Chapter 2: Sociology’s Family Tree: Theories and Theorists 1.
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Transcript of The Real World 2 nd Edition AN INTRODUCTION TO SOCIOLOGY Kerry Ferris and Jill Stein Chapter 2...
The Real World
2nd EditionAN INTRODUCTION TO SOCIOLOGY
Kerry Ferris and Jill Stein
Chapter 2Sociology’s Family Tree:Theories and Theorists
2
Sociological Theories
• Theories in sociology are propositions that explain the social world and help to make predictions about future events.
• Theories are also sometimes referred to as approaches, schools of thought, paradigms, or perspectives.
Figure 2.1 Sociology’s Family Tree
The Real World: An Introduction to Sociology, 2nd EditionCopyright © 2010 W.W. Norton & Company
4
Founders of Sociology
• Auguste Comte:• Stated that sociology needed to be treated like
any other scientific discipline.• Laid the groundwork for future sociologists and
helped build the discipline.
Auguste Comte
The Real World: An Introduction to Sociology, 2nd EditionCopyright © 2010 W.W. Norton & Company
6
Founders of Sociology, continued
• Harriet Martineau:• A social activist who traveled the United States
and wrote about social changes which were radical for this time period.
• Martineau translated Comte’s work into English, making his ideas accessible to England and America.
Harriet Martineau
The Real World: An Introduction to Sociology, 2nd EditionCopyright © 2010 W.W. Norton & Company
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Founders of Sociology, continued
• Herbert Spencer was the first
great English-speaking sociologist.
• Spencer believed in evolution and
coined the phrase “survival of the fittest.”
• He believed that societies evolve through time by adapting to their changing environment. His philosophy is often referred to as “social Darwinism.”
Herbert Spencer
The Real World: An Introduction to Sociology, 2nd EditionCopyright © 2010 W.W. Norton & Company
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Founders of Sociology, continued
• Emile Durkheim worked to establish sociology as an important academic discipline.
• Interested in the social factors
that bond and hold people together
• Studied the correlation between social isolation and suicide
Emile Durkheim
The Real World: An Introduction to Sociology, 2nd EditionCopyright © 2010 W.W. Norton & Company
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Founders of Sociology, continued
• Karl Marx was a German philosopher and political activist.
• Marx contributed significantly to sociology’s conflict theory.
Karl Marx
The Real World: An Introduction to Sociology, 2nd EditionCopyright © 2010 W.W. Norton & Company
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• Marx believed that capitalism was creating social inequality between the bourgeoisie, who owned the means of production (money, factories, natural resources, land), and the proletariat, who were the workers.
• According to Marx, this inequality leads to class conflict.
Founders of Sociology, continued
15
Founders of Sociology, continued
• Max Weber was also interested in how society was becoming industrialized.
• He was concerned with the process of rationalization, applying economic logic to all human activity.
• He believed that contemporary life was filled with disenchantment, the result of the dehumanizing features of modern societies.
Max Weber
The Real World: An Introduction to Sociology, 2nd EditionCopyright © 2010 W.W. Norton & Company
17
Founders of Sociology, continued
• Sigmund Freud is usually associated with psychoanalysis, but his theories have helped sociologists gain a better understanding of social behavior.
• Freud developed the idea of the subconscious and the unconscious mind,
which he believed controls most of our drives, impulses, thoughts, and behaviors.
Sigmund Freud
The Real World: An Introduction to Sociology, 2nd EditionCopyright © 2010 W.W. Norton & Company
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Schools of Thought
• Your book refers to paradigms, or schools of thought. Paradigms are ways of thinking or theoretical umbrellas, meant to provide a broad explanation for the way things work.
20
Modern Schools of Thought
• Structural Functionalism:• Society is viewed as an ordered system of
interrelated parts, or structures, which are the social institutions that make up society (family, education, politics, the economy).
• Each of these different structures meets the needs of society by performing specific functions for the whole system (society).
21
Modern Schools of Thought, continued
• Conflict Theory: • Sees social conflict as the basis of society
and social change.
22
Modern Schools of Thought, continued
• Symbolic Interactionism: • Sees interaction and meaning as central to
society and assumes that meanings are not inherent but are created through interaction.
23
New Theoretical Approaches
• Feminist Theory: • Looks at gender inequalities in society and
the way that gender structures the social world, and considers remedies to these inequalities.
