The Quick-Reference Guide to the NGSSstatic.nsta.org/pdfs/samples/PB354X1web.pdf · 2018-05-09 ·...

Willa

rdThe

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uide

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NG

SSEle

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Scho

ol

ElementarySchool

NGSSThe Quick-Reference Guide to the

Edited by Ted WillardCopyright © 2015 NSTA. All rights reserved. For more information, go to www.nsta.org/permissions.

TO PURCHASE THIS BOOK, please visit www.nsta.org/store/product_detail.aspx?id=10.2505/9781941316115.

ElementarySchool


Copyright © 2015 NSTA. All rights reserved. For more information, go to www.nsta.org/permissions. TO PURCHASE THIS BOOK, please visit www.nsta.org/store/product_detail.aspx?id=10.2505/9781941316115.

Arlington, Virginia


ElementarySchool


Arlington, Virginia

Edited by Ted Willard


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Art And design Will Thomas Jr., Director Cover design by Gina Toole Saunders

Printing And Production

Catherine Lorrain, DirectornAtionAl science teAchers AssociAtion

David L. Evans, Executive DirectorDavid Beacom, Publisher

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Copyright © 2015 by the National Science Teachers Association.All rights reserved. Printed in the United States of America.18 17 16 15 4 3 2 1

NSTA is committed to publishing material that promotes the best in inquiry-based science education. However, conditions of actual use may vary, and the safety procedures and practices described in this book are intended to serve only as a guide. Additional precautionary measures may be required. NSTA and the authors do not warrant or represent that the procedures and practices in this book meet any safety code or standard of federal, state, or local regulations. NSTA and the authors disclaim any liability for personal injury or damage to property arising out of or relating to the use of this book, including any of the recommendations, instructions, or materials contained therein.

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Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication DataWillard, Ted. The NSTA quick-reference guide to the NGSS, elementary school / edited by Ted Willard. pages cm ISBN 978-1-941316-11-5—ISBN 978-1-941316-89-4 (electronic) 1. Science—Study and teaching (Elementary)—Standards—United States. I. National Science Teachers Association. II. Title. LB1585.3.W59 2014 372.35’044—dc23 2014033835

Cataloging-in-Publication Data for the e-book are also available from the Library of Congress.

This book contains excerpts from National Research Council (NRC). 2012. A framework for K–12 science education: Practices, crosscutting concepts, and core ideas. Washington, DC: National Academies Press. Reprinted with permission.

The Next Generation Science Standards (“NGSS”) were developed by twenty-six states, in collaboration with the National Research Council, the National Science Teachers Association, and the American Association for the Advancement of Science in a process managed by Achieve, Inc. The NGSS are copyright © 2013 Achieve, Inc. All rights reserved.


CONTENTS

Introduction ................................................................................... vii

Acknowledgments ......................................................................... ix

Chapter 1: Basics of NGSS ............................................................ 1• Three Dimensions of the Next Generation Science Standards (NGSS) ............................ 2

• Science and Engineering Practices .................................................................................. 4

1. Asking Questions and Defining Problems..................................................................... 4

2. Developing and Using Models ...................................................................................... 6

3. Planning and Conducting Investigations ...................................................................... 9

4. Analyzing and Interpreting Data ................................................................................. 11

5. Using Mathematics and Computational Thinking ....................................................... 13

6. Constructing Explanations and Designing Solutions .................................................. 16

7. Engaging in Argument From Evidence ....................................................................... 20

8. Obtaining, Evaluating, and Communicating Information ............................................ 23

• Crosscutting Concepts .................................................................................................... 26

1. Patterns ....................................................................................................................... 26

2. Cause and Effect: Mechanism and Prediction ............................................................ 28

3. Scale, Proportion, and Quantity .................................................................................. 30

4. Systems and System Models ...................................................................................... 32

5. Energy and Matter: Flow, Cycles, and Conservation .................................................. 35

6. Structure and Function ................................................................................................ 37

7. Stability and Change ................................................................................................... 39

• A Look at the Next Generation Science Standards ......................................................... 42

• Inside the NGSS Box ....................................................................................................... 43

• NGSS Organized by Topic ............................................................................................. 44

• NGSS Organized by Disciplinary Core Ideas ................................................................. 45

• Commonalities Among the Practices in Science, Mathematics, and English Language Arts (ELA) .......................................................................................... 46

Chapter 2: K–12 Progressions ..................................................... 49• Science and Engineering Practices ................................................................................ 50

• Crosscutting Concepts .................................................................................................... 58


• Disciplinary Core Ideas in Physical Science ................................................................... 61

• Disciplinary Core Ideas in Life Science ........................................................................... 68

• Disciplinary Core Ideas in Earth and Space Science ..................................................... 75

• Disciplinary Core Ideas in Engineering Design ............................................................... 80

• Connections to the Nature of Science ............................................................................. 82

• Connections to Engineering, Technology, and Applications of Science ......................... 85

Chapter 3: Focus on Grades K–2 ................................................ 87• Science and Engineering Practices ................................................................................ 88

• Crosscutting Concepts and Connections to Engineering, Technology, and Applications of Science ................................................................................................... 90

• Connections to the Nature of Science ............................................................................. 91

• Performance Expectations and Disciplinary Core Ideas for Kindergarten .......................... 92

• Performance Expectations and Disciplinary Core Ideas for Grade 1 ............................. 94

• Performance Expectations and Disciplinary Core Ideas for Grade 2 ............................. 96

• Performance Expectations and Disciplinary Core Ideas for Engineering Design in Grades K–2 ...................................................................................................................... 98

Chapter 4: Focus on Grades 3–5 ................................................. 99• Science and Engineering Practices .............................................................................. 100

• Crosscutting Concepts and Connections to Engineering, Technology, and Applications of Science ................................................................................................ 102

• Connections to the Nature of Science ........................................................................... 103

• Performance Expectations and Disciplinary Core Ideas for Grade 3 ........................... 104



• Performance Expectations and Disciplinary Core Ideas for Engineering Design in Grades 3–5 .................................................................................................................... 114

CONTENTS


viiThe NSTA Quick-Reference Guide to the NGSS, Elementary School

INTRODUCTION

Since the release of the first draft of the Next Generation Science Standards (NGSS), NSTA has been at the forefront in promoting the standards and helping science educators become familiar with and learn to navigate this exciting but complex document. When the final version was released and states began adopting the standards, NSTA started to develop resources that would assist educators with their implementation, including web seminars, virtual conferences, sessions and forums at conferences, books, and the NGSS@NSTA Hub (http://ngss.nsta.org)—a digital destination focus-ing on all things NGSS.

Along the way, NSTA learned that even the simplest of resources, such as a one-page cheat sheet, can be extremely useful. Many of those tools are collected in this volume, including

• a two-page cheat sheet that describes the practices, core ideas, and crosscut-ting concepts that make up the three dimensions described in A Framework for K–12 Science Education;

• an “Inside the NGSS Box” graphic that explains all of the individual sections of text that appear on a page of the NGSS;

• a Venn diagram comparing the practices in NGSS and Common Core State Standards in English language arts and mathematics; and

• matrixes showing how the NGSS are organized by topic and by disciplinary core idea.

We’ve also produced tables to describe the various parts of the standards. For example, the performance expectations describe what every student should know and be able to do by the end of a particular grade or grade span. These expectations are designed to assess the material in the foundation box, which includes

• science and engineering practices;

• disciplinary core ideas;

• crosscutting concepts;

• connections to engineering, technology, and applications of science; and

• connections to nature of science.

While summative assessments are required to focus on a particular combination of these components, curriculum developers and classroom teachers have the free-dom to mix and match these components in a wide variety of ways. In fact, to learn any particular disciplinary core idea or crosscutting concept, students will need to engage in multiple practices in a well-thought-out sequence of learning experiences. The matrixes we developed and include in this book will help educators in their


viii National Science Teachers Association

INTRODUCTION

planning. There are two different sets of matrixes. The first set shows the K–12 pro-gression of each of the components in the foundation box (e.g., practices, core ideas, or connection to nature of science). These matrixes will help you understand how what students are expected to know and do in each grade span builds on what they have learned in earlier grades and prepares them for what they are expected to learn in later grades.

The second set of matrixes combines all the materials for a particular grade level together. For example, one of the matrixes focuses only on the science and engineer-ing practices that students need to master in grades K–2.

The materials in this book should be a useful companion to the NGSS. The educa-tors we have shared them with have found it helpful to photocopy particular pages for participants to use in a workshop or for colleagues to use during planning time.


ixThe NSTA Quick-Reference Guide to the NGSS, Elementary School

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

Production of A Framework for K–12 Science Education and the Next Generation Science Standards involved the work and contributions of thousands of educators, and I thank them for their efforts. Almost every word in this publication is drawn directly from those two documents, but any errors that appear here are mine. In addition I want to thank those educators involved in developing the documents that preceded NGSS, including the Atlas of Science Literacy, National Science Education Standards, Benchmarks for Science Literacy, and Science for All Americans. Finally, I thank the many educators working to make the vision of science literacy for all a reality for their students. This book is for you.


CHAPTER 2K–12 Progressions


50 National Science Teachers Association

Chapter 2Sc

ienc

e a

nd E

ngin

eerin

g P

ract

ices

: Ask

ing

Que

stio

ns a

nd D

efin

ing

Pro

ble

ms

A p

ract

ice

of s

cien

ce is

to a

sk a

nd r

efine

que

stio

ns th

at le

ad to

des

crip

tions

and

exp

lana

tions

of h

ow th

e na

tura

l and

des

igne

d w

orld

wor

ks a

nd w

hich

can

be

empi

rical

ly te

sted

. Eng

inee

ring

ques

tions

cla

rify

prob

lem

s to

det

erm

ine

crite

ria fo

r su

cces

sful

sol

utio

ns a

nd id

entif

y co

nstr

aint

s to

sol

ve p

robl

ems

abou

t the

de

sign

ed w

orld

. Bot

h sc

ient

ists

and

eng

inee

rs a

lso

ask

ques

tions

to c

larif

y id

eas.

K–2

Co

nd

ense

d P

ract

ices

3–

5 C

on

den

sed

Pra

ctic

es

6–8

Co

nd

ense

d P

ract

ices

9–

12 C

on

den

sed

Pra

ctic

es

Ask

ing

ques

tions

and

defi

ning

pro

blem

s in

K–2

bui

lds

on p

rior

expe

rienc

es a

nd

prog

ress

es to

sim

ple

desc

riptiv

e qu

estio

ns

that

can

be

test

ed.

Ask

ing

ques

tions

and

defi

ning

pro

blem

s in

3–5

bui

lds

on K

–2 e

xper

ienc

es a

nd

prog

ress

es to

spe

cify

ing

qual

itativ

e re

latio

nshi

ps.

Ask

ing

ques

tions

and

defi

ning

pro

blem

s in

6–8

bui

lds

on K

–5 e

xper

ienc

es a

nd

prog

ress

es to

spe

cify

ing

rela

tions

hips

be

twee

n va

riabl

es, c

larif

ying

arg

umen

ts

and

mak

ing

mod

els.

Ask

ing

ques

tions

and

defi

ning

pro

blem

s in

9–1

2 bu

ilds

on K

–8 e

xper

ienc

es a

nd

prog

ress

es to

form

ulat

ing,

refi

ning

, and

ev

alua

ting

empi

rical

ly te

stab

le q

uest

ions

an

d de

sign

pro

blem

s us

ing

mod

els

and

sim

ulat

ions

.

• A

sk q

uest

ions

bas

ed o

n ob

serv

atio

ns to

fin

d m

ore

info

rmat

ion

abou

t the

nat

ural

an

d/or

des

igne

d w

orld

(s).

• A

sk q

uest

ions

abo

ut w

hat w

ould

hap

pen

if a

varia

ble

is c

hang

ed.

• A

sk q

uest

ions

that

aris

e fr

om c

aref

ul

obse

rvat

ion

of p

heno

men

a, m

odel

s, o

r un

expe

cted

res

ults

, to

clar

ify a

nd/o

r se

ek

addi

tiona

l inf

orm

atio

n.

