!ons and l!)!tat!ons of t"e stud' bes!des su$$est!ons for furt"er resear". 1!t" t"e o)&lete resear" &a&er !n &lae: an Abstrat !s &resented t"ereb' offer!n$ a on!se su))ar' to t"e d!suss!onCHAPTER T1O: 2ITERATURE RE3IE1%.0 Introdut!on T"e ensu!n$ set!on see#s to )a#e "ead8a's !nto offer!n$ a l!terature re,!e8 on or&orate so!al res&ons!b!l!t' and t"at of so!al and en,!ron)ental aount!n$. E)&"as!s 8!ll also be &laed on )a#!n$ an understand!n$ on t"e )anner !n 8"!" t"e abo,e one&ts and a&&l!ed !n &rat!e. Ie' to note !s t"e fat t"at t"e re,!e8 &laes a &re)!u) on ensur!n$ t"at !t orrelates 8!t" t"e ba#$round of t"e resear". %.1 Cor&orate So!al Res&ons!b!l!t'5or t"e sa#e of lar!t': t"!s re,!e8 !s d!,!ded !nto t"ree #e' set!ons so as to !nrease !ts de&t" of resear". T"ese set!ons are:>a? Def!n!t!on of CSRG>b? T"e Tr!&le Botto) 2!ne and >? T"e I)&ortane of CSR on bus!ness at!,!t!es.%.1.1 Def!n!t!on of CSRT"e ter) CSR )a' ta#e u& a )'r!ad nu)ber of def!n!t!ons all &o!nt!n$ to for) of self;re$ulat!ons t"at or&orat!ons !nte$rate 8!t"!n t"e!r bus!ness )odels. 3ar!ous de,elo&ed nat!ons "a,e t"e!r o8n blue &r!nt on 8"at e=atl' !t enta!ls. 5or e=a)&le: 8!t"!n t"e Euro&ean Un!on: !t !s understood as to be!n$ Ma one&t 8"ereb'o)&an!es !nte$rate so!al and en,!ron)ental onerns !n t"e!r bus!ness o&erat!ons and !n t"e!r !nterat!ons 8!t" t"e!r sta#e"olders on a ,oluntar' bas!sN. E,!dentl': t"e abo,e def!n!t!ons br!n$s out t"e not!on of non;oer!on !nto o)&l'!n$ 8!t" su" a tas#. 6oreo,er: !t &o!nts out to t"e fat t"at t"e ore funt!on of t"e one&t $oes be'ond susta!n!n$ t"e so!al and en,!ron)ental setu& but also $oes on to )a#e )ent!on of t"e need to !nlude t"e sta#e"olders !n t"e!r endea,ors !n su" a )anner t"at &o!nts out t"at t"e endea,or $oes be'ond t"e need to )a#e a o)&an' &rof!table.In ot"er 8ords: CSR !s all about "o8 o)&an!es an be able to be &rof!table 8"!lst st!ll be!n$ able to al!$n !tself 8!t" a )easure of so!al and en,!ron)ental res&ons!b!l!t!es.Indeed 61!ll!ans 4 S!e$el >%001? &o!nt out t"at CSR at!,!t!es ou$"t to $o be'ond t"e need for an enter&r!se to sat!sf' a le$al need t"us a$a!n e)&"as!9!n$ t"e fat t"at t"e endea,or !s &urel' ,oluntar'. Ne,ert"eless: t"ere are t"ose t"at ob+et to t"e ent!re not!on. 5r!ed)an >1D00? &o!nts to t"e fat t"at Mt"e so!al res&ons!b!l!t' of bus!ness !s to !nrease !ts &rof!tsN. In ot"er 8ords: "!s t"es!s ar$ues t"at a o)&an' an onl' be able to "el& t"e o))un!t' b' be!n$ able to arue "u$e &rof!ts t"at 8ould !n turn s&ur eono)! $ro8t". Ho8e,er: 8!t" t"e !nrease $ro8t" !n t"e one&t of $lobal!9at!on: Blo8f!eld 4 6urra' >%00C? su$$est t"at !t "as led to t"e de,elo&)ent of a ne8 #!nd of relat!ons"!& bet8een t"e or&orat!on and so!et'. Su" a relat!ons"!& !s one !n 8"!" t"e enter&r!se !s 8!ll!n$ to l!sten to t"e des!res and allsfro) t"e so!et' >A))enber$: %01%?. In onlus!on: t"ere !s o,er8"el)!n$ l!terature to su&&ort t"e earl!er on+eture on CSR 8"ereb' !t ou$"t to t"en be &ere!,ed as an at!,!t' t"at !s $oal or!ented and one t"at !s based on t"e nor)s of bot" t"e so!et' and t"e enter&r!se. Su" a nor) !s sa!d to be bu!lt on a ser!es of d!alo$ue t"at !s !n turn e=&ressed or a"!e,ed t"rou$" t"e f!r) !)&le)ent!n$ odes of ondut or standards and ert!f!at!on s'ste)s.%.1.% T"e Tr!&le Botto) 2!neT"e ter) OTr!&le botto) l!neO 8as f!rst art!ulated b' 5reer S&re#le' !n 1DC1 8"!le "e )ent!oned so!al enter&r!ses s"ould be !nluded !n t"e!r &erfor)ane )easure)ent. Ho8e,er: t"e o)&lete one&t of TB2 8as reated b' Ho"n El#!n$ton>1DDC? !n "!s boo# na)ed O Cann!bals 8!t" 5or#s: t"e Tr!&le Botto) 2!ne of %1st Centur' Bus!nessO.5!$ure %.%: T"e tr!&le botto) l!ne >Soure: Susan Patel: Tr!&le botto) l!ne and Eo;Eff!!en': 1"ere to StartJ(?5!$ure %.% desr!bes t"e one&t of TB2: !n 8"!" t"e susta!nable de,elo&)ent of an' bus!ness re@u!res t"!n#!n$ !n t"ree d!)ens!ons: ta#!n$ !nto aount of eolo$!aland so!al &erfor)ane !n add!t!on to t"e f!nan!al ele)ent. T"e o)&an!es )ustaddress t"ese !ssues to )!n!)!se &otent!al "ar) t"at !s e)er$ed fro) t"e bus!ness at!,!t!es and to reate eono)!: so!al and en,!ron)ental ,alues. T"erefore: !t !s lear t"at t"e needs of all t"e o)&an'Os sta#e"olders ; s"are"olders: usto)ers: e)&lo'ees: bus!ness &artners: $o,ern)ents: loal o))un!t!es and t"e &ubl! s"ouldbe ta#en !nto aount*.Aord!n$ to 3anla'-: TB2 !s a &"!loso&"' or a 8a' of t"!n#!n$ about CSR but nota )et"od of aount!n$. In "!s !n,est!$at!on on !)&le)ent!n$ TB2: too )an' a$en!es and o)&an!es !na&&ro&r!atel' a&&re!ate t"e &"!loso&"' of TB2 and onl' res&onse to t"e re&ort!n$ re@u!re)ents. 6oreo,er: t"e !)&le)entat!on of TB2 $ets stru$$led due to t"e so!al and en,!ron)ental !nd!ators "a,e not been deter)!ned.%.1.