24
New Theoretical Approaches, continued
• Queer Theory: • Proposes that categories of sexual identity
are social constructs and that no sexual category is fundamentally either deviant or normal.
25
New Theoretical Approaches, continued
• Postmodernist Theory:• Suggests that social reality is diverse,
pluralistic, and constantly changing.
26
Theories and Theorists | Concept Quiz
Abstract propositions that both explain the social world and make predictions about future events are known as:a. theoriesb. social inequalitiesc. ideasd. social assumptionse. means of production
27
Theories and Theorists | Concept Quiz
What are paradigms?a. broad theoretical perspectivesb. specific research methodsc. dominant sociological
applicationsd. all of the abovee. none of the above
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Theories and Theorists | Concept Quiz
Marx believed that there was a class struggle between:
a. groups of people who worked alongside one anotherb. groups of people who practiced different religionsc. people who owned the means of production and people
who worked for a wage.d. people who were born rich versus people who earned
their wealthe. people who were born poor versus people who fell into
poverty due to poor work ethic
29
Theories and Theorists | Concept Quiz
Which of these sociological paradigms has proved to be the most influential of the twentieth century?a. structural functionalismb. conflict theoryc. symbolic interactionismd. world-systems theorye. critical race theory
30
Additional Art from Chapter 2
Chapter Opener
The Real World: An Introduction to Sociology, 2nd EditionCopyright © 2010 W.W. Norton & Company
The Blind Men and the Elephant
The Real World: An Introduction to Sociology, 2nd EditionCopyright © 2010 W.W. Norton & Company
Ibn Khaldun (1332–1406)
The Real World: An Introduction to Sociology, 2nd EditionCopyright © 2010 W.W. Norton & Company
Charles Darwin
The Real World: An Introduction to Sociology, 2nd EditionCopyright © 2010 W.W. Norton & Company
Gender, Parenting, and Theory
The Real World: An Introduction to Sociology, 2nd EditionCopyright © 2010 W.W. Norton & Company
Talcott Parsons (1902–1979)
The Real World: An Introduction to Sociology, 2nd EditionCopyright © 2010 W.W. Norton & Company
Robert Merton (1910–2003)
The Real World: An Introduction to Sociology, 2nd EditionCopyright © 2010 W.W. Norton & Company
W. E. B. DuBois (1868–1963)
The Real World: An Introduction to Sociology, 2nd EditionCopyright © 2010 W.W. Norton & Company
Martin Luther King
The Real World: An Introduction to Sociology, 2nd EditionCopyright © 2010 W.W. Norton & Company
George Herbert Mead (1863–1931)
The Real World: An Introduction to Sociology, 2nd EditionCopyright © 2010 W.W. Norton & Company
Jane Addams (1860–1935)
The Real World: An Introduction to Sociology, 2nd EditionCopyright © 2010 W.W. Norton & Company
Hmong Cultural Center in St. Paul, Minnesota
The Real World: An Introduction to Sociology, 2nd EditionCopyright © 2010 W.W. Norton & Company
Blogger Mario Lavandeira, a.k.a. Perez Hilton
The Real World: An Introduction to Sociology, 2nd EditionCopyright © 2010 W.W. Norton & Company
The Real World: An Introduction to Sociology, 2nd EditionCopyright © 2010 W.W. Norton & Company
Analyzing Wal-Mart
The Real World: An Introduction to Sociology, 2nd EditionCopyright © 2010 W.W. Norton & Company
Jacques Derrida (1930–2004)
The Real World: An Introduction to Sociology, 2nd EditionCopyright © 2010 W.W. Norton & Company
Jean Baudrillard (1929–2007)
The Real World: An Introduction to Sociology, 2nd EditionCopyright © 2010 W.W. Norton & Company
Michel Foucault (1926–84)
The Real World: An Introduction to Sociology, 2nd EditionCopyright © 2010 W.W. Norton & Company
Theory in Everyday Life (Table 2.1,top)
The Real World: An Introduction to Sociology, 2nd EditionCopyright © 2010 W.W. Norton & Company
Theory in Everyday Life (Table 2.1,bottom)
The Real World: An Introduction to Sociology, 2nd EditionCopyright © 2010 W.W. Norton & Company
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© 2010 W. W. Norton Co., Inc.
The Real World2nd Edition
AN INTRODUCTION TO SOCIOLOGY
Kerry Ferrisand
Jill Stein
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Chapter 2
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