• A

sk q

uest

ions

to id

entif

y an

d/or

cla

rify

evid

ence

and

/or

the

prem

ise(

s) o

f an

argu

men

t.

• A

sk q

uest

ions

to d

eter

min

e re

latio

nshi

ps

betw

een

inde

pend

ent a

nd d

epen

dent

va

riabl

es a

nd r

elat

ions

hips

in m

odel

s.

• A

sk q

uest

ions

to c

larif

y an

d/or

refi

ne a

m

odel

, an

expl

anat

ion,

or

an e

ngin

eerin

g pr

oble

m.

• A

sk q

uest

ions

that

aris

e fr

om c

aref

ul

obse

rvat

ion

of p

heno

men

a, o

r un

expe

cted

res

ults

, to

clar

ify a

nd/o

r se

ek

addi

tiona

l inf

orm

atio

n.

• A

sk q

uest

ions

that

aris

e fr

om e

xam

inin

g m

odel

s or

a th

eory

, to

clar

ify a

nd/o

r se

ek

addi

tiona

l inf

orm

atio

n an

d re

latio

nshi

ps.

• A

sk q

uest

ions

to d

eter

min

e re

latio

nshi

ps, i

nclu

ding

qua

ntita

tive

rela

tions

hips

, bet

wee

n in

depe

nden

t and

de

pend

ent v

aria

bles

.

• A

sk q

uest

ions

to c

larif

y an

d re

fine

a m

odel

, an

expl

anat

ion,

or

an e

ngin

eerin

g pr

oble

m.

• A

sk a

nd/o

r id

entif

y qu

estio

ns th

at c

an b

e an

swer

ed b

y an

inve

stig

atio

n.

• Id

entif

y sc

ient

ific

(tes

tabl

e) a

nd n

on-

scie

ntifi

c (n

on-t

esta

ble)

que

stio

ns.

• A

sk q

uest

ions

that

can

be

inve

stig

ated

an

d pr

edic

t rea

sona

ble

outc

omes

bas

ed

on p

atte

rns

such

as

caus

e-an

d-ef

fect

re

latio

nshi

ps.

• A

sk q

uest

ions

that

requ

ire s

uffic

ient

and

ap

prop

riate

em

piric

al e

vide

nce

to a

nsw

er.

• A

sk q

uest

ions

that

can

be

inve

stig

ated

w

ithin

the

scop

e of

the

clas

sroo

m,

outd

oor

envi

ronm

ent,

and

mus

eum

s an

d ot

her

publ

ic fa

cilit

ies

with

ava

ilabl

e re

sour

ces

and,

whe

n ap

prop

riate

, fra

me

a hy

poth

esis

bas

ed o

n ob

serv

atio

ns a

nd

scie

ntifi

c pr

inci

ples

.

• E

valu

ate

a qu

estio

n to

det

erm

ine

if it

is

test

able

and

rel

evan

t.

• A

sk q

uest

ions

that

can

be

inve

stig

ated

w

ithin

the

scop

e of

the

scho

ol la

bora

tory

, re

sear

ch fa

cilit

ies,

or

field

(e.

g., o

utdo

or

envi

ronm

ent)

with

ava

ilabl

e re

sour

ces

and,

whe

n ap

prop

riate

, fra

me

a hy

poth

esis

bas

ed o

n a

mod

el o

r th

eory

.

• N

/A•

N/A

• A

sk q

uest

ions

that

cha

lleng

e th

e pr

emis

e(s)

of a

n ar

gum

ent o

r th

e in

terp

reta

tion

of a

dat

a se

t.

• A

sk a

nd/o

r ev

alua

te q

uest

ions

that

ch

alle

nge

the

prem

ise(

s) o

f an

argu

men

t, th

e in

terp

reta

tion

of a

dat

a se

t, or

the

suita

bilit

y of

the

desi

gn.

• D

efine

a s

impl

e pr

oble

m th

at c

an b

e so

lved

thro

ugh

the

deve

lopm

ent o

f a

new

or

impr

oved

obj

ect o

r to

ol.

• U

se p

rior

know

ledg

e to

des

crib

e pr

oble

ms

that

can

be

solv

ed.

• D

efine

a s

impl

e de

sign

pro

blem

that

can

be

sol

ved

thro

ugh

the

deve

lopm

ent o

f an

obj

ect,

tool

, pro

cess

, or

syst

em a

nd

incl

udes

sev

eral

crit

eria

for

succ

ess

and

cons

trai

nts

on m

ater

ials

, tim

e, o

r co

st.

• D

efine

a d

esig

n pr

oble

m th

at c

an b

e so

lved

thro

ugh

the

deve

lopm

ent o

f an

obje

ct, t

ool,

proc

ess,

or

syst

em a

nd

incl

udes

mul

tiple

crit

eria

and

con

stra

ints

, in

clud

ing

scie

ntifi

c kn

owle

dge

that

may

lim

it po

ssib

le s

olut

ions

.

• D

efine

a d

esig

n pr

oble

m th

at in

volv

es

the

deve

lopm

ent o

f a p

roce

ss o

r sy

stem

w

ith in

tera

ctin

g co

mpo

nent

s an

d cr

iteria

and

con

stra

ints

that

may

incl

ude

soci

al, t

echn

ical

, and

/or

envi

ronm

enta

l co

nsid

erat

ions

.

N/A

= N

ot a

pplic

able

for

this

gra

de r

ange


51The NSTA Quick-Reference Guide to the NGSS, Elementary School

K–12 Progressions

Scie

nce

and

Eng

inee

ring

Pra

ctic

es: D

evel

opin

g a

nd U

sing

Mod

els

A p

ract

ice

of b

oth

scie

nce

and

engi

neer

ing

is to

use

and

con

stru

ct m

odel

s as

hel

pful

tool

s fo

r re

pres

entin

g id

eas

and

expl

anat

ions

. The

se to

ols

incl

ude

diag

ram

s,

draw

ings

, phy

sica

l rep

licas

, mat

hem

atic

al r

epre

sent

atio

ns, a

nalo

gies

, and

com

pute

r si

mul

atio

ns. M

odel

ing

tool

s ar

e us

ed to

dev

elop

que

stio

ns, p

redi

ctio

ns, a

nd

expl

anat

ions

; ana

lyze

and

iden

tify

flaw

s in

sys

tem

s; a

nd c

omm

unic

ate

idea

s. M

odel

s ar

e us

ed to

bui

ld a

nd r

evis

e sc

ient

ific

expl

anat

ions

and

pro

pose

d en

gine

ered

sy

stem

s. M

easu

rem

ents

and

obs

erva

tions

are

use

d to

rev

ise

mod

els

and

desi

gns.

K–2

Co

nd

ense

d P

ract

ices

3–

5 C

on

den

sed

Pra

ctic

es

6–8

Co

nd

ense

d P

ract

ices

9–

12 C

on

den

sed

Pra

ctic

es

Mod

elin

g in

K–2

bui

lds

on p

rior

expe

rienc

es

and

prog

ress

es to

incl

ude

usin

g an

d de

velo

ping

mod

els

(e.g

., di

agra

m, d

raw

ing,

ph

ysic

al r

eplic

a, d

iora

ma,

dra

mat

izat

ion,

or

stor

yboa

rd)

that

rep

rese

nt c

oncr

ete

even

ts

or d

esig

n so

lutio

ns.

Mod

elin

g in

3–5

bui

lds

on K

–2 e

xper

ienc

es

and

prog

ress

es to

bui

ldin

g an

d re

visi

ng

sim

ple

mod

els

and

usin

g m

odel

s to

re

pres

ent e

vent

s an

d de

sign

sol

utio

ns.

Mod

elin

g in

6–8

bui

lds

on K

–5 e

xper

ienc

es

and

prog

ress

es to

dev

elop

ing,

usi

ng, a

nd

revi

sing

mod

els

to d

escr

ibe,

test

, and

pr

edic

t mor

e ab

stra

ct p

heno

men

a an

d de

sign

sys

tem

s.

Mod

elin

g in

9–1

2 bu

ilds

on K

–8

expe

rienc

es a

nd p

rogr

esse

s to

usi

ng,

synt

hesi

zing

, and

dev

elop

ing

mod

els

to

pred

ict a

nd s

how

rel

atio

nshi

ps a

mon

g va

riabl

es b

etw

een

syst

ems

and

thei

r co

mpo

nent

s in

the

natu

ral a

nd d

esig

ned

wor

ld(s

).

• D

istin

guis

h be

twee

n a

mod

el a

nd th

e ac

tual

obj

ect,

proc

ess,

and

/or

even

ts th

e m

odel

rep

rese

nts.

• C

ompa

re m

odel

s to

iden

tify

com

mon

fe

atur

es a

nd d

iffer

ence

s.

• Id

entif

y lim

itatio

ns o

f mod

els.

•

Eva

luat

e lim

itatio

ns o

f a m

odel

for

a pr

opos

ed o

bjec

t or

tool

. •

Eva

luat

e m

erits

and

lim

itatio

ns o

f tw

o di

ffere

nt m

odel

s of

the

sam

e pr

opos

ed

tool

, pro

cess

, mec

hani

sm, o

r sy

stem

in

orde

r to

sel

ect o

r re

vise

a m

odel

that

be

st fi

ts th

e ev

iden

ce o

r de

sign

crit

eria

.

• D

esig

n a

test

of a

mod

el to

asc

erta

in it

s re

liabi

lity.

• D

evel

op a

nd/o

r us

e a

mod

el to

rep

rese

nt

amou

nts,

rel

atio

nshi

ps, r

elat

ive

scal

es

(big

ger,

smal

ler)

, and

/or

patte

rns

in th

e na

tura

l and

des

igne

d w

orld

(s).

• C

olla

bora

tivel

y de

velo

p an

d/or

rev

ise

a m

odel

bas

ed o

n ev

iden

ce th

at s

how

s th

e re

latio

nshi

ps a

mon

g va

riabl

es fo

r fr

eque

nt a

nd r

egul

ar o

ccur

ring

even

ts.

• D

evel

op a

mod

el u

sing

an

anal

ogy,

ex

ampl

e, o

r ab

stra

ct r

epre

sent

atio

n to

de

scrib

e a

scie

ntifi

c pr

inci

ple

or d

esig

n so

lutio

n.

• D

evel

op a

nd/o

r us

e m

odel

s to

des

crib

e an

d/or

pre

dict

phe

nom

ena.

• D

evel

op o

r m

odify

a m

odel

—ba

sed

on

evid

ence

—to

mat

ch w

hat h

appe

ns if

a

varia

ble

or c

ompo

nent

of a

sys

tem

is

chan

ged.

• U

se a

nd/o

r de

velo

p a

mod

el o

f sim

ple

syst

ems

with

unc

erta

in a

nd le

ss

pred

icta

ble

fact

ors.

• D

evel

op a

nd/o

r re

vise

a m

odel

to s

how

th

e re

latio

nshi

ps a

mon

g va

riabl

es,

incl

udin

g th

ose

that

are

not

obs

erva

ble

but p

redi

ct o

bser

vabl

e ph

enom

ena.

• D

evel

op a

nd/o

r us

e a

mod

el to

pre

dict

an

d/or

des

crib

e ph

enom

ena.

• D

evel

op a

mod

el to

des

crib

e un

obse

rvab

le m

echa

nism

s.

• D

evel

op, r

evis

e, a

nd/o

r us

e a

mod

el

base

d on

evi

denc

e to

illu

stra

te a

nd/

or p

redi

ct th

e re

latio

nshi

ps b

etw

een

syst

ems

or b

etw

een

com

pone

nts

of a

sy

stem

.

• D

evel

op a

nd/o

r us

e m

ultip

le ty

pes

of

mod

els

to p

rovi

de m

echa

nist

ic a

ccou

nts

and/

or p

redi

ct p

heno

men

a, a

nd m

ove

flexi

bly

betw

een

mod

el ty

pes

base

d on

m

erits

and

lim

itatio

ns.