( T"e I)&ortane of CSR !n Co))ereCSR !s t"e res&ons!b!l!t' of t"e o)&an!es for at!n$ !n so!all' res&ons!ble )anner:!n 8"!" !t !s e=&eted t"at a o)&an' $o furt"er t"an re@u!red b' la8 so as to: Treat e)&lo'ees fa!rl' and 8!t" res&etG O&erate 8!t" !nte$r!t' and !n an et"!al )anner !n all !ts bus!nessG Res&et "u)an r!$"tsG Susta!n t"e en,!ron)ent for future $enerat!onsG Be a res&ons!ble ne!$"bour !n t"e o))un!t' and a $oodPor&orate !t!9en .Prat!# and C"andan furt"er o))ent t"at bus!ness enter&r!ses "a,e !ntrodued CSR re&orts to t"e!r o&erat!on to a$a!nst t"e da)a$e on t"e!r sales and re&utat!ons beauset"e atta#s fro) t"e at!,!st $rou&s 8"o "a,e "!$"l!$"ted 8ron$ do!n$ of t"e enter&r!sesO at!,!t!es. T"e CSR re&ort )!$"t be !nluded !n t"e annual re&ort or se&arate or&orate so!al res&ons!b!l!t' re&ort su" as so!al and en,!ron)ental re&ort or susta!nab!l!t' re&ort. T"ese re&orts !nd!ate a o)&an' s o))!t)entto8ard et"!al be"a,!our and "!$"l!$"t t"e!r &ro$ress to8ards a"!e,!n$ t"e!r strate$! CSR ob+et!,es.Aord!n$ to Prat!# and C"andan-: t"e o)&an' 8"o &erfor)s CSR 8ell 8!ll be ableto:1. 1!n ne8 bus!ness. %. Inrease usto)er retent!on. (. De,elo& and en"ane relat!ons"!&s 8!t" usto)ers: su&&l!ers andnet8or#s. *. Attrat: reta!n and )a!nta!n a "a&&' 8or#fore and be an e)&lo'er of"o!e. -. Sa,e )one' on ener$' and o&erat!n$ osts and )ana$!n$ r!s#. .. D!fferent!ate 'ourself fro) 'our o)&et!tors. 0. 7eneral !nno,at!on and learn!n$ and en"ane 'our !nfluene. C. I)&ro,e 'our bus!ness re&utat!on and stand!n$. D. Pro,!de aess to !n,est)ent and fund!n$ o&&ortun!t!es. 10. 7enerate &os!t!,e &ubl!!t' and )ed!a o&&ortun!t!es due to )ed!a!nterest !n et"!al bus!ness at!,!t!es. %0%.% So!al 4 En,!ron)ental Aount!n$ %.%.1 Def!n!t!on of So!al 4 En,!ron)ental Aount!n$T"e def!n!t!on 8"!" !)&l!!tl' $o,erns t"!s sur,e' of t"e l!terature !s broad: as&ro,!ded b' 6at"e8s and Perera >1DD.: &.(.*?:QAt t"e ,er' least: so!al aount!n$ )eans an e=tens!on of d!slosure !nto non;trad!t!onal areas su" as &ro,!d!n$ !nfor)at!on about e)&lo'ees: &roduts: o))un!t' ser,!e and t"e &re,ent!on or redut!on of &ollut!on. Ho8e,er: t"e ter) Rso!al aount!n$O !s also used to desr!be a o)&re"ens!,e for) of aount!n$ 8"!" ta#es !ntoaount e=ternal!t!es ... Publ! setor or$an!sat!ons )a' also be e,aluated !n t"!s 8a': alt"ou$" )ost 8r!ters on t"e sub+et of so!al aount!n$ a&&ear to be onerned 8!t" &r!,ate setor or$an!sat!ons.Q7ra' et al >1DD.? def!ned so!al aount!n$ as: 6ore s&e!f!all': so!al aount!n$ !s about so)e o)b!nat!on of: >a? aount!n$ for d!fferent t"!n$s >!.e. ot"er t"an aount!n$ str!tl' for eono)! e,ents?G >b? aount!n$ !n d!fferent )ed!a >!.e. ot"ert"an aount!n$ !n str!tl' f!nan!al ter)s?G or>? aount!n$ to d!fferent !nd!,!duals or $rou&s >!.e. not neessar!l' onl' aount!n$ to t"e &ro,!ders of f!nane? and >d?: aount!n$ for d!fferent &ur&oses >!.e. not neessar!l' aount!n$ onl' to enable t"e )a#!n$ of de!s!ons 8"ose suess 8ould be +ud$ed !n f!nan!al or e,en onl' as" flo8 ter)s?.>7ra': O8en and Ada)s: 1DD.: &&.(: 11?%1Ha# /uarter0 at t"e Un!,ers!t' of Toronto $a,e t"e def!n!t!on of so!al aount!n$ asfollo8s:So!al aount!n$ !s Qa s'ste)at! anal's!s of t"e effets of an or$an!sat!on on !ts o))un!t!es of !nterest or sta#e"olders: 8!t"sta#e"older !n&ut as &art of t"e data t"at !s anal'sed for t"e aount!n$ state)ent.QT"e !)&l!!t !n t"e de,elo&)ent of so!al aount!n$ !s reo$n!t!on t"at t"e at!,!t!esof an or$an!sat!on "a,e effets not +ust on t"e or$an!sat!on but also on !ts 8!der en,!ron)ent. T"e so!al aount!n$ s"o8s a onern 8!t" t"e effets of t"e at!ons of an or$an!sat!on on t"!s e=ternal en,!ron)ent. T"!s !s based on t"e reo$n!t!on t"at!t !s not +ust t"e o8ners of t"e or$an!sat!on 8"o "a,e a onern 8!t" !ts at!,!t!es. Add!t!onall': t"ere !s a 8!de ran$e of ot"er sta#e"olders 8"o +ust!f!abl' "a,e an !nterest !n t"ose at!,!t!es and are affeted b' t"e). T"ose ot"er sta#e"olders do not +ust "a,e an !nterest !n t"e at!,!t!es of t"e f!r)G t"e' also "a,e a de$ree of !nfluene o,er t"e s"a&!n$ of t"e). T"e so!al aount!n$ ons!ders a 8!de ran$e of as&ets ofor&orate &erfor)ane and eno)&asses a reo$n!t!on t"at d!fferent as&ets of &erfor)ane are of !nterest to d!fferent sta#e"older $rou&!n$s.Aord!n$ to 7ra': Bebb!n$ton and 1alter >1DD(?: en,!ron)ental aount!n$ an be ta#en as o,er!n$ all areas of aount!n$ t"at )a' be affeted b' t"e res&onse to en,!ron)ental !ssues: !nlud!n$ ne8 areas of eo;aount!n$. S"alte$$er: 6uller and H!ndr!"sen >1DD.? $!,e )ore s&e!f! def!n!t!on: !n 8"!" en,!ron)ental aount!n$!s Ma sub;area of aount!n$ t"at deals 8!t" at!,!t!es: )et"ods and s'ste)s for reord!n$: anal's!n$ and re&ort!n$ en,!ron)entall' !ndued f!nan!al !)&ats andeolo$!al !)&ats of a def!ned eono)! s'ste).N5ro) t"e def!n!t!on abo,e: !t !s lear t"at so!al and en,!ron)ental aount!n$ !s s!$n!f!antl' d!fferent fro) trad!t!onal aount!n$ beause of !ts atte)&t to !nlude anaount!n$ for t"e effets of t"e at!ons of t"e or$an!sat!ons u&on t"e e=ternal en,!ron)ent.%.%.% So!al 4 En,!ron)ental Aount!n$Trad!t!onall' t"e role of aountant !s ate$or!sed !nto t"ree areas: t"e f!nan!al aountant: t"e )ana$e)ent aountant and t"e aud!tor. In ter)s of so!al and en,!ron)ental aount!n$: t"e f!nan!al aountant !s &r!)ar!l' !nterested !n so!al and en,!ron)ental !ssues of assets and l!ab!l!t!es and to re&ort on t"e) !n so)e standard 8a's. T"e )ana$e)ent aountant !s onerned 8!t" osts and benef!ts asso!ated 8!t" t"ese !ssues: and t"e aud!tor !n &ro,!d!n$ ,er!f!at!on or assurane oft"e so!al aount &rodued >6edle': 1DD0G I$alens: %00.?.6ana$ers and sta#e"olders "a,e !nterat!,e relat!ons"!&s !n t"e so!al and en,!ron)ental re&ort. If )ana$ers are )a!nl' )ot!,ated b' t"e des!re to !nrease s"are"olders,alue: t"e!r re&ort 8!ll fous on e=&etat!ons of &o8erful s"are"olders.On t"e ontrar': )ana$ers 8!ll ado&t a broader et"!al assetG t"e d!slosures 8!ll a!) to sta#e"olders 8"o are !)&ated b' t"e o&erat!ons of t"e ent!t'.%( Content of Social and Environmental Accounting Report T"e ontent of t"e SEA re&ort de&ends u&on fators as follo8s:5!rst: Dee$an and Ran#!n >1DD0? &o!nt out t"at t"e ab!l!t' to s"a&e t"e &ere&t!ons t"rou$" annual re&ort or so!al en,!ron)ental re&ort d!slosure de&ends u&on t"e useof t"e re&orted !nfor)at!on !n t"e so!et'. Coll!son et al >%00*? e=a)!ne t"at s"ar!n$ &r!e reat!ons !n t"e Un!ted I!n$do) to &ubl!!t' 8as l!ttle )ar#et reat!ons on t"e da' f!nes or o))endat!ons t"at 8ere announed. T"ere 8as a s!$n!f!ant !)&at on s"are &r!es 8!t"!n a 8ee# of announe)ent. In,est!$at!n$ t"e )ar#et reat!ons to ne$at!,e en,!ron)ental &erfor)ane !nfor)at!on: 5reed)an and Patten >%00*? uno,er t"at: or&orat!ons &ubl!s"ed !nfor)at!on !n t"e!r annual re&orts about "!$" le,els of &ollut!on e)!ss!ons fro) t"e!r fator!es: t"e!r s"are &r!e reat!on 8as lo8ert"an o)&an!est"at 8ere #no8n to e)!t "!$"er le,els of &ollut!on but d!d notre&ort t"!s !n t"e!r annual re&ort.Seond: )ana$ers )ot!,ated to en$a$e !n t"e so!al and en,!ron)ental res&ons!b!l!t!es for strate$! )ana$er!al eono)! reasons "a,e to !dent!f' rele,ant sta#e"olders 8"o are able to e=ert t"e !nfluene on t"e!r o)&an' s ab!l!t' to$enerate &rof!ts. Su" )ana$ers 8!ll see# to on,!ne t"ese eono)!all' &o8erful sta#e"olders t"at t"e!r or$an!sat!on s &ol!!es and at!ons are !n aordane 8!t" t"e so!al and en,!ron)ental re&ort. So!al and en,!ron)ental re&orts are effet!,el' used to on,!ne t"ese sta#e"olders t"at t"e or$an!sat!on "as o&erated !n aordane8!t" t"e!r e=&etat!onsG t"e or$an!sat!on 8!ll need to #no8 and understand t"ese e=&etat!ons 8"!" 8!ll def!ne 8"at !nfor)at!on !s &ro,!ded to t"e or$an!sat!on s %*so!al and en,!ron)ental re&orts. Con,ersel': follo8!n$ t"e et"!al bran" of sta#e"older t"eor': )ana$ers 8"o see# to )!n!)!se t"e!r or$an!sat!on s ne$at!,e!)&at on a 8!de ran$e of sta#e"olders 8!ll need to #no8 and understand "o8 t"e!r or$an!9at!on !s l!#el' to !)&at on t"e l!,es of a ran$e of sta#e"olders. T"e att!tudes and e=&er!enes of t"ese sta#e"olders re$ard!n$ atual and &otent!al or$an!sat!onal !)&ats are an !)&ortant ele)ent of de,elo&!n$ t"e #no8led$e and understand!n$. Ho8e,er: or$an!sat!ons !s l!#el' )ore &roble)at! 8"en t"e!r so!al res&ons!b!l!t' and so!al and en,!ron)ental re&orts are )ot!,ated b' et"!al reasons to )!n!)!se t"e or$an!sat!on s !)&at on t"ose )ost affeted b' !ts o&erat!ons: aserta!n!n$t"ese sta#e"olders,!e8s: needs and e=&etat!ons. In order to o,ero)e t"esed!ff!ult!es: or$an!sat!ons need to use a ,ar!et' of "annels of o))un!at!on to en$a$e !n &roat!,e d!alo$ues 8!t" t"e!r sta#e"olders.2ast but not least: )an' or$an!sat!ons "a,e to deal 8!t" a ,ar!et' of ,alues and e=&etat!ons t"at are "eld b' d!fferent sta#e"olders. In add!t!on: t"ese ,alues and e=&etat!ons are !no)&at!ble 8!t" ea" ot"er. T"us: t"e or$an!sat!ons are not able to)eet all of t"e e=&etat!ons. As !nd!ated b' t"e )ana$er!al bran" of Sta#e"older t"eor': !f an or$an!sat!on !s )ot!,ated to en$a$e !n t"ese &rat!es for strate$! eono)! reasons: )ana$ers 8!ll "oose to address t"e so!al: en,!ron)ental and eono)! ,alues and e=&etat!ons of t"e!r )ost eono)!all' &o8erful sta#e"olders.Con,ersel': under t"e et"!al bran" of Sta#e"older t"eor': an or$an!sat!on s so!alres&ons!b!l!t' and susta!nab!l!t' re&ort !s )ot!,ated b' a des!re to address t"e !nterests of t"ose sta#e"olders to 8"o) t"e or$an!sat!on "as t"e lar$est &os!t!,e and ne$at!,e !)&ats.%- Method of measuring and reporting social and environmental issues T"e for)at to re&resent a re&ort !s ,er' !)