• D

evel

op a

sim

ple

mod

el b

ased

on

evid

ence

to r

epre

sent

a p

ropo

sed

obje

ct

or to

ol.

• D

evel

op a

dia

gram

or

sim

ple

phys

ical

pr

otot

ype

to c

onve

y a

prop

osed

obj

ect,

tool

, or

proc

ess.

• U

se a

mod

el to

test

cau

se-a

nd-e

ffect

re

latio

nshi

ps o

r in

tera

ctio

ns c

once

rnin

g th

e fu

nctio

ning

of a

nat

ural

or

desi

gned

sy

stem

.

• D

evel

op a

nd/o

r us

e a

mod

el to

gen

erat

e da

ta to

test

idea

s ab

out p

heno

men

a in

na

tura

l or

desi

gned

sys

tem

s, in

clud

ing

thos

e re

pres

entin

g in

puts

and

out

puts

, an

d th

ose

at u

nobs

erva

ble

scal

es.

• D

evel

op a

com

plex

mod

el th

at a

llow

s fo

r m

anip

ulat

ion

and

test

ing

of a

pro

pose

d pr

oces

s or

sys

tem

.

• D

evel

op a

nd/o

r us

e a

mod

el (

incl

udin

g m

athe

mat

ical

and

com

puta

tiona

l) to

ge

nera

te d

ata

to s

uppo

rt e

xpla

natio

ns,

pred

ict p

heno

men

a, a

naly

ze s

yste

ms,

an

d/or

sol

ve p

robl

ems.



Chapter 2Sc

ienc

e a

nd E

ngin

eerin

g P

ract

ices

: Pla

nnin

g a

nd C

arry

ing

Out

Inve

stig

atio

ns

Sci

entis

ts a

nd e

ngin

eers

pla

n an

d ca

rry

out i

nves

tigat

ions

in th

e fie

ld o

r la

bora

tory

, wor

king

col

labo

rativ

ely

as w

ell a

s in

divi

dual

ly. T

heir

inve

stig

atio

ns a

re s

yste

mat

ic

and

requ

ire c

larif

ying

wha

t cou

nts

as d

ata

and

iden

tifyi

ng v

aria

bles

or

para

met

ers.

Eng

inee

ring

inve

stig

atio

ns id

entif

y th

e ef

fect

iven

ess,

effi

cien

cy, a

nd d

urab

ility

of

desi

gns

unde

r di

ffere

nt c

ondi

tions

.

K–2

Co

nd

ense

d P

ract

ices

3–

5 C

on

den

sed

Pra

ctic

es

6–8

Co

nd

ense

d P

ract

ices

9–

12 C

on

den

sed

Pra

ctic

es

Pla

nnin

g an

d ca

rryi

ng o

ut in

vest

igat

ions

to

ans

wer

que

stio

ns o

r te

st s

olut

ions

to

pro

blem

s in

K–2

bui

lds

on p

rior

expe

rienc

es a

nd p

rogr

esse

s to

sim

ple

inve

stig

atio

ns, b

ased

on

fair

test

s, w

hich

pr

ovid

e da

ta to

sup

port

exp

lana

tions

or

desi

gn s

olut

ions

.

Pla

nnin

g an

d ca

rryi

ng o

ut in

vest

igat

ions

to

ans

wer

que

stio

ns o

r te

st s

olut

ions

to

prob

lem

s in

3–5

bui

lds

on K

–2 e

xper

ienc

es

and

prog

ress

es to

incl

ude

inve

stig

atio

ns

that

con

trol

var

iabl

es a

nd p

rovi

de e

vide

nce

to s

uppo

rt e

xpla

natio

ns o

r de

sign

sol

utio

ns.

Pla

nnin

g an

d ca

rryi

ng o

ut in

vest

igat

ions

in

6–8

bui

lds

on K

–5 e

xper

ienc

es a

nd

prog

ress

es to

incl

ude

inve

stig

atio

ns

that

use

mul

tiple

var

iabl

es a

nd p

rovi

de

evid

ence

to s

uppo

rt e

xpla

natio

ns o

r so

lutio

ns.

Pla

nnin

g an

d ca

rryi

ng o

ut in

vest

igat

ions

in

9–1

2 bu

ilds

on K

–8 e

xper

ienc

es a

nd

prog

ress

es to

incl

ude

inve

stig

atio

ns th

at

prov

ide

evid

ence

for

and

test

con

cept

ual,

mat

hem

atic

al, p

hysi

cal,

and

empi

rical

m

odel

s.

• W

ith g

uida

nce,

pla

n an

d co

nduc

t an

inve

stig

atio

n in

col

labo

ratio

n w

ith p

eers

(f

or K

).

• P

lan

and

cond

uct a

n in

vest

igat

ion

colla

bora

tivel

y to

pro

duce

dat

a to

ser

ve

as th

e ba

sis

for

evid

ence

to a

nsw

er a

qu

estio

n.

• P

lan

and

cond

uct a

n in

vest

igat

ion

colla

bora

tivel

y to

pro

duce

dat

a to

ser

ve

as th

e ba

sis

for

evid

ence

, usi

ng fa

ir te

sts

in w

hich

var

iabl

es a

re c

ontr

olle

d an

d th

e nu

mbe

r of

tria

ls c

onsi

dere

d.

• P

lan

an in

vest

igat

ion

indi

vidu

ally

and

co

llabo

rativ

ely,

and

in th

e de

sign

iden

tify

inde

pend

ent a

nd d

epen

dent

var

iabl

es

and

cont

rols

, wha

t too

ls a

re n

eede

d to

do

the

gath

erin

g, h

ow m

easu

rem

ents

w

ill b

e re

cord

ed, a

nd h

ow m

any

data

are

ne

eded

to s

uppo

rt a

cla

im.

• C

ondu

ct a

n in

vest

igat

ion

and/

or e

valu

ate

and/

or r

evis

e th

e ex

perim

enta

l des

ign

to p

rodu

ce d

ata

to s

erve

as

the

basi

s fo

r ev

iden

ce th

at m

eet t

he g

oals

of t

he

inve

stig

atio

n.

• P

lan

an in

vest

igat

ion

or te

st a

des

ign

indi

vidu

ally

and

col

labo

rativ

ely

to p

rodu

ce

data

to s

erve

as

the

basi

s fo

r ev

iden

ce

as p

art o

f bui

ldin

g an

d re

visi

ng m

odel

s,

supp

ortin

g ex

plan

atio

ns fo

r ph

enom

ena,

or

test

ing

solu

tions

to p

robl

ems.

Con

side

r po

ssib

le v

aria

bles

or

effe

cts

and

eval

uate

th

e co

nfou

ndin

g in

vest

igat

ion’

s de

sign

to

ensu

re v

aria

bles

are

con

trolle

d.

• P

lan

and

cond

uct a

n in

vest

igat

ion

indi

vidu

ally

and

col

labo

rativ

ely

to

prod

uce

data

to s

erve

as

the

basi

s fo

r ev

iden

ce, a

nd in

the

desi

gn d

ecid

e on

type

s, h

ow m

uch,

and

acc

urac

y of

dat

a ne

eded

to p

rodu

ce r

elia

ble

mea

sure

men

ts a

nd c

onsi

der

limita

tions

on

the

prec

isio

n of

the

data

(e.

g.,

num

ber

of tr

ials

, cos

t, ris

k, ti

me)

; refi

ne

the

desi

gn a

ccor

ding

ly.

• P

lan

and

cond

uct a

n in

vest

igat

ion

or

test

a d

esig

n so

lutio

n in

a s

afe

and

ethi

cal m

anne

r in

clud

ing

cons

ider

atio

ns

of e

nviro

nmen

tal,

soci

al, a

nd p

erso

nal

impa

cts.

• E

valu

ate

diffe

rent

way

s of

obs

ervi

ng

and/

or m

easu

ring

a ph

enom

enon

to

dete

rmin

e w

hich

way

can

ans

wer

a

ques

tion.

• E

valu

ate

appr

opria

te m

etho

ds a

nd/o

r to

ols

for

colle

ctin

g da

ta.

• E

valu

ate

the

accu

racy

of v

ario

us

met

hods

for

colle

ctin

g da

ta.

• S

elec

t app

ropr

iate

tool

s to

col

lect

, re

cord

, ana

lyze

, and

eva

luat

e da

ta.

• M

ake

obse

rvat

ions

(fir

stha

nd o

r fr

om

med

ia)

and/

or m

easu

rem

ents

to

colle

ct d

ata

that

can

be

used

to m

ake

com

paris

ons.

• M

ake

obse

rvat

ions

(fir

stha

nd o

r fr

om

med

ia)

and/

or m

easu

rem

ents

of a

pr

opos

ed o

bjec

t or

tool

or

solu

tion

to

dete

rmin

e if

it so

lves

a p

robl

em o

r m

eets

a

goal

.

• M

ake

pred

ictio

ns b

ased

on

prio

r ex

perie

nces

.

• M

ake

obse

rvat

ions

and

/or

mea

sure

men

ts

to p

rodu

ce d

ata

to s

erve

as

the

basi

s fo

r ev

iden

ce fo

r an

exp

lana

tion

of a

ph

enom

enon

or

test

a d

esig

n so

lutio

n.

• M

ake

pred

ictio

ns a

bout

wha

t wou

ld

happ

en if

a v

aria

ble

chan

ges.

• Te

st t

wo

diffe

rent

mod

els

of th

e sa

me

prop

osed

obj

ect,

tool

, or

proc

ess

to

dete

rmin

e w

hich

bet

ter

mee

ts c

riter

ia fo

r su

cces

s.

• C

olle

ct a

nd p

rodu

ce d

ata

to s

erve

as

the

basi

s fo

r ev

iden

ce to

ans

wer

sci

entifi

c qu

estio

ns o

r te

st d

esig

n so

lutio

ns u

nder

a

rang

e of

con

ditio

ns.

• C

olle

ct d

ata

abou

t the

per

form

ance

of a

pr

opos

ed o

bjec

t, to

ol, p

roce

ss, o

r sy

stem

un

der

a ra

nge

of c

ondi

tions

.

• M

ake

dire

ctio

nal h

ypot

hese

s th

at

spec

ify w

hat h

appe

ns to

a d

epen

dent

va

riabl

e w

hen

an in

depe

nden

t var

iabl

e is

m

anip

ulat

ed.

• M

anip

ulat

e va

riabl

es a

nd c

olle

ct d

ata

abou

t a c

ompl

ex m

odel

of a

pro

pose

d pr

oces

s or

sys

tem

to id

entif

y fa

ilure

po

ints

or

impr

ove

perf

orm

ance

rel

ativ

e to

cr

iteria

for

succ

ess

or o

ther

var

iabl

es.



K–12 ProgressionsSc

ienc

e a

nd E

ngin

eerin

g P

ract

ices

: Ana

lyzin

g a

nd In

terp

retin

g D

ata

S

cien

tific

inve

stig

atio

ns p

rodu

ce d

ata

that

mus

t be

anal

yzed

to d

eriv

e m

eani

ng. B

ecau

se d

ata

patte

rns

and

tren

ds a

re n

ot a

lway

s ob

viou

s, s

cien

tists

use

a r

ange

of

tool

s—in

clud

ing

tabu

latio

n, g

raph

ical

inte

rpre

tatio

n, v

isua

lizat

ion,

and

sta

tistic

al a

naly

sis—

to id

entif

y th

e si

gnifi

cant

feat

ures

and

pat

tern

s in

the

data

. Sci

entis

ts

iden

tify

sour

ces

of e

rror

in th

e in

vest

igat

ions

and

cal

cula

te th

e de

gree

of c

erta

inty

in th

e re

sults

. Mod

ern

tech

nolo

gy m

akes

the

colle

ctio

n of

larg

e da

ta s

ets

muc

h ea

sier

, pro

vidi

ng s

econ

dary

sou

rces

for

anal

ysis

. Eng

inee

ring

inve

stig

atio

ns in

clud

e an

alys

is o

f dat

a co

llect

ed in

the

test

s of

des

igns

. Thi

s al

low

s co

mpa

rison

of

diff

eren

t sol

utio

ns a

nd d

eter

min

es h

ow w

ell e

ach

mee

ts s

peci

fic d

esig

n cr

iteria

—th

at is

, whi

ch d

esig

n be

st s

olve

s th

e pr

oble

m w

ithin

giv

en c

onst

rain

ts. L

ike

scie

ntis

ts, e

ngin

eers

req

uire

a r

ange

of t

ools

to id

entif

y pa

ttern

s w

ithin

dat

a an

d in

terp

ret t

he r

esul

ts. A

dvan

ces

in s

cien

ce m

ake

anal

ysis

of p

ropo

sed

solu

tions

m

ore

effic

ient

and

effe

ctiv

e.

K–2

Co

nd

ense

d P

ract

ices

3–

5 C

on

den

sed

Pra

ctic

es

6–8

Co

nd

ense

d P

ract

ices

9–

12 C

on

den

sed

Pra

ctic

es

Ana

lyzi

ng d

ata

in K

–2 b

uild

s on

prio

r ex

perie

nces

and

pro

gres

ses

to c

olle

ctin

g,

reco

rdin

g, a

nd s

harin

g ob

serv

atio

ns.

Ana

lyzi

ng d

ata

in 3

–5 b

uild

s on

K–2

ex

perie

nces

and

pro

gres

ses

to in

trod

ucin

g qu

antit

ativ

e ap

proa

ches

to c

olle

ctin

g da

ta

and

cond

uctin

g m

ultip

le tr

ials

of q

ualit

ativ

e ob

serv

atio

ns. W

hen

poss

ible

and

feas

ible

, di

gita

l too

ls s

houl

d be

use

d.

Ana

lyzi

ng d

ata

in 6

–8 b

uild

s on

K–5

ex

perie

nces

and

pro

gres

ses

to e

xten

ding

qu

antit

ativ

e an

alys

is to

inve

stig

atio

ns,

dist

ingu

ishi

ng b

etw

een

corr

elat

ion

and

caus

atio

n, a

nd b

asic

sta

tistic

al te

chni

ques

of

dat

a an

d er

ror

anal

ysis

.

Ana

lyzi

ng d

ata

in 9

–12

build

s on

K–8

ex

perie

nces

and

pro

gres

ses

to in

trod

ucin

g m

ore

deta

iled

stat

istic

al a

naly

sis,

the

com

paris

on o

f dat

a se

ts fo

r co

nsis

tenc

y,

and

the

use

of m

odel

s to

gen

erat

e an

d an

alyz

e da

ta.

• R

ecor

d in

form

atio

n (o

bser

vatio

ns,

thou

ghts

, and

idea

s).

• U

se o

bser

vatio

ns (

first

hand

or

from

m

edia

) to

des

crib

e pa

ttern

s an

d/or

re

latio

nshi

ps in

the

natu

ral a

nd d

esig

ned

wor

ld in

ord

er to

ans

wer

sci

entifi

c qu

estio

ns a

nd s

olve

pro

b lem

s.

• C

ompa

re p

redi

ctio

ns (

base

d on

pr

ior

expe

rienc

es)

to w

hat o

ccur

red

(obs

erva

ble

even

ts).

• R

epre

sent

dat

a in

tabl

es a

nd/o

r va

rious

gra

phic

al d

ispl

ays

(bar

gra

phs,

pi

ctog

raph

s, a

nd/o

r pi

e ch

arts

) to

rev

eal

patte

rns

that

indi

cate

rel

atio

nshi

ps.

• C

onst

ruct

, ana

lyze

, and

/or

inte

rpre

t gr

aphi

cal d

ispl

ays

of d

ata

and/

or la

rge

data

set

s to

iden

tify

linea

r an

d no

nlin

ear

rela

tions

hips

.

• U

se g

raph

ical

dis

play

s (e

.g.,

map

s,

char

ts, g

raph

s, a

nd/o

r ta

bles

) of

larg

e da

ta s

ets

to id

entif

y te

mpo

ral a

nd s

patia

l re

latio

nshi

ps.

• D

istin

guis

h be

twee

n ca

usal

and

co

rrel

atio

nal r

elat

ions

hips

in d

ata.

• A

naly

ze a

nd in

terp

ret d

ata

to p

rovi

de

evid

ence

for

phen

omen

a.

• A

naly

ze d

ata

usin

g to

ols,

tech

nolo

gies

, an

d/or

mod

els

(e.g

., co

mpu

tatio

nal,

mat

hem

atic

al)

in o

rder

to m

ake

valid

and

re

liabl

e sc

ient

ific

clai

ms

or d

eter

min

e an

op

timal

des

ign

solu

tion.

• N

/A•

Ana

lyze

and

inte

rpre

t dat

a to

mak

e se

nse

of p

heno

men

a, u

sing

logi

cal

reas

onin

g, m

athe

mat

ics,

and

/or

com

puta

tion.

• A

pply

con

cept

s of

sta

tistic

s an

d pr

obab

ility

(in

clud

ing

mea

n, m

edia

n,

mod

e, a

nd v

aria

bilit

y) to

ana

lyze

and

ch

arac

teriz

e da

ta, u

sing

dig

ital t

ools

w

hen

feas

ible

.

• A

pply

con

cept

s of

sta

tistic

s an

d pr

obab

ility

(in

clud

ing

dete

rmin

ing

func

tion

fits

to d

ata,

slo

pe, i

nter

cept

, an

d co

rrel

atio

n co

effic

ient

for

linea

r fit

s)

to s

cien

tific

and

engi

neer

ing

ques

tions

an

d pr

oble

ms,

usi

ng d

igita

l too

ls w

hen

feas

ible

.

• N

/A•

N/A

• C

onsi

der

limita

tions

of d

ata

anal

ysis

(e

.g.,

mea

sure

men

t err

or)

and/

or s

eek

to im

prov

e pr

ecis

ion

and

accu

racy

of

data

with

bet

ter

tech

nolo

gica

l too

ls a

nd

met

hods

(e.

g., m

ultip

le tr

ials

).

• C

onsi

der

limita

tions

of d

ata

anal

ysis

(e

.g.,

mea

sure

men

t err

or, s

ampl

e se

lect

ion)

whe

n an

alyz

ing

and

inte

rpre

ting

data

.

• N

/A•

Com

pare

and

con

tras

t dat

a co

llect

ed

by d

iffer

ent g

roup

s in

ord

er to

dis

cuss

si

mila

ritie

s an

d di

ffere

nces

in th

eir

findi

ngs.

• A

naly

ze a

nd in

terp

ret d

ata

to d

eter

min

e si

mila

ritie

s an

d di

ffere

nces

in fi

ndin

gs.

• C

ompa

re a

nd c

ontr

ast v

ario

us ty

pes

of d

ata

sets

(e.

g., s

elf-

gene

rate

d,

arch

ival

) to

exa

min

e co

nsis

tenc

y of

m

easu

rem

ents

and

obs

erva

tions

.

• A

naly

ze d

ata

from

test

s of

an

obje

ct o

r to

ol to

det

erm

ine

if it

wor

ks a

s in

tend

ed.

• A

naly

ze d

ata

to r

efine

a p

robl

em

stat

emen

t or

the

desi

gn o

f a p

ropo

sed

obje

ct, t

ool,

or p

roce

ss.

• U

se d

ata

to e

valu

ate

and

refin

e de

sign

so

lutio

ns.

• A

naly

ze d

ata

to d

efine

an

optim

al

oper

atio

nal r

ange

for

a pr

opos

ed o

bjec

t, to

ol, p

roce

ss, o

r sy

stem

that

bes

t mee

ts

crite

ria fo

r su

cces

s.

• E

valu

ate

the

impa

ct o

f new

dat

a on

a

wor

king

exp

lana

tion

and/

or m

odel

of a

pr

opos

ed p

roce

ss o

r sy

stem

.

• A

naly

ze d

ata

to id

entif

y de

sign

feat

ures

or

cha

ract

eris

tics

of th

e co

mpo

nent

s of

a

prop

osed

pro

cess

or

syst

em to

opt

imiz

e it

rela

tive

to c

riter

ia fo

r su

cces

s.

N/A

= N

ot a

pplic

able

for

this

gra

de r

ange



Chapter 2

Scie

nce

and

Eng

ine

erin

g P

rac

tice

s: U

sing

Ma

the

ma

tics

and

C

om

put

atio

nal T

hink

ing

In

bot

h sc

ienc

e an

d en

gine

erin

g, m

athe

mat

ics

and

com

puta

tion

are

fund

amen

tal t

ools

for

repr

esen

ting

phys

ical

var

iabl

es a

nd th

eir

rela

tions

hips

. The

y ar

e us

ed fo

r a

rang

e of

task

s su

ch a

s co

nstr

uctin

g si

mul

atio

ns; s

olvi

ng e

quat

ions

exa

ctly

or

appr

oxim

atel

y; a

nd r

ecog

nizi

ng, e

xpre

ssin

g, a

nd a

pply

ing

quan

titat

ive

rela

tions

hips

. M

athe

mat

ical

and

com

puta

tiona

l app

roac

hes

enab

le s

cien

tists

and

eng

inee

rs to

pre

dict

the

beha

vior

of s

yste

ms

and

test

the

valid

ity o

f suc

h pr

edic

tions

.

K–2

Co

nd

ense

d P

ract

ices

3–

5 C

on

den

sed

Pra

ctic

es

6–8

Co

nd

ense

d P

ract

ices

9–

12 C

on

den

sed

Pra

ctic

es

Mat

hem

atic

al a

nd c

ompu

tatio

nal

thin

king

in K

–2 b

uild

s on

prio

r ex

perie

nce

and

prog

ress

es to

re

cogn

izin

g th

at m

athe

mat

ics

can

be u

sed

to d

escr

ibe

the

natu

ral a

nd

desi

gned

wor

ld(s

).

Mat

hem

atic

al a

nd c

ompu

tatio

nal

thin

king

in 3

–5 b

uild

s on

K–2

ex

perie

nces

and

pro

gres

ses

to

exte

ndin

g qu

antit

ativ

e m

easu

rem

ents

to

a v

arie

ty o

f phy

sica

l pro

pert

ies

and

usin

g co

mpu

tatio

n an

d m

athe

mat

ics

to

anal

yze

data

and

com

pare

alte

rnat

ive

desi

gn s

olut

ions

.

Mat

hem

atic

al a

nd c

ompu

tatio

nal

thin

king

in 6

–8 b

uild

s on

K–5

ex

perie

nces

and

pro

gres

ses

to

iden

tifyi

ng p

atte

rns

in la

rge

data

se

ts a

nd u

sing

mat

hem

atic

al

conc

epts

to s

uppo

rt e

xpla

natio

ns

and

argu

men

ts.

Mat

hem

atic

al a

nd c

ompu

tatio

nal t

hink

ing

in 9

–12

build

s on

K–8

exp

erie

nces

and

pro

gres

ses

to u

sing

alg

ebra

ic

thin

king

and

ana

lysi

s, a

ran

ge o

f lin

ear

and

nonl

inea

r fu

nctio

ns in

clud

ing

trig

onom

etric

func

tions

, exp

onen

tials

an

d lo

garit

hms,

and

com

puta

tiona

l too

ls fo

r st

atis

tical

an

alys

is to

ana

lyze

, rep

rese

nt, a

nd m

odel

dat

a. S

impl

e co

mpu

tatio

nal s

imul

atio

ns a

re c

reat

ed a

nd u

sed

base

d on

m

athe

mat

ical

mod

els

of b

asic

ass

umpt

ions

.

• N

/A•

N/A

• D

ecid

e w

hen

to u

se q

ualit

ativ

e vs

. qua

ntita

tive

data

. •

Dec

ide

if qu

alita

tive

or q

uant

itativ

e da

ta a

re b

est t

o de

term

ine

whe

ther

a p

ropo

sed

obje

ct o

r to

ol m

eets

cr

iteria

for

succ

ess.