&ortant. Ho8e,er: t"ere !s la# of a for)alre&ort for t"e so!al and en,!ron)ental !ssues: as 8ell as an ae&ted one&tual fra)e8or# for so!al and en,!ron)ental re&ort. So)e re&orts are !nno,ated fro) t"ef!nan!al re&ortG t"e' starts b' anal's!n$ 8"et"er t"e rules and &roedures of f!nan!al aount!n$ alone ould &ro,!de su!table )e"an!s)s for a&tur!n$ and re&ort!n$ t"e so!al and en,!ron)ental !)&ats of or$an!9at!ons. If f!nan!al aount!n$ &rat!es are unable to a&ture and re&ort on t"ese so!al and en,!ron)ental !)&ats effet!,el': !t !s neessar' to de,elo& ot"er so!al and en,!ron)ental re&ort!n$ )e"an!s)s. Tr!&le botto) l!ne re&ort!n$ "as been ad,oated b' ,ar!ous &eo&le as a sound &eo&le as a sound )eans of &ro,!d!n$ !nfor)at!on about an ent!t' s eono)!: so!al and en,!ron)ental &erfor)ane.Ho8e,er: as noted: t"ere !s so)e "es!tat!on t"at t"e one&t of a botto) l!ne an real!st!all' be a&&l!ed to so!al and en,!ron)ental &erfor)ane. Anot"er alternat!,eto re&ort!n$ !s t"e de,elo&)ent of strutured $u!del!nes: su" as t"e 7lobalRe&ort!n$ In!t!at!,e s Susta!nab!l!t' Re&ort!n$ 7u!del!nes. Currentl' t"ere !s no aount!n$ standard bes!des $u!del!nes for So!al En,!ron)entre&ort: su" as Ba=ter E="!b!t D.% >&. *(1? 5!nan!al Aount!n$ T"eor' ; en,!ron)ental f!nan!al state)ent as s"o8n !n t"e %000 En,!ron)ental: Healt" andSafet' Perfor)ane Re&ort of Ba=ter Internat!onal. Ba=ter s a&&roa" re&resentsa de&arture fro) nor)al f!nan!al aount!n$ &rat!e !n t"at !t e=&l!!tl' reords !nfor)at!on about sa,!n$s but !t !s st!ll a relat!,el' onser,at!,e a&&roa" to%.aount!n$. It !$nores an' e=ternal!t!es aused b' t"e bus!ness and onl' ons!ders t"ose osts and benef!ts t"at d!retl' relate to atual as" flo8s. Ino)e refers to atual )on!es ree!,ed !n t"e re&ort 'ear: sa,!n$ refers to redut!on !n osts bet8een re&ort 'ear and &r!or 'ear: and ost a,o!dane refers to add!t!onal osts ot"er t"an t"ere&ort 'ear s sa,!n$s t"at 8ere not !nurred but 8ould "a,e been !nurred !f t"e8aste;redut!on at!,!t' "ad not ta#en &lae.Cor&orate So!al Res&ons!b!l!t'HSBC "as t8o broad 8a's 8!t"!n 8"!" !t uses to en$a$e 8!t" t"e o))un!t': a o))un!t' 8"!" !t re$ards as one t"at "as borne a res&ons!b!l!t' on t"e) to ensure t"e!r lon$;ter) &ros&er!t'. T"e f!rst !s t"e nu)erous s&onsors"!&s t"at !t "as underta#en !n t"e de,elo&)ent of $lobal s&orts. 5or e=a)&le: !t !s #no8n to s&onsor t"e Ha$uar Ra!n$ 5or)ula One1 and $olf!n$ o)&et!t!ons su" as t"e HSBC C"a)&!ons. T"e' "a,e also ta#en #een !nterest !n football as seen !n t"e!r at!,!t!es !nAS 6onao and C5 Pa"ua. 6oreo,er: t"e' "a,e a ,er' stron$ &resene !n t"e 8orld of ru$b'. Bes!des s&onsor!n$ ru$b' tea)s su" as Ne8 Sout" 1ales 1arat"s >based !n Austral!a?: t"e' be$an t"e!r s&onsors"!& of t"e IRB Se,ens 1orld Ser!es fro) %010 8"ere t"e' !n,ested o,er USD 100)!ll!on !n t"e na)!n$ r!$"ts. Tenn!s and "o#e' "a,e also seen a $ood !n,est)ent fro) t"e o)&an' as e,!dened 8!t" t"e!r !n,est)ent !n t"e 1!)bledon Tenn!s C"a)&!ons"!&s and t"e 3anou,er Canu#s res&et!,el' >HSBC: %01*?. Bes!des s&orts: t"e' are #no8n to "a,e at!,el' ta#en &art !n )e$a !n,est)ent !n o))un!t' at!,!t!es t"at see#s to !)&ro,e t"e!r l!,es. 5or e=a)&le: !n %01( alone: t"e' !n+eted o,er USD 110)!ll!on !n o))un!t' !n!t!at!,esG (0F 8as !n,ested !n en,!ron)ent &ro+ets su" as t"e!r HSBC 1ater Pro$ra))e and *DF !n eduat!on su" as t"e S!&&'Es 5r!endEs &ro$ra))e !n 2at!n A)er!a and t"e 6andar!n C"!nese S&ea#!n$ Co)&et!t!on. T"e' "a,e also left a )ar# !n d!saster rel!ef &ro$ra))es su"as t"e!r USD 1)!ll!on to t"e P"!l!&&!nes Red Cross to "andle t"e d!strat!on aused b' T'&"oon Ha!'an. T"ese are so)e of t"e nu)erous !n!t!at!,es underta#en b' t"e ban#!n$ $rou&. Per"a&sto& understand t"e!r &os!t!on on or&orate so!al res&ons!b!l!t': one needs to be 1 T"e!r s&onsors"!& ended 8!t" t"e Red Bull ta#eo,er of Ha$uar Ra!n$ fro) 5ord.o$n!9ant of t"e )anner !n 8"!" t"e' $o about !n selet!n$ t"e!r o))un!t' !n!t!at!,es. T"e' bas!all' )a#e use of four r!ter!ons: t"e &ro+et s"ould not onl' be $loball' s!$n!f!ant but also loall' rele,ant. 6oreo,er: t"e &ro+ets s"ould be !n a &os!t!on to enable t"e) to )a#e use of t"e!r bus!ness s#!lls !n su" as )anner t"at !t 8!ll "a,e lon$ last!n$ effets. Bes!des t"ese: t"e &ro+et s"ould enable t"e ban#!n$ $rou& to ut!l!se t"e s#!lls of !ts e)&lo'ees. Ho8e,er: t"e )ost &ert!nent attr!bute !s t"at t"e &ro+et s"ould be !ns&!r!n$ to t"e o))un!t'.Deal!n$ 8!t" Co)&et!torsCo$n!9ant of t"e fat t"at HSBC "as !ts "ead @uarters !n 2ondon: UI: 8e s"all use t"!s as a &re)!se to anal's!s 8"o are seen as !ts )a!n o)&et!tors 8!t"!n t"e UI f!nan!al )ar#et. Base on t"e 5A%01( f!nan!al f!