• U

se c

ount

ing

and

num

bers

to id

entif

y an

d de

scrib

e pa

ttern

s in

the

natu

ral

and

desi

gned

wor

ld(s

).

• O

rgan

ize

sim

ple

data

set

s to

rev

eal

patte

rns

that

sug

gest

rel

atio

nshi

ps.

• U

se d

igita

l too

ls (

e.g.

, co

mpu

ters

) to

ana

lyze

ver

y la

rge

data

set

s fo

r pa

ttern

s an

d tr

ends

.

• C

reat

e an

d/or

rev

ise

a co

mpu

tatio

nal m

odel

or

sim

ulat

ion

of a

phe

nom

enon

, des

igne

d de

vice

, pro

cess

, or

sys

tem

.

• D

escr

ibe,

mea

sure

, and

/or

com

pare

qu

antit

ativ

e at

trib

utes

of d

iffer

ent

obje

cts

and

disp

lay

the

data

usi

ng

sim

ple

grap

hs.

• D

escr

ibe,

mea

sure

, est

imat

e, a

nd/

or g

raph

qua

ntiti

es s

uch

as a

rea,

vo

lum

e, w

eigh

t, an

d tim

e to

add

ress

sc

ient

ific

and

engi

neer

ing

ques

tions

an

d pr

oble

ms.

• U

se m

athe

mat

ical

re

pres

enta

tions

to d

escr

ibe

and/

or s

uppo

rt s

cien

tific

conc

lusi

ons

and

desi

gn s

olut

ions

.

• U

se m

athe

mat

ical

, com

puta

tiona

l, an

d/or

alg

orith

mic

re

pres

enta

tions

of p

heno

men

a or

des

ign

solu

tions

to

desc

ribe

and/

or s

uppo

rt c

laim

s an

d/or

exp

lana

tions

.

• U

se q

uant

itativ

e da

ta to

com

pare

tw

o al

tern

ativ

e so

lutio

ns to

a p

robl

em.

• C

reat

e an

d/or

use

gra

phs

and/

or c

hart

s ge

nera

ted

from

sim

ple

algo

rithm

s to

com

pare

alte

rnat

ive

solu

tions

to a

n en

gine

erin

g pr

oble

m.

• C

reat

e al

gorit

hms

(a s

erie

s of

ord

ered

ste

ps)

to s

olve

a

prob

lem

.

• A

pply

mat

hem

atic

al c

once

pts

and/

or p

roce

sses

(su

ch a

s ra

tio,

rate

, per

cent

, bas

ic o

pera

tions

, an

d si

mpl

e al

gebr

a) to

sci

entifi

c an

d en

gine

erin

g qu

estio

ns a

nd

prob

lem

s.

• U

se d

igita

l too

ls a

nd/o

r m

athe

mat

ical

con

cept

s an

d ar

gum

ents

to te

st a

nd c

ompa

re

prop

osed

sol

utio

ns to

an

engi

neer

ing

desi

gn p

robl

em.

• A

pply

tech

niqu

es o

f alg

ebra

and

func

tions

to r

epre

sent

an

d so

lve

scie

ntifi

c an

d en

gine

erin

g pr

oble

ms.

• U

se s

impl

e lim

it ca

ses

to te

st m

athe

mat

ical

ex

pres

sion

s, c

ompu

ter

prog

ram

s, a

lgor

ithm

s, o

r si

mul

atio

ns o

f a p

roce

ss o

r sy

stem

to s

ee if

a m

odel

“m

akes

sen

se” b

y co

mpa

ring

the

outc

omes

with

wha

t is

know

n ab

out t

he r

eal w

orld

.

• A

pply

rat

ios,

rat

es, p

erce

ntag

es, a

nd u

nit c

onve

rsio

ns

in th

e co

ntex

t of c

ompl

icat

ed m

easu

rem

ent p

robl

ems

invo

lvin

g qu

antit

ies

with

der

ived

or

com

poun

d un

its

(e.g

., m

g/m

L, k

g/m

3 , a

cre-

feet

).

N/A

= N

ot a

pplic

able

for

this

gra

de r

ange




ienc

e a

nd E

ngin

ee

ring

Pra

ctic

es:

Co

nstru

ctin

g E

xpla

natio

ns a

nd

De

signi

ng S

olu

tions

T

he e

nd-p

rodu

cts

of s

cien

ce a

re e

xpla

natio

ns a

nd th

e en

d-pr

oduc

ts o

f eng

inee

ring

are

solu

tions

. The

goa

l of s

cien

ce is

the

cons

truc

tion

of th

eorie

s th

at p

rovi

de

expl

anat

ory

acco

unts

of t

he w

orld

. A th

eory

bec

omes

acc

epte

d w

hen

it ha

s m

ultip

le li

nes

of e

mpi

rical

evi

denc

e an

d gr

eate

r ex

plan

ator

y po

wer

of p

heno

men

a th

an

prev

ious

theo

ries.

The

goa

l of e

ngin

eerin

g de

sign

is to

find

a s

yste

mat

ic s

olut

ion

to p

robl

ems

that

is b

ased

on

scie

ntifi

c kn

owle

dge

and

mod

els

of th

e m

ater

ial

wor

ld. E

ach

prop

osed

sol

utio

n re

sults

from

a p

roce

ss o

f bal

anci

ng c

ompe

ting

crite

ria o

f des

ired

func

tions

, tec

hnic

al fe

asib

ility

, cos

t, sa

fety

, aes

thet

ics,

and

co

mpl

ianc

e w

ith le

gal r

equi

rem

ents

. The

opt

imal

cho

ice

depe

nds

on h

ow w

ell t

he p

ropo

sed

solu

tions

mee

t crit

eria

and

con

stra

ints

.

K–2

Co

nd

ense

d P

ract

ices

3–

5 C

on

den

sed

Pra

ctic

es

6–8

Co

nd

ense

d P

ract

ices

9–

12 C

on

den

sed

Pra

ctic

es

Con

stru

ctin

g ex

plan

atio

ns a

nd d

esig

ning

so

lutio

ns in

K–2

bui

lds

on p

rior

expe

rienc

es

and

prog

ress

es to

the

use

of e

vide

nce

and

idea

s in

con

stru

ctin

g ev

iden

ce-b

ased

ac

coun

ts o

f nat

ural

phe

nom

ena

and

desi

gnin

g so

lutio

ns.

Con

stru

ctin

g ex

plan

atio

ns a

nd d

esig

ning

so

lutio

ns in

3–5

bui

lds

on K

–2 e

xper

ienc

es

and

prog

ress

es to

the

use

of e

vide

nce

in c

onst

ruct

ing

expl

anat

ions

that

spe

cify

va

riabl

es th

at d

escr

ibe

and

pred

ict

phen

omen

a an

d in

des

igni

ng m

ultip

le

solu

tions

to d

esig

n pr

oble

ms.

Con

stru

ctin

g ex

plan

atio

ns a

nd d

esig

ning

so

lutio

ns in

6–8

bui

lds

on K

–5 e

xper

ienc

es

and

prog

ress

es to

incl

ude

cons

truc

ting

expl

anat

ions

and

des

igni

ng s

olut

ions

su

ppor

ted

by m

ultip

le s

ourc

es o

f evi

denc

e co

nsis

tent

with

sci

entifi

c id

eas,

prin

cipl

es,

and

theo

ries.

Con

stru

ctin

g ex

plan

atio

ns a

nd d

esig

ning

so

lutio

ns in

9–1

2 bu

ilds

on K

–8 e

xper

ienc

es

and

prog

ress

es to

exp

lana

tions

and

de

sign

s th

at a

re s

uppo

rted

by

mul

tiple

and

in

depe

nden

t stu

dent

-gen

erat

ed s

ourc

es o

f ev

iden

ce c

onsi

sten

t with

sci

entifi

c id

eas,

pr

inci

ples

, and

theo

ries.

• U

se in

form

atio

n fr

om o

bser

vatio

ns

(firs

than

d an

d fr

om m

edia

) to

con

stru

ct

an e

vide

nce-

base

d ac

coun

t for

nat

ural

ph

enom

ena.

• C

onst

ruct

an

expl

anat

ion

of o

bser

ved

rela

tions

hips

(e.

g., t

he d

istr

ibut

ion

of

plan

ts in

the

back

yard

).

• C

onst

ruct

an

expl

anat

ion

that

incl

udes

qu

alita

tive

or q

uant

itativ

e re

latio

nshi

ps

betw

een

varia

bles

that

pre

dict

and

/or

desc

ribe

phen

omen

a.

• C

onst

ruct

an

expl

anat

ion

usin

g m

odel

s or

rep

rese

ntat

ions

.

• M

ake

a qu

antit

ativ

e an

d/or

qua

litat

ive

clai

m r

egar

ding

the

rela

tions

hip

betw

een

depe

nden

t and

inde

pend

ent v

aria

bles

.

• N

/A•

Use

evi

denc

e (e

.g.,

mea

sure

men

ts,

obse

rvat

ions

, pat

tern

s) to

con

stru

ct

or s

uppo

rt a

n ex

plan

atio

n or

des

ign

a so

lutio

n to

a p

robl

em.

• C

onst

ruct

a s

cien

tific

expl

anat

ion

base

d on

val

id a

nd r

elia

ble

evid

ence

obt

aine

d fr

om s

ourc

es (

incl

udin

g th

e st

uden

ts’

own

expe

rimen

ts)

and

the

assu

mpt

ion

that

theo

ries

and

law

s th

at d

escr

ibe

the

natu

ral w

orld

ope

rate

toda

y as

they

did

in

the

past

and

will

con

tinue

to d

o so

in

the

futu

re.

• A

pply

sci

entifi

c id

eas,

prin

cipl

es, a

nd/o

r ev

iden

ce to

con

stru

ct, r

evis

e an

d/or

use

an

exp

lana

tion

for

real

-wor

ld p

heno

men

a,

exam

ples

, or

even

ts.

• C

onst

ruct

and

rev

ise

an e

xpla

natio

n ba

sed

on v

alid

and

rel

iabl

e ev

iden

ce

obta

ined

from

a v

arie

ty o

f sou

rces

(in

clud

ing

stud

ents

’ ow

n in

vest

igat

ions

, m

odel

s, th

eorie

s, s

imul

atio

ns, p

eer

revi

ew)

and

the

assu

mpt

ion

that

theo

ries

and

law

s th

at d

escr

ibe

the

natu

ral w

orld

op

erat

e to

day

as th

ey d

id in

the

past

and

w

ill c

ontin

ue to

do

so in

the

futu

re.

• A

pply

sci

entifi

c id

eas,

prin

cipl

es, a

nd/

or e

vide

nce

to p

rovi

de a

n ex

plan

atio

n of

phe

nom

ena

and

solv

e de

sign

pr

oble

ms,

taki

ng in

to a

ccou

nt p

ossi

ble

unan

ticip

ated

effe

cts.

• N

/A•

Iden

tify

the

evid

ence

that

sup

port

s pa

rtic

ular

poi

nts

in a

n ex

plan

atio

n.

• A

pply

sci

entifi

c re

ason

ing

to s

how

why

th

e da

ta o

r ev

iden

ce is

ade

quat

e fo

r th

e ex

plan

atio

n or

con

clus

ion.

• A

pply

sci

entifi

c re

ason

ing,

theo

ry, a

nd/o

r m

odel

s to

link

evi

denc

e to

the

clai

ms

to

asse

ss th

e ex

tent

to w

hich

the

reas

onin

g an

d da

ta s

uppo

rt th

e ex

plan

atio

n or

co

nclu

sion

.

• U

se to

ols

and/

or m

ater

ials

to d

esig

n an

d/or

bui

ld a

dev

ice

that

sol

ves

a sp

ecifi

c pr

oble

m o

r a

solu

tion

to a

sp

ecifi

c pr

oble

m.

• G

ener

ate

and/

or c

ompa

re m

ultip

le

solu

tions

to a

pro

blem

.

• A

pply

sci

entifi

c id

eas

to s

olve

des

ign

prob

lem

s.