$ures on )ar#et a&!tal!sat!on: EPS%: net !no)e and re,enue: 8e an safel' onlude as t"e table belo8 8!ll re,eal t"at t"e )a!n o)&et!tors to HSBC on t"e UI )ar#et are C!t!$rou& In.: Barla's ban# and t"e Ro'al Ban# of Sotland 7rou& P2C. Table 1: Co)&et!tors to HSBC !n t"e UI Ban#!n$ SetorPart!ulars 5ar#et Ca&!tal!6at!on Re,enue EPS Net Ino)eHSBC 100.C0b!ll!on *..D0b!ll!on %.-0 C.DCb!ll!onBarla's *0.*0b!ll!on (-.C.b!ll!on -.1- -.1Cb!ll!onC!t!$rou& 11D.*0b!ll!on -1.-*b!ll!on 0.0- 1.*.b!ll!onRBS 0*.D*b!ll!on (%.-0b!ll!on ;0.** ;-.*Cb!ll!on6one' 2aunder!n$ At!,!t!es7enerall': HSBC "as not "ad )an' on !ts ban#!n$ at!,!t!es albe!t: fro) t"e 5A%01%:so)e of !ts deal!n$s 8ere o)!n$ under re,!e8. It all started !n %01% !n Ind!a 8"ere t"e &ol!t!al at!,!st Ar,!nd Ie+r!8al asserted t"at t"e ban# 8as a!d!n$ and abett!n$ t"e "!d!n$ of Ind!an bla# )one' !n "er S8!ss aounts !n 7ene,a a)ount!n$ to o,er USD 1b!ll!on >San'a: %01%?. T"e ausat!ons a&&eared to "a,e "ad )er!t !n t"e) es&e!all' 8"en Cobrapost e=&ose a!red ban#!n$ off!!als fro) bot" HSBC and Standard C"attered as "a,!n$ ae&ted to launder bla# )one'G HSBC later sus&ended t"e off!!als &end!n$ furt"er !n,est!$at!ons. S!)!lar at!,!t!es a&&eared !n Ar$ent!na 8"en D!retor E"e$ara' of A5IP( onluded !n 6ar" %01( t"at t"e ban# "ad been !n,ol,ed !n )one' launder!n$ and ta= e,as!on at!,!t!esG t"!s 8as as a resultof a ul)!nat!on of ra!ds and fored aud!ts of "er boo#s >3!$natt!: %01(?. In a UI 2 Earn!n$s Per S"are3 Argentinas national tax revenue authorityParl!a)entar' ban#!n$ Standards Co))!ss!on "ear!n$ of %01(: t"e!r CEO: 7ull!,er: ad)!tted to fra!lt' !n so)e of t"e!r ban#!n$ &r!n!&les. Ho8e,er: t"e!r b!$$est )one' launder!n$ !ssues a&&ear to "a,e been o)!n$ fro) t"e USA. 5or e=a)&le: as earl' as %010: t"e US Off!e of Controller of Curren' >USOCC? o)&elled HSBC to stren$t"en as&ets of !ts Ant!;6one' 2aunder!n$ &ro$ra)es&e!all' after a ser!es of sus&!!ous at!,!t' 8ent unre&orted. In t"e!r Cease and Des!st Order: t"e US OCC !ted unsu&er,!sed USD 1-b!ll!on of bul# transat!ons bet8een %00. and %00D >Ta!bb!: %01(?. It also !ted a )ass!,e un)on!tored USD .0 tr!ll!on !n E5T 8"!" 8as ne,er 8ent t"rou$" due &roess. T"e!r ase !n t"e US $ot )ore u$l' 8"en !t bea)e a&&arent t"at !n late %01%: t"e ban# dealt 8!t" dru$ dealers !n sett!n$ offs"ore aounts !n Herse' a fat t"at 8as later "!$"l!$"ted b' t"e H6 Re,enue and Custo)s. Ho8e,er des&!te t"e $ra,!t' of t"e r!)es o))!tted: t"e US 5ederal 7o,ern)ent o&ted not to s"ut do8n t"e ban# for fear of eono)! onse@uenes. Instead: !t o)&elled HSBC to ad)!t !ts fa!lures to "eed to s!$nals about ree!,!n$ )on!es fro) 6e=!an dru$ artels and also to ae&t a f!ne of USD 1.Db!ll!on >1olf: %01%?. 6an' obser,ers noted t"at t"e f!ne 8as not"!n$ o)&ared to t"e &rof!t t"e' )ade !n t"e sa)e 'ear a)ount!n$ to USD 1..Cb!ll!on. Bes!des )one' launder!n$ ausat!ons: t"e ban# "as also been noted for !ts en$a$e)ent 8!t" @uest!onable re$!)es and !nst!tut!ons su" as 2!b'an In,est)ent Aut"or!t' t"at 8as ontrolled b' Col. 7addaf!*. It 8as also #no8n to be ollud!n$ 8!t" &ol!t!!ans 8"o 8ere en$a$ed !n !lle$al deforestat!on !n Sara8a#: 6ala's!a.E)er$!n$ R!s#s 4 Unerta!nt!esAs 8!t" an' ban#: HSBC 8as o)&elled to re,!e8 !ts &r!n!&le l!st of r!s#s and unerta!nt!es. 5or e=a)&le: t"e onfl!t !n U#ra!ne &resented a "e!$"tened $eo&ol!t!al r!s# 8"!" )!$"t ause loss of bus!ness due to )ass d!s&lae)ent of &ersons: sant!ons: urren' flutuat!ons: !nterest rate a&s: ta= +ur!sd!t!ons: and fore!$n e="an$e transferab!l!t'. T"ere are also )aro;&rudent!al r!s#s asso!ated 8!t" UI Ban#!n$ Refor) At 8"!"8ould affet reta!l ban#!n$ t"rou$" t"e r!n$;fen!n$ of 8"olesale ban#!n$. 6oreo,er:"an$es !n t"e )ode of alulat!ons for t"e a&!tal Re@u!re)ents D!ret!,e and o,er t"e ounter learane !n t"e EU under t"e Dodd;5ran# At ould affet t"e &rof!tab!l!t' of t"e &roduts of t"e ban#. 4 Des&!te t"e o,ert"ro8 of t"e re$!)e: t"e ban# del!ned to o&en t"e aounts !t!n$ usto)er onf!dent!al!t'. Conlus!on L S1OT Anal's!s5ro) t"e abo,e re&ort: t8o t"!n$s s"ould be a&&arent: one #e' strate$' t"at !t "as used for !ts e=&ans!on "as been t"rou$" a@u!s!t!ons. 6oreo,er: t"e ban# "as been under$o!n$ )a+or refor)s !n !ts et"!s e,er s!ne t"e )one' launder!n$ sandals bea)e #no8n.As su": so)e of !ts #e' stren$t"s !nlude "!$" le,el of a&!tal!9at!on t"at !)&l!es t"at !t 8ould not need to borro8 fro) t"e UI $o,ern)ent. 6oreo,er: !ts &resene !n e)er$!n$ )ar#ets renders !t !n &ole &os!t!on to benef!t fro)future $ro8t" as t"e eono)!es are also $ro8!n$. 2astl': !ts &resene !n t"e t"ree #e' re$!ons &ro,!des !t $reater stab!l!t' t"rou$" t"e s&read of r!s#s. Its #e' 8ea#ness l!es !n t"e )one' launder!n$ sandal 8"ere !ts !)a$e 8as +eo&ard!9ed. 2oo#!n$ at o&&ortun!t!es: !ts "!$" le,el of a&!tal!sat!on )eans t"at !t an $o for8ard !n a@u!r!n$ne8 assets. T"e )a!n t"reat an be attested to t"e &oor onf!dene t"at re$!)es s"o8ed !t 8"en ases of )one' launder!n$ a)e to l!$"t.CHAPTER 7OUR: THE STATUS O7 SEA IN 7OREI8N CO5PANIES Starbu#sProf!leT"e o)&an' !s b' no8 t"e 8orld nu)ber one offee reta!ler 8!t" as of toda' o&erat!n$ !n )ore t"an .0 ountr!es. It "as )ore t"an 1C:000 offee reta!l s"o&s s&read out t"rou$" t"e ont!nent. T"ree En$l!s")en founded t"e o)&an' !n t"e 'ear1D01: Herr' Bald8!n: Se, S!e$l and 7ordon Bo8#er !n Seattle !n 1as"!n$ton !n t"e Un!ted States of A)er!a >Bat"elor: %01%?. T"e o)&an' "ead@uarters !s s!tuated Seattle: 1as"!n$ton DC !n t"e Un!ted StatesG t"e o)&an' !s as of toda' loated on 1st A,enue sout" and Sout" 2ander Street. As of %01(: t"e o)&an' "ad 1C%:000 e)&lo'ees. Its to& t"ree o)&et!tors !nlude 6Donald Cor&orat!on: Nestle S.A: and Dun#!nE Brands 7rou&: In. T"e o)&an' "as t8o )!ss!on state)ents >Seaford: %01%?:To !ns&!re and nurture t"e "u)an s&!r!t; one &erson: one u& and one ne!$"bor"ood ata t!)e andGStarbu#s !s o))!tted to t"e role of en,!ron)ental leaders"!& !n all faets of our bus!ness. Starbu#s s&e!al!9es !n offer!n$ offee dr!n#s and food !te)s. In add!t!on: t"e o)&an' offers roasted beans: offee aessor!es: and teas. T"e o)&an' o&erates 10:000 of !ts s"o&s 8"!le: on t"e ot"er "and: D-0- un!ts are o&erated b' l!ensees andfran"!sees. T"e o)&an' started out s)all but !n 1DCC: t"e &resent CEO bou$"t all t"e s)all "a!n and t"us )ade t"e o)&an' to e=&and @u!#l'. T"ese sa8 t"e o)&an' $o!n$ &ubl! !n 1DD% 8!t" 1.- un!tsE b' t"en. In 1DD.: t"e o)&an' o&ened !ts f!rst non;USA store. T"e 'ear %00( sa8 t"e o)&an' a@u!r!n$ SeattleEs Best Coffee t"at totaled t"e nu)ber of outlets to .*00 un!ts: as of toda' t"ere are )ore t"an 1C:000 un!ts 8orld8!de. T"e o)&an' a@u!res t"e!r fund!n$ t"rou$" t"e sell!n$of t"e!r &roduts. Starbu#s 8as faed 8!t" &ol!t!al and en,!ron)ent obstales: 8"!" 8as a result of t"e!r bus!ness e=&and!n$. Custo)ers be$an los!n$ reo$n!t!on to8ards t"e o)&an'. As a result: t"e o)&an' sol,ed t"e !ssue b' us!n$ unon,ent!onal 8a's. T"e!r ad,ert!se)ent 8ere absent !n b!llboards: ne8s&a&er or &osters as o)&ared to t"e!r o)&et!tors. Ho8e,er: t"e!r b!$$est "allen$e a)e at t"e 8a#e of @uest!onable f!nan!al &rat!es t"at enabled t"e) to a,o!d t"e!r full ta= obl!$at!ons. Transfer Pr!!n$ Starbu# Cor&orat!on l!#e an' ot"er &rof!t ent!t' !s solel' )ot!,ated 8!t" )a=!)!9!n$&rof!t. Indeed: !n t"e 5A%01(: t"e' reorded USB1*.CDbll!on 8ort" of $ross sales >Starbu#s: %01(?. To )a!nta!n t"e!r $lobal o&erat!ons: t"e )ana$e)ent 8as faed 8!t" t8o "o!es. On one "and: t"e' ould fulf!ll all t"e!r f!nan!al obl!$at!ons and &otent!all' lose u& s"o& !n so)e of t"e!r $lobal outlets or t"e' ould f!nd a 8a' of )aneu,er!n$ t"e ,ar!ous ta= re$!)es t"at t"e!r bus!nesses are e=&osed to. In ot"er 8ords: t"e ta= re$!)es !n US: UI: and )ost of ont!nental Euro&e d!ffer. T"!s &resents a un!@ue o&&ortun!t' for t"e )ana$e)ent to offset so)e of t"e!r &rof!ts. T"e et"!al d!le))a before t"e )ana$e)ent 8as to e!t"er u&"old f!du!ar' bus!ness &rat!es t"at !n,ol,ed t"e) )eet!n$ all t"e!r ta= obl!$at!ons !n t"e ountr!es t"e' o&erated !n or en$a$e !n 8ell;&lanned ta= &rat!es t"at bordered brea"!n$ transfer &r!!n$ re$ulat!ons. Br!efl': transfer &r!!n$ !n,ol,es t"e sett!n$ of &r!es to $oods and ser,!es t"at subs!d!ar!es &a' to a &arent o)&an' as e!t"er ro'alt' or &ur"ase or ra8 )ater!als. T"e one&t !s one of t"e t"ree te"n!@ues used as a base;eros!on )e"an!s) >Tull': %01%?. 5or e=a)&le: a &arent o)&an' A sells $oods at USB1)!ll!on to !ts subs!d!ar' o)&an' B. 1"at 8!ll "a&&en !s t"at o)&an' B 8!ll reflet t"e &ur"ase of USB1)!ll!on 8ort" of $oods fro) A and effet!,el' redue "er&rof!t )ar$!n due to t"e e=&ense. In t"e str!test sense: t"e &r!e set b' A s"ould reflet t"e urrent )ar#et &r!e for t"at o))od!t' !f an !nde&endent usto)er 8as toa&&roa" !t.At!onStarbu#sE )a!n !ssue 8!t" o&erat!n$ !n t"e UI 8as t"e "!$" or&orate ta=es o)&ared to 8"at s"e 8as &a'!n$ !n t"e USA. S"e t"erefore be$an b' !nfor)!n$ "er !n,estors t"at t"e UI subs!d!ar!es 8ere ,er' &rof!table. Ho8e,er: to t"e UI ta= aut"or!t!es: s"e re&orted losses t"at 8ere e=&la!ned !n t"e for) of t"e transat!ons t"at "er subs!d!ar!es )ade. 5or e=a)&le: bet8een 1DDD and %01(: s"e "ad reorded T(b!ll!on 8ort" of sales but &a!d onl' TC..)!ll!on 8ort" of ta=es >BBC: %01%a?. T"!s 8as based on t"e transfer &r!!n$ strate$' t"at t"e o)&an' "ad ado&ted I order to )!t!$ate t"e "!$" o,ersees o&erat!onal ost. e!r transfer &r!!n$ sandal ould "a,e been &re,ented b' ensur!n$ t"at t"e o)&an' follo8ed transfer &r!!n$ re$ulat!ons. T"e need to ut do8n osts of o&erat!on does not +ust!f' brea"!n$ so!etal la8s des!