• G

ener

ate

and

com

pare

mul

tiple

so

lutio

ns to

a p

robl

em b

ased

on

how

wel

l the

y m

eet t

he c

riter

ia a

nd

cons

trai

nts

of th

e de

sign

sol

utio

n.

• A

pply

sci

entifi

c id

eas

or p

rinci

ples

to

desi

gn, c

onst

ruct

, and

/or

test

a d

esig

n of

an

obj

ect,

tool

, pro

cess

, or

syst

em.

• U

nder

take

a d

esig

n pr

ojec

t, en

gagi

ng

in th

e de

sign

cyc

le, t

o co

nstr

uct a

nd/o

r im

plem

ent a

sol

utio

n th

at m

eets

spe

cific

de

sign

crit

eria

and

con

stra

ints

.

• O

ptim

ize

perf

orm

ance

of a

des

ign

by

prio

ritiz

ing

crite

ria, m

akin

g tr

ade-

offs

, te

stin

g, r

evis

ing,

and

ret

estin

g.

• D

esig

n, e

valu

ate,

and

/or

refin

e a

solu

tion

to a

com

plex

rea

l-wor

ld

prob

lem

, bas

ed o

n sc

ient

ific

know

ledg

e,

stud

ent-

gene

rate

d so

urce

s of

evi

denc

e,

prio

ritiz

ed c

riter

ia, a

nd tr

ade-

off

cons

ider

atio

ns.

N/A

= N

ot a

pplic

able

for

this

gra

de r

ange



Chapter 2Sc

ienc

e a

nd E

ngin

eerin

g P

ract

ices

: Eng

ag

ing

in A

rgum

ent F

rom

Evi

den

ce

Arg

umen

tatio

n is

the

proc

ess

by w

hich

evi

denc

e-ba

sed

conc

lusi

ons

and

solu

tions

are

rea

ched

. In

scie

nce

and

engi

neer

ing,

rea

soni

ng a

nd a

rgum

ent b

ased

on

evi

denc

e ar

e es

sent

ial t

o id

entif

ying

the

best

exp

lana

tion

for

a na

tura

l phe

nom

enon

or

the

best

sol

utio

n to

a d

esig

n pr

oble

m. S

cien

tists

and

eng

inee

rs u

se

argu

men

tatio

n to

list

en to

, com

pare

, and

eva

luat

e co

mpe

ting

idea

s an

d m

etho

ds b

ased

on

mer

its. S

cien

tists

and

eng

inee

rs e

ngag

e in

arg

umen

tatio

n w

hen

inve

stig

atin

g a

phen

omen

on, t

estin

g a

desi

gn s

olut

ion,

res

olvi

ng q

uest

ions

abo

ut m

easu

rem

ents

, bui

ldin

g da

ta m

odel

s, a

nd u

sing

evi

denc

e to

eva

luat

e cl

aim

s.

K–2

Co

nd

ense

d P

ract

ices

3–

5 C

on

den

sed

Pra

ctic

es

6–8

Co

nd

ense

d P

ract

ices

9–

12 C

on

den

sed

Pra

ctic

es

Eng

agin

g in

arg

umen

t fro

m e

vide

nce

in K

–2 b

uild

s on

prio

r ex

perie

nces

and

pr

ogre

sses

to c

ompa

ring

idea

s an

d re

pres

enta

tions

abo

ut th

e na

tura

l and

de

sign

ed w

orld

(s).

Eng

agin

g in

arg

umen

t fro

m e

vide

nce

in 3

–5

build

s on

K–2

exp

erie

nces

and

pro

gres

ses

to c

ritiq

uing

the

scie

ntifi

c ex

plan

atio

ns

or s

olut

ions

pro

pose

d by

pee

rs b

y ci

ting

rele

vant

evi

denc

e ab

out t

he n

atur

al a

nd

desi

gned

wor

ld(s

).

Eng

agin

g in

arg

umen

t fro

m e

vide

nce

in 6

–8

build

s on

K–5

exp

erie

nces

and

pro

gres

ses

to c

onst

ruct

ing

a co

nvin

cing

arg

umen

t th

at s

uppo

rts

or r

efut

es c

laim

s fo

r ei

ther

ex

plan

atio

ns o

r so

lutio

ns a

bout

the

natu

ral

and

desi

gned

wor

ld(s

).

Eng

agin

g in

arg

umen

t fro

m e

vide

nce

in 9

–12

build

s on

K–8

exp

erie

nces

an

d pr

ogre

sses

to u

sing

app

ropr

iate

an

d su

ffici

ent e

vide

nce

and

scie

ntifi

c re

ason

ing

to d

efen

d an

d cr

itiqu

e cl

aim

s an

d ex

plan

atio

ns a

bout

the

natu

ral a

nd

desi

gned

wor

ld(s

). A

rgum

ents

may

als

o co

me

from

cur

rent

sci

entifi

c or

his

toric

al

epis

odes

in s

cien

ce.

• Id

entif

y ar

gum

ents

that

are

sup

port

ed b

y ev

iden

ce.

• D

istin

guis

h be

twee

n ex

plan

atio

ns th

at

acco

unt f

or a

ll ga

ther

ed e

vide

nce

and

thos

e th

at d

o no

t.

• A

naly

ze w

hy s

ome

evid

ence

is r

elev

ant

to a

sci

entifi

c qu

estio

n an

d so

me

is n

ot.

• D

istin

guis

h be

twee

n op

inio

ns a

nd

evid

ence

in o

ne’s

ow

n ex

plan

atio

ns.

• C

ompa

re a

nd r

efine

arg

umen

ts b

ased

on

an

eval

uatio

n of

the

evid

ence

pr

esen

ted.

• D

istin

guis

h am

ong

fact

s, r

easo

ned

judg

men

t bas

ed o

n re

sear

ch fi

ndin

gs,

and

spec

ulat

ion

in a

n ex

plan

atio

n.

• C

ompa

re a

nd c

ritiq

ue t

wo

argu

men

ts o

n th

e sa

me

topi

c an

d an

alyz

e w

heth

er th

ey

emph

asiz

e si

mila

r or

diff

eren

t evi

denc

e an

d/or

inte

rpre

tatio

ns o

f fac

ts.

• C

ompa

re a

nd e

valu

ate

com

petin

g ar

gum

ents

or

desi

gn s

olut

ions

in li

ght

of c

urre

ntly

acc

epte

d ex

plan

atio

ns, n

ew

evid

ence

, lim

itatio

ns (

e.g.

, tra

de-o

ffs),

co

nstr

aint

s, a

nd e

thic

al is

sues

.

• E

valu

ate

the

clai

ms,

evi

denc

e, a

nd/o

r re

ason

ing

behi

nd c

urre

ntly

acc

epte

d ex

plan

atio

ns o

r so

lutio

ns to

det

erm

ine

the

mer

its o

f arg

umen

ts.

• Li

sten

act

ivel

y to

arg

umen

ts to

indi

cate

ag

reem

ent o

r di

sagr

eem

ent b

ased

on

evid

ence

, and

/or

to r

etel

l the

mai

n po

ints

of

the

argu

men

t.

• R

espe

ctfu

lly p

rovi

de a

nd r

ecei

ve

criti

ques

from

pee

rs a

bout

a p

ropo

sed

proc

edur

e, e

xpla

natio

n, o

r m

odel

by

citin

g re

leva

nt e

vide

nce

and

posi

ng

spec

ific

ques

tions

.

• R

espe

ctfu

lly p

rovi

de a

nd r

ecei

ve

criti

ques

abo

ut o

ne’s

exp

lana

tions

, pr

oced

ures

, mod

els,

and

que

stio

ns b

y ci

ting

rele

vant

evi

denc

e an

d po

sing

an

d re

spon

ding

to q

uest

ions

that

elic

it pe

rtin

ent e

labo

ratio

n an

d de

tail.

• R

espe

ctfu

lly p

rovi

de a

nd/o

r re

ceiv

e cr

itiqu

es o

n sc

ient

ific

argu

men

ts b

y pr

obin

g re

ason

ing

and

evid

ence

and

ch

alle

ngin

g id

eas

and

conc

lusi

ons,

re

spon

ding

thou

ghtfu

lly to

div

erse

pe

rspe

ctiv

es, a

nd d

eter

min

ing

wha

t ad

ditio

nal i

nfor

mat

ion

is r

equi

red

to

reso

lve

cont

radi

ctio

ns.

• C

onst

ruct

an

argu

men

t with

evi

denc

e to

su

ppor

t a c

laim

. •

Con

stru

ct a

nd/o

r su

ppor

t an

argu

men

t w

ith e

vide

nce,

dat

a, a

nd/o

r a

mod

el.

• U

se d

ata

to e

valu

ate

clai

ms

abou

t cau

se

and

effe

ct.

• C

onst

ruct

, use

, and

/or

pres

ent a

n or

al a

nd w

ritte

n ar

gum

ent s

uppo

rted

by

em

piric

al e

vide

nce

and

scie

ntifi

c re

ason

ing

to s

uppo

rt o

r re

fute

an

exp

lana

tion

or a

mod

el fo

r a

phen

omen

on o

r a

solu

tion

to a

pro

blem

.

• C

onst

ruct

, use

, and

/or

pres

ent a

n or

al a

nd w

ritte

n ar

gum

ent o

r co

unte

r-ar

gum

ents

bas

ed o

n da

ta a

nd e

vide

nce.

• M

ake

a cl

aim

abo

ut th

e ef

fect

iven

ess

of a

n ob

ject

, too

l, or

sol

utio

n th

at is

su

ppor

ted

by r

elev

ant e

vide

nce.

• M

ake

a cl

aim

abo

ut th

e m

erit

of a

so

lutio

n to

a p

robl

em b

y ci

ting

rele

vant

ev

iden

ce a

bout

how

it m

eets

the

crite

ria

and

cons

trai

nts

of th

e pr

oble

m.

• M

ake

an o

ral o

r w

ritte

n ar

gum

ent t

hat

supp

orts

or

refu

tes

the

adve

rtis

ed

perf

orm

ance

of a

dev

ice,

pro

cess

, or

syst

em, b

ased

on

empi

rical

evi

denc

e co

ncer

ning

whe

ther

or

not t

he

tech

nolo

gy m

eets

rel

evan

t crit

eria

and

co

nstr

aint

s.

• E

valu

ate

com

petin

g de

sign

sol

utio

ns

base

d on

join

tly d

evel

oped

and

agr

eed-

upon

des

ign

crite

ria.

• M

ake

and

defe

nd a

cla

im b

ased

on

evid

ence

abo

ut th

e na

tura

l wor

ld o

r th

e ef

fect

iven

ess

of a

des

ign

solu

tion

that

refl

ects

sci

entifi

c kn

owle

dge

and

stud

ent-

gene

rate

d ev

iden

ce.

• E

valu

ate

com

petin

g de

sign

sol

utio

ns to

a

real

-wor

ld p

robl

em b

ased

on

scie

ntifi

c id

eas

and

prin

cipl

es, e

mpi

rical

evi

denc

e,

and/

or lo

gica

l arg

umen

ts r

egar

ding

re

leva

nt fa

ctor

s (e

.g.,

econ

omic

, soc

ieta

l, en

viro

nmen

tal,

ethi

cal c

onsi

dera

tions

).




ienc

e a

nd E

ngin

ee

ring

Pra

ctic

es:

Ob

tain

ing

, Eva

lua

ting

, and

C

om

mun

ica

ting

Info

rma

tion

Sci

entis

ts a

nd e

ngin

eers

mus

t be

able

to c

omm

unic

ate

clea

rly a

nd p

ersu

asiv

ely

the

idea

s an

d m

etho

ds th

ey g

ener

ate.