$ned to standard!9e bus!ness &rat!es. Ot"er !nno,at!,e te"n!@ues su" as re'l!n$ used offee u&s ould be ut!l!9ed. 5or a o)&an' 8!t" an !nternat!onal re&utat!on: !t s"ould "a,e )ade better o&t!ons t"at )!$"t "a,e resulted !n t"e) ree!,!n$ aolades !nstead.Cr!t!@ue: Starbu#sStarbu#s: l!#e an' ot"er bus!ness enter&r!se: def!nes !ts suess 8!t" a)ount of &rof!ts )ade. 6oreo,er: la8s of f!nane d!tates t"at redued or lo8 osts of &rodut!on result !n !nreased &rof!t. T"ese &ara)eters s"a&e t"e bus!ness )odel ado&ted b' Starbu#s for !ts $lobal o&erat!ons. 5or t"e o)&an' to be able to staff o,er 1.0:000 e)&lo'ees and a)ass total assets a)ount!n$ to USB11.-1b!ll!on >Starbu#s: %01(?: t"e o)&an' &us"ed !tself !nto o))!tt!n$ fraudulent ats under transfer &r!!n$ re$ulat!ons. T"!s need to )a=!)!9e t"e!r &rodut!,eness !s "arater!st! of a ut!l!tar!an et"!al &ers&et!,e !n bus!ness &rat!es >Hones: %000?. Suff!e to &os!t t"at t"e board of )ana$e)ent at t"e o)&an' ons!ders an' f!sal transat!on +ust!f!able as so lon$ as !t ser,es to )a=!)!9e &rodut!,eness. 6oreo,er: s"ould t"e!r at!ons result !n !nreased &rodut!,!t': t"e' ons!der t"e)sel,es to be of"!$" )oral al!ber. Su" !s t"e reason t"e!r C5O ae&ted t"at t"e' "ad &rat!ed transfer;&r!!n$ o&erat!ons t"at 8ere abo,e boardG t"e o)&an' refuted an' onnet!on bet8een t"e!r transfer;&r!!n$ and redued re,enue for ta= a&&ro&r!at!ons.1"en t"e o)&an' 8as &ressed 8!t" tou$" "o!es of "o8 to ut do8n o&erat!onal ost: t"e' o&ted for a "o!e t"at ensures t"e!r &er&etu!t'. In ot"er 8ords: t"e o)&an' o&ted to bend f!sal re$ulat!ons to su!t t"e!r o8n !nterests. Su" )oral att!tude !s referred to as e$o!s) >Usterber$: 1DCC?. T"e board of )ana$e)ent at Starbu#s ated as a un!t on t"e understand!n$ t"at !t 8as rat!onal for t"e) to ons!der t"e ont!nu!t' of t"e o)&an' as &ara)ount. T"e o)&an' off!!als 8ere )ot!,ated b' t"e!r self!s" !nterest to8ards t"e o)&an' 8!t" l!ttle re$ard for t"e !)&ortane of ta= to nat!onal eono)!es. 5ro) t"e abo,e d!suss!on: I onur 8!t" t"e nature of et"!al &ers&et!,es ado&ted b' Starbu#s fro) an aade)! &o!nt of ,!e8. Due to t"e nature of t"e!r )!ss!on and ,!s!on: t"e' ated !n res&onse to )ar#et fores t"at )!$"t "a,e slo8ed t"e!r &ro$ress to8ards a"!e,!n$ t"e!r ob+et!,es. 1"ereas su" &ers&et!,es are !deal for !n &rof!t;or!ented or$an!9at!ons: t"e rule of la8 needs to be res&eted at all osts. Co)&an!es ou$"t to be o$n!9ant of t"e!r f!sal and f!du!ar' res&ons!b!l!t!es !n t"e o))un!t!es t"e' ser,e.CHAPTER 7I3E: CONC2USION-.1 Conlus!on1!t"!n t"e )aro ,!e8: t"e en,!ron)ental &rotet!on: bus!ness $ro8t" and so!al eff!!en': !s al8a's !n onfl!t. Also for enter&r!se: $ro8t" &ressure or bus!ness effet an trans$ress t"e en,!ron)ent &rotet!on: unless t"e aut"or!t!es or onsu)ers!nterfere. Ea" &rodut seleted b' onsu)ers an be ons!dered as a ,ote for t"e enter&r!se. T"e )ore ,otes t"ere are: t"e better !t !s for t"e $ro8t" of t"e enter&r!se. T"e &roble) !s 8"et"er t"e onsu)ers are a8are of and use selet!n$ r!$"t effet!,el' or not.In $eneral: 3!etna)ese enter&r!ses are )a!nl' )ed!u) and s)all enter&r!seG t"erefore: a#no8led$e and !)&le)entat!on of CSR of ea" enter&r!ses !n 3!etna) are st!ll l!)!ted. T"rou$" a s)all sur,e': 8!t" )ana$ers: aountants: e)&lo'ees: and usto)ers of t8o )a!n enter&r!ses: na)el' A$r!ban# and Bao 3!et 7rou&: !t an be found t"at t"e a#no8led$e)ent of CSR !n $eneral and SEA !n &art!ular !s "!$"l' a&&re!ated a)on$ t"ose res&ondents. 6easure)ent of SEA !s not nearl' for)ed at 3!etna)ese enter&r!ses: "ene t"ere !s no s&e!f! e,aluat!on a&&ro,ed andt"ere !s no nu)er! onret!9at!on. At ot"er role of t"e so!et': t"e' a&&re!ate t"e role of SEA: but t"e' often re)a!n neutral &os!t!on.Aord!n$ to t"e abo,e data desr!&t!on and anal's!s: to so)e e=tent 8e f!nd t"e a8areness: benef!t and !nsuff!!ent &roble)s onern!n$ 8"at )easure en,!ron)ental and so!al !)&le)ents !n 3!etna)ese enter&r!ses. 5or A$r!ban# andBao3!et: alt"ou$" t"e' "a,e not onret!9ed !n nu)ber: "o8e,er SEA 8as-0!ntrodued !nto annual re&ort. In o)&an' 8!t" de&lo')ent of bus!ness at!,!t!es:A$r!ban# and Bao,!et 7rou& are also at!,e !n en,!ron)ent &rotet!on at!,!t!es: o))un!t' &rotet!on at!,!t!es su" as f!nan!n$ $reen at!,!t' &rotet!n$ t"e en,!ron)ent: onstrut!n$ t"e !nfrastruture !n order to l!)!t losses: redu!n$ &oss!ble da)a$es: r!s#s: and ot"er nu)erous at!,!t!es f!nan!n$ "ar!t' su" as "!ldren ar!n$ and "!ldren !n d!ff!ult !ru)stanes !n re$!ons.T"e resear" 8as &ro,!ded fro) a8areness: benef!t to SEA &roble)s !n 3!etna)eseenter&r!ses. T"e one&t!ons on CSR and SEA are also anal'9ed )ore learl' 8!t" t"eoret!al &o!nt of t"e resear". 5ro) data on t"e !nternet: &ress: boo#s: as 8ell as anal's!s !n,est!