Crit

iqui

ng a

nd c

omm

unic

atin

g id

eas

indi

vidu

ally

and

in g

roup

s is

a c

ritic

al p

rofe

ssio

nal a

ctiv

ity. C

omm

unic

atin

g in

form

atio

n an

d id

eas

can

be d

one

in m

ultip

le w

ays:

usi

ng ta

bles

, dia

gram

s, g

raph

s,

mod

els,

and

equ

atio

ns a

s w

ell a

s or

ally

, in

writ

ing,

and

thro

ugh

exte

nded

dis

cuss

ions

. Sci

entis

ts a

nd e

ngin

eers

em

ploy

mul

tiple

sou

rces

to o

btai

n in

form

atio

n th

at is

us

ed to

eva

luat

e th

e m

erit

and

valid

ity o

f cla

ims,

met

hods

, and

des

igns

.

K–2

Co

nd

ense

d P

ract

ices

3–

5 C

on

den

sed

Pra

ctic

es

6–8

Co

nd

ense

d P

ract

ices

9–

12 C

on

den

sed

Pra

ctic

es

Obt

aini

ng, e

valu

atin

g, a

nd c

omm

unic

atin

g in

form

atio

n in

K–2

bui

lds

on p

rior

expe

rienc

es a

nd u

ses

obse

rvat

ions

and

te

xts

to c

omm

unic

ate

new

info

rmat

ion.

Obt

aini

ng, e

valu

atin

g, a

nd c

omm

unic

atin

g in

form

atio

n in

3–5

bui

lds

on K

–2

expe

rienc

es a

nd p

rogr

esse

s to

eva

luat

ing

the

mer

it an

d ac

cura

cy o

f ide

as a

nd

met

hods

.

Obt

aini

ng, e

valu

atin

g, a

nd c

omm

unic

atin

g in

form

atio

n in

6–8

bui

lds

on K

–5

expe

rienc

es a

nd p

rogr

esse

s to

eva

luat

ing

the

mer

it an

d va

lidity

of i

deas

and

met

hods

.

Obt

aini

ng, e

valu

atin

g, a

nd c

omm

unic

atin

g in

form

atio

n in

9–1

2 bu

ilds

on K

–8

expe

rienc

es a

nd p

rogr

esse

s to

eva

luat

ing

the

valid

ity a

nd r

elia

bilit

y of

the

clai

ms,

m

etho

ds, a

nd d

esig

ns.

• R

ead

grad

e-ap

prop

riate

text

s an

d/or

use

m

edia

to o

btai

n sc

ient

ific

and/

or te

chni

cal

info

rmat

ion

to d

eter

min

e pa

ttern

s in

an

d/or

evi

denc

e ab

out t

he n

atur

al a

nd

desi

gned

wor

ld(s

).

• R

ead

and

com

preh

end

grad

e-ap

prop

riate

com

plex

text

s an

d/or

oth

er

relia

ble

med

ia to

sum

mar

ize

and

obta

in

scie

ntifi

c an

d te

chni

cal i

deas

and

de

scrib

e ho

w th

ey a

re s

uppo

rted

by

evid

ence

.

• C

ompa

re a

nd/o

r co

mbi

ne a

cros

s co

mpl

ex te

xts

and/

or o

ther

relia

ble

med

ia

to s

uppo

rt th

e en

gage

men

t in

othe

r sc

ient

ific

and/

or e

ngin

eerin

g pr

actic

es.

• C

ritic

ally

rea

d sc

ient

ific

text

s ad

apte

d fo

r cl

assr

oom

use

to d

eter

min

e th

e ce

ntra

l ide

as a

nd/o

r ob

tain

sci

entifi

c an

d/or

tech

nica

l inf

orm

atio

n to

des

crib

e pa

ttern

s in

and

/or

evid

ence

abo

ut th

e na

tura

l and

des

igne

d w

orld

(s).

• C

ritic

ally

rea

d sc

ient

ific

liter

atur

e ad

apte

d fo

r cl

assr

oom

use

to d

eter

min

e th

e ce

ntra

l ide

as o

r co

nclu

sion

s an

d/or

to o

btai

n sc

ient

ific

and/

or te

chni

cal

info

rmat

ion

to s

umm

ariz

e co

mpl

ex

evid

ence

, con

cept

s, p

roce

sses

, or

info

rmat

ion

pres

ente

d in

a te

xt b

y pa

raph

rasi

ng th

em in

sim

pler

but

stil

l ac

cura

te te

rms.

• D

escr

ibe

how

spe

cific

imag

es (

e.g.

, a

diag

ram

sho

win

g ho

w a

mac

hine

wor

ks)

supp

ort a

sci

entifi

c or

eng

inee

ring

idea

.

• C

ombi

ne in

form

atio

n in

writ

ten

text

with

th

at c

onta

ined

in c

orre

spon

ding

tabl

es,

diag

ram

s, a

nd/o

r ch

arts

to s

uppo

rt th

e en

gage

men

t in

othe

r sc

ient

ific

and/

or

engi

neer

ing

prac

tices

.

• In

tegr

ate

qual

itativ

e an

d/or

qua

ntita

tive

scie

ntifi

c an

d/or

tech

nica

l inf

orm

atio

n in

w

ritte

n te

xt w

ith th

at c

onta

ined

in m

edia

an

d vi

sual

dis

play

s to

cla

rify

clai

ms

and

findi

ngs.

• C

ompa

re, i

nteg

rate

, and

eva

luat

e so

urce

s of

info

rmat

ion

pres

ente

d in

di

ffere

nt m

edia

or

form

ats

(e.g

., vi

sual

ly,

quan

titat

ivel

y) a

s w

ell a

s in

wor

ds in

or

der

to a

ddre

ss a

sci

entifi

c qu

estio

n or

so

lve

a pr

oble

m.

• O

btai

n in

form

atio

n us

ing

vario

us te

xts,

te

xt fe

atur

es (

e.g.

, hea

ding

s, ta

bles

of

cont

ents

, glo

ssar

ies,

ele

ctro

nic

men

us,

icon

s), a

nd o

ther

med

ia th

at w

ill b

e us

eful

in a

nsw

erin

g a

scie

ntifi

c qu

estio

n an

d/or

sup

port

ing

a sc

ient

ific

clai

m.

• O

btai

n an

d co

mbi

ne in

form

atio

n fr

om

book

s an

d/or

oth

er r

elia

ble

med

ia to

ex

plai

n ph

enom

ena

or s

olut

ions

to a

de

sign

pro

blem

.

• G

athe

r, re

ad, a

nd s

ynth

esiz

e in

form

atio

n fr

om m

ultip

le a

ppro

pria

te s

ourc

es a

nd

asse

ss th

e cr

edib

ility

, acc

urac

y, a

nd

poss

ible

bia

s of

eac

h pu

blic

atio

n an

d m

etho

ds u

sed,

and

des

crib

e ho

w th

ey

are

supp

orte

d or

not

sup

port

ed b

y ev

iden

ce.

• E

valu

ate

data

, hyp

othe

ses,

and

/or

conc

lusi

ons

in s

cien

tific

and

tech

nica

l te

xts

in li

ght o

f com

petin

g in

form

atio

n or

ac

coun

ts.

• G

athe

r, r

ead,

and

eva

luat

e sc

ient

ific

and/

or te

chni

cal i

nfor

mat

ion

from

m

ultip

le a

utho

rita

tive

sour

ces,

as

sess

ing

the

evid

ence

and

use

fuln

ess

of e

ach

sour

ce.

• E

valu

ate

the

valid

ity a

nd r

elia

bilit

y of

and

/or

synt

hesi

ze m

ultip

le c

laim

s,

met

hods

, and

/or

desi

gns

that

app

ear

in

scie

ntifi

c an

d te

chni

cal t

exts

or

med

ia

repo

rts,

ver

ifyin

g th

e da

ta w

hen

poss

ible

.

• C

omm

unic

ate

info

rmat

ion

or d

esig

n id

eas

and/

or s

olut

ions

with

oth

ers

in

oral

and

/or

writ

ten

form

s us

ing

mod

els,

dr

awin

gs, w

ritin

g, o

r nu

mbe

rs th

at

prov

ide

deta

il ab

out s

cien

tific

idea

s,

prac

tices

, and

/or

desi

gn id

eas.

• C

omm

unic

ate

scie

ntifi

c an

d/or

tech

nica

l in

form

atio

n or

ally

and

/or

in w

ritte

n fo

rmat

s, in

clud

ing

vario

us fo

rms

of

med

ia a

nd m

ay in

clud

e ta

bles

, dia

gram

s,

and

char

ts.

• C

omm

unic

ate

scie

ntifi

c an

d/or

tech

nica

l in

form

atio

n (e

.g.,

abou

t a p

ropo

sed

obje

ct, t

ool,

proc

ess,

sys

tem

) in

writ

ing

and/

or th

roug

h or

al p

rese

ntat

ions

.

• C

omm

unic

ate

scie

ntifi

c an

d/or

te

chni

cal i

nfor

mat

ion

or id

eas

(e.g

., ab

out p

heno

men

a an

d/or

the

proc

ess

of d

evel

opm

ent a

nd th

e de

sign

and

pe

rfor

man

ce o

f a p

ropo

sed

proc

ess

or

syst

em)

in m

ultip

le fo

rmat

s (in

clud

ing

oral

ly, g

raph

ical

ly, t

extu

ally

, and

m

athe

mat

ical

ly).



Chapter 2

Cro

ssc

uttin

g C

onc

ep

tsG

rad

es K

–2G

rad

es 3

–5G

rad

es 6

–8G

rad

es 9

–12

Pat

tern

s: O

bser

ved

patte

rns

in n

atur

e gu

ide

orga

niza

tion

and

clas

sific

atio

n an

d pr

ompt

que

stio

ns a

bout

rel

atio

nshi

ps a

nd c

ause

s un

derly

ing

them

.

• P

atte

rns

in th

e na

tura

l and

hum

an

desi

gned

wor

ld c

an b

e ob

serv

ed, u

sed

to d

escr

ibe

phen

omen

a, a

nd u

sed

as

evid

ence

.

• S

imila

ritie

s an

d di

ffere

nces

in

patte

rns

can

be u

sed

to s

ort,

clas

sify

, co

mm

unic

ate,

and

ana

lyze

sim

ple

rate

s of

cha

nge

for

natu

ral p

heno

men

a an

d de

sign

ed p

rodu

cts.

• P

atte

rns

of c

hang

e ca

n be

use

d to

mak

e pr

edic

tions

.

• P

atte

rns

can

be u

sed

as e

vide

nce

to

supp

ort a

n ex

plan

atio

n.

• M

acro

scop

ic p

atte

rns

are

rela

ted

to th

e na

ture

of m

icro

scop

ic a

nd a

tom

ic-le

vel

stru

ctur

e.

• P

atte

rns

in r

ates

of c

hang

e an

d ot

her

num

eric

al r

elat

ions

hips

can

pro

vide

in

form

atio

n ab

out n

atur

al a

nd h

uman

- de

sign

ed s

yste

ms.

• P

atte

rns

can

be u

sed

to id

entif

y ca

use-

an

d-ef

fect

rel

atio

nshi

ps.

• G

raph

s, c

hart

s, a

nd im

ages

can

be

used

to

iden

tify

patte

rns

in d

ata.

• D

iffer

ent p

atte

rns

may

be

obse

rved

at

each

of t

he s

cale

s at

whi

ch a

sys

tem

is

stud

ied

and

can

prov

ide

evid

ence

for

caus

ality

in e

xpla

natio

ns o

f phe

nom

ena.

• C

lass

ifica

tions

or

expl

anat

ions

use

d at

on

e sc

ale

may

fail

or n

eed

revi

sion

whe

n in

form

atio

n fr

om s

mal

ler

or la

rger

sca

les

is in

trod

uced

, thu

s re

quiri

ng im

prov

ed

inve

stig

atio

ns a

nd e

xper

imen

ts.

• P

atte

rns

of p

erfo

rman

ce o

f des

igne

d sy

stem

s ca

n be

ana

lyze

d an

d in

terp

rete

d to

ree

ngin

eer

and

impr

ove

the

syst

em.

• M

athe

mat

ical

rep

rese

ntat

ions

are

ne

eded

to id

entif

y so

me

patte

rns.