$at!on on related sub+ets of A$r!ban# and Bao,!et 7rou&: !t s"o8s &artl' t"e !)&ortane of SEA to t"e lon$;ter) and f!r) de,elo&)ent of ea" enter&r!se. A$r!ban# and Bao,!et 7rou& !s a8are t"at !t s"all not ree!,e and onret!9e !))ed!atel' benef!t SEA br!n$s to: !t 8!ll be s"o8ed $raduall' !n t"e bus!ness result !nlud!n$ ost sa,!n$s and !no)e !nrease: re&utat!on !)&ro,e)entand stab!l!t' of &ersonnel.-.% Reo))endat!onM1e s"ould not ons!der SEA of t"e enter&r!se as a burden: !nstead of t"at: 8e s"ould ons!der !t as o&&ortun!t': self;a!): e=&er!ene !n order for t"e enter&r!se too&erate better: ot"er t"an a burden of osts: &ressure fro) t"e State. Hene: f!nd solut!ons to de,elo& )ore t"e &lae 8e l!,eN ; aff!r)ed 6r. 6art!n Neure!ter: ad,aned e=&ert: De&art)ent )ana$er of de&lo')ent ISO %.000.-1M1e are 8!tness!n$ t"e "an$e of onsu)ers all o,er t"e 8orld: SEA of enter&r!ses !s )ore and )ore !)&ortant and !t aff!r)s t"e o&erat!n$ a&a!t' of enter&r!ses t"e)sel,es loall' and !nternat!onall'. Co))un!t' de,elo&)ent annot be a&&arted fro) t"e de,elo&)ent of enter&r!sesG "o8e,er: )ost of 3!etna)ese enter&r!ses are not o)&etent enou$": es&e!all' )ed!u) and s)all enter&r!se: "ene: t"e' "a,e notut!l!9ed t"e 5DI resouresN ; 6r. Patr!# 7!labert: Head re&resentat!,e !n 3!etna) e,aluated.5or 3!etna)ese enter&r!ses !n $eneral: A$r!ban# and Bao,!et 7rou& !n &art!ular: 8"en !)&le)ent!n$ SEA: enter&r!ses s"all "a,e o&&ortun!t!es su" as !)&ro,!n$ t"e!r &rest!$e and !)a$e a)on$ t"e o))un!t' and 8!t" &artnersG ontr!bute to enter&r!sessound ulture: t"ene !)&ro,e t"e onf!dene and atta")ent of t"e&ersonnel to t"e enter&r!ses. Conurrentl': t"e &ersonnel of t"e enter&r!ses s"all feel &roud of and res&et!,e 8!t" leaders and s"all atta" 8!t" enter&r!ses )ore. Ho8e,er: bes!de abo,e o&&ortun!t!es: 8"en a&&l'!n$ SEA: enter&r!se s"all also )eetd!ff!ult!es: t"reats. T"e f!rst !s t"e osts to &erfor) so!al res&ons!b!l!t'. Beause "!$" osts for so!al res&ons!b!l!t' s"all affet d!retl' bus!ness and &rodu!n$ osts: benef!t s"all be redued !n s"ort;ter) and e,en )ed!u);ter): but !n lon$;ter) t"ose osts s"all be o)&ensated b' benef!t brou$"t b' SEA.T"erefore: t"rou$" resear" 8!t" % re&resentat!,e enter&r!ses na)el' A$r!ban# and Bao,!et 7rou&: enter&r!ses s"ould stren$t"en at!,!t!es to !)&ro,e a8areness of lon$;ter) benef!t fro) a&&l'!n$ SEA 8ell !n t"e a!) of de,elo&!n$ enter&r!ses f!r)l' t"rou$" 8or#s"o&s s"ar!n$ e=&er!ene of b!$ !nternat!onal enter&r!ses and lessons fro) ases "a&&en!n$ !n 3!etna) so far. 6oreo,er: )e"an!s)s: re$ulat!ons-%are neessar' to enoura$e enter&r!ses t"rou$" allo8!n$ osts for so!al res&ons!b!l!t' enter bus!ness and &rodu!n$ osts. S!)ultaneousl': a&&l'!n$ SEA !s one of t"e e,aluat!n$ r!ter!a 8"!" enable enter&r!ses en+o' &referent!al treat)ent on!n,est!n$ and us!n$ nat!onal resoures. A8areness of SEA an be ons!dered as an !nde= of ad,anta$e rate for suess of su" o)&an' on t"e de,elo&)ent 8a'. And leaders need to "an$e t"e!r t"ou$"t to trust !n t"e !)&ortane of SEA: !t !s neessar'to ontr!bute a s&e!f! strate$' to &erfor) ot"er t"an onl' PR for enter&r!se s !)a$e. -.( 2!)!tat!on of Stud'In t"!s resear": so)e l!)!ts an affet t"e aurate and suff!!ent result for a &ro+et.5!rstl': !t an be )ent!oned t"at selet!n$ enter&r!se )ust be l!)!ted beause of l!)!ted atual a&a!t' and t!)e for resear". Seondl': nu)ber of sur,e' &art!!&ants onl' e@ual to one &er )!ll!on o)&ared 8!t" &o&ulat!on !n Hano!. In add!t!on: ans8ers 8ere onl' seleted !)&uls!,el' ot"er t"an &rat!al nature. Or ans8ers are to "el&: ot"er t"an ta#!n$ t!)e for ea" s!tuat!on. All abo,e )atters affet t"e sur,e' result: s)all or b!$. /uest!onna!res 8ere 8r!tten b!l!n$uall': due to t"e atual needs of sur,e' &art!!&ants 8!t" d!fferent #no8led$e le,els. T"erefore: 8!t" t"ose bas! l!)!tat!on and d!ff!ult!es dur!n$ resear"!n$: t"e resear" an $!,e t"e best result !n as&et of s)all resear".-.* Su$$est!on of 7uture Resear"1!t" abo,e resear" to&!: !f !t !s arr!ed out better !n t"e future: t"ere 8!ll be so)e)ore s&e!f! e=&er!enes as 8ell as &lans to !)&ro,e and $!,e )ore sat!sfator'Running Head !"A #!!$"! A%AR"&"!!' ("&")#*! + ,R-(."/! )A0"1 (20H#&"!" 0-/,A"! 34result. 5!rstl': t"!s resear" s"all be 8!dened )ore to enter&r!ses: t"ere 8!ll be )ore t!)e to ollet sur,e' data: and t"ere 8!ll be )ore a&&roa"!n$ )et"ods su" as d!ret !nter,!e8. In add!t!on: @uest!onna!re 8!ll be $!,en )ore su!tabl' for ea" sub+et: and !t an be d!,!ded ea" @uest!on for ea" d!fferent #no8led$e le,el to related &roble)s. /uest!on!n$ )anner s"all be s!)&ler: )ore understandable: and @uest!on!n$ 8a' for ea" &art!!&ant s"all be &a!d )ore attent!on.Running Head !"A #!!$"! A%AR"&"!!' 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