• E

mpi

rical

evi

denc

e is

nee

ded

to id

entif

y pa

ttern

s.

Cau

se a

nd

Eff

ect:

Mec

han

ism

an

d P

red

icti

on

: Eve

nts

have

cau

ses,

som

etim

es s

impl

e, s

omet

imes

mul

tifac

eted

. Dec

iphe

ring

caus

al r

elat

ions

hips

, and

the

mec

hani

sms

by w

hich

th

ey a

re m

edia

ted,

is a

maj

or a

ctiv

ity o

f sci

ence

and

eng

inee

ring.

• E

vent

s ha

ve c

ause

s th

at g

ener

ate

obse

rvab

le p

atte

rns.

• S

impl

e te

sts

can

be d

esig

ned

to g

athe

r ev

iden

ce to

sup

port

or

refu

te s

tude

nt

idea

s ab

out c

ause

s.

• C

ause

-and

-effe

ct r

elat

ions

hips

are

ro

utin

ely

iden

tified

, tes

ted,

and

use

d to

ex

plai

n ch

ange

.

• E

vent

s th

at o

ccur

toge

ther

with

reg

ular

ity

mig

ht o

r m

ight

not

be

a ca

use-

and-

effe

ct

rela

tions

hip.

• R

elat

ions

hips

can

be

clas

sifie

d as

cau

sal

or c

orre

latio

nal,

and

corr

elat

ion

does

not

ne

cess

arily

impl

y ca

usat

ion.

• C

ause

-and

-effe

ct r

elat

ions

hips

may

be

used

to p

redi

ct p

heno

men

a in

nat

ural

or

desi

gned

sys

tem

s.

• P

heno

men

a m

ay h

ave

mor

e th

an o

ne

caus

e, a

nd s

ome

caus

e-an

d-ef

fect

re

latio

nshi

ps in

sys

tem

s ca

n on

ly b

e de

scrib

ed u

sing

pro

babi

lity.

• E

mpi

rical

evi

denc

e is

req

uire

d to

di

ffere

ntia

te b

etw

een

caus

e an

d co

rrel

atio

n an

d m

ake

clai

ms

abou

t sp

ecifi

c ca

uses

and

effe

cts.

• C

ause

-and

-effe

ct r

elat

ions

hips

can

be

sugg

este

d an

d pr

edic

ted

for

com

plex

na

tura

l and

hum

an-d

esig

ned

syst

ems

by

exam

inin

g w

hat i

s kn

own

abou

t sm

alle

r sc

ale

mec

hani

sms

with

in th

e sy

stem

.

• S

yste

ms

can

be d

esig

ned

to c

ause

a

desi

red

effe

ct.

• C

hang

es in

sys

tem

s m

ay h

ave

vario

us

caus

es th

at m

ay n

ot h

ave

equa

l effe

cts.



K–12 Progressions

Cro

sscu

tting

Con

cept

s (

cont

inue

d)

Gra

des

K–2

Gra

des

3–5

Gra

des

6–8

Gra

des

9–1

2S

cale

, Pro

po

rtio

n, a

nd

Qu

anti

ty: I

n co

nsid

erin

g ph

enom

ena,

it is

crit

ical

to r

ecog

nize

wha

t is

rele

vant

at d

iffer

ent s

ize,

tim

e, a

nd e

nerg

y sc

ales

, and

to r

ecog

nize

pro

port

iona

l re

latio

nshi

ps b

etw

een

diffe

rent

qua

ntiti

es a

s sc

ales

cha

nge.

• R

elat

ive

scal

es a

llow

obj

ects

and

eve

nts

to b

e co

mpa

red

and

desc

ribed

(e.

g.,

bigg

er a

nd s

mal

ler;

hot

ter

and

cold

er;

fast

er a

nd s

low

er).

• S

tand

ard

units

are

use

d to

mea

sure

le

ngth

.

• N

atur

al o

bjec

ts a

nd/o

r ob

serv

able

ph

enom

ena

exis

t fro

m th

e ve

ry s

mal

l to

the

imm

ense

ly la

rge

or fr

om v

ery

shor

t to

ver

y lo

ng ti

me

perio

ds.

• S

tand

ard

units

are

use

d to

mea

sure

and

de

scrib

e ph

ysic

al q

uant

ities

suc

h as

w

eigh

t, tim

e, te

mpe

ratu

re, a

nd v

olum

e.

• T

ime,

spa

ce, a

nd e

nerg

y ph

enom

ena

can

be o

bser

ved

at v

ario

us s

cale

s us

ing

mod

els

to s

tudy

sys

tem

s th

at a

re to

o la

rge

or to

o sm

all.

• T

he o

bser

ved

func

tion

of n

atur

al a

nd

desi

gned

sys

tem

s m

ay c

hang

e w

ith

scal

e.

• P

ropo

rtio

nal r

elat

ions

hips

(e.

g., s

peed

as

the

ratio

of d

ista

nce

trav

eled

to

time

take

n) a

mon

g di

ffere

nt ty

pes

of

quan

titie

s pr

ovid

e in

form

atio

n ab

out t

he

mag

nitu

de o

f pro

pert

ies

and

proc

esse

s.

• S

cien

tific

rela

tions

hips

can

be

repr

esen

ted

thro

ugh

the

use

of a

lgeb

raic

ex

pres

sion

s an

d eq

uatio

ns.

• P

heno

men

a th

at c

an b

e ob

serv

ed a

t one

sc

ale

may

not

be

obse

rvab

le a

t ano

ther

sc

ale.

• T

he s

igni

fican

ce o

f a p

heno

men

on is

de

pend

ent o

n th

e sc

ale,

pro

port

ion,

and

qu

antit

y at

whi

ch it

occ

urs.

• S

ome

syst

ems

can

only

be

stud

ied

indi

rect

ly b

ecau

se th

ey a

re to

o sm

all,

too

larg

e, to

o fa

st, o

r to

o sl

ow to

obs

erve

di

rect

l y.

• P

atte

rns

obse

rvab

le a

t one

sca

le m

ay

not b

e ob

serv

able

or

exis

t at o

ther

sc

ales

.

• U

sing

the

conc

ept o

f ord

ers

of

mag

nitu

de a

llow

s on

e to

und

erst

and

how

a

mod

el a

t one

sca

le r

elat

es to

a m

odel

at

ano

ther

sca

le.

• A

lgeb

raic

thin

king

is u

sed

to e

xam

ine

scie

ntifi

c da

ta a

nd p

redi

ct th

e ef

fect

of a

ch

ange

in o

ne v

aria

ble

on a

noth

er (

e.g.

, lin

ear

grow

th v

s. e

xpon

entia

l gr o

wth

).

Sys

tem

s an

d S

yste

m M

od

els:

A s

yste

m is

an

orga

nize

d gr

oup

of r

elat

ed o

bjec

ts o

r co

mpo

nent

s; m

odel

s ca

n be

use

d fo

r un

ders

tand

ing

and

pred

ictin

g th

e be

havi

or o

f sys

tem

s.

• O

bjec

ts a

nd o

rgan

ism

s ca

n be

des

crib

ed

in te

rms

of th

eir

part

s.

• S

yste

ms

in th

e na

tura

l and

des

igne

d w

orld

hav

e pa

rts

that

wor

k to

geth

er.

• A

sys

tem

is a

gro

up o

f rel

ated

par

ts

that

mak

e up

a w

hole

and

can

car

ry o

ut

func

tions

its

indi

vidu

al p

arts

can

not.

• A

sys

tem

can

be

desc

ribed

in te

rms

of

its c

ompo

nent

s an

d th

eir

inte

ract

ions

.

• S

yste

ms

may

inte

ract

with

oth

er

syst

ems;

they

may

hav

e su

bsys

tem

s an

d be

a p

art o

f lar

ger

com

plex

sys

tem

s.

• M

odel

s ca

n be

use

d to

rep

rese

nt

syst

ems

and

thei

r in

tera

ctio

ns—

such

as

inpu

ts, p

roce

sses

, and

out

puts

—an

d en

ergy

, mat

ter,

and

info

rmat

ion

flow

s w

ithin

sys

tem

s.

• M

odel

s ar

e lim

ited

in th

at th

ey o

nly

repr

esen

t cer

tain

asp

ects

of t

he s

yste

m

unde

r st

udy.

• S

yste

ms

can

be d

esig

ned

to d

o sp

ecifi

c ta

sks.

• W

hen

inve

stig

atin

g or

des

crib

ing

a sy

stem

, the

bou

ndar

ies

and

initi

al

cond

ition

s of

the

syst

em n

eed

to b

e de

fined

and

thei

r in

puts

and

out

puts

an

alyz

ed a

nd d

escr

ibed

usi

ng m

odel

s.

• M

odel

s (e

.g.,

phys

ical

, mat

hem

atic

al,

com

pute

r m

odel

s) c

an b

e us

ed to

si

mul

ate

syst

ems

and

inte

ract

ions

—in

clud

ing

ener

gy, m

atte

r, an

d in

form

atio

n flo

ws—

with

in a

nd b

etw

een

syst

ems

at

diffe

rent

sca

les.

• M

odel

s ca

n be

use

d to

pre

dict

the

beha

vior

of a

sys

tem

, but

thes

e pr

edic

tions

hav

e lim

ited

prec

isio

n an

d re

liabi

lity

due

to th

e as

sum

ptio

ns a

nd

appr

oxim

atio

ns in

here

nt in

mod

els.



Chapter 2C

ross

cutti

ng C

once

pts

(co

ntin

ued

)

Gra

des

K–2

Gra

des

3–5

Gra

des

6–8

Gra

des

9–1

2E

ner

gy a

nd

Mat

ter:

Flo

ws,

Cyc

les,

an

d C

on

serv

atio

n: T

rack

ing

ener

gy a

nd m

atte

r flo

ws

into

, out

of,

and

with

in s

yste

ms

help

s on

e un

ders

tand

thei

r sy

stem

’s b

ehav

ior.

• O

bjec

ts m

ay b

reak

into

sm

alle

r pi

eces

, be

put

toge

ther

into

larg

er p

iece

s, o

r ch

ange

sha

pes.

• M

atte

r is

mad

e of

par

ticle

s.

• M

atte

r flo

ws

and

cycl

es c

an b

e tr

acke

d in

term

s of

the

wei

ght o

f the

sub

stan

ces

befo

re a

nd a

fter

a pr

oces

s oc

curs

. The

to

tal w

eigh

t of t

he s

ubst

ance

s do

es

not c

hang

e. T

his

is w

hat i

s m

eant

by

con

serv

atio

n of

mat

ter.

Mat

ter

is

tran

spor

ted

into

, out

of,

and

with

in

syst

ems.

• E

nerg

y ca

n be

tran

sfer

red

in v

ario

us

way

s an

d be

twee

n ob

ject

s.

• M

atte

r is

con

serv

ed b

ecau

se a

tom

s ar

e co

nser

ved

in p

hysi

cal a

nd c

hem

ical

pr

oces

ses.

• W

ithin

a n

atur

al o

r de

sign

ed s

yste

m,

the

tran

sfer

of e

nerg

y dr

ives

the

mot

ion

and/

or c

yclin

g of

mat

ter.

• E

nerg

y m

ay ta

ke d

iffer

ent f

orm

s (e

.g.

ener

gy in

fiel

ds, t

herm

al e

nerg

y, e

nerg

y of

mot

ion)

.

• T

he tr

ansf

er o

f ene

rgy

can

be tr

acke

d as

ene

rgy

flow

s th

roug

h a

desi

gned

or

natu

ral s

yste

m.

• T

he to

tal a

mou

nt o

f ene

rgy

and

mat

ter

in

clos

ed s

yste

ms

is c

onse

rved

.

• C

hang

es o

f ene

rgy

and

mat

ter

in a

sy

stem

can

be

desc

ribed

in te

rms

of

ener

gy a

nd m

atte

r flo

ws

into

, out

of,

and

with

in th

at s

yste

m.

• E

nerg

y ca

nnot

be

crea

ted

or

dest

roye

d—it

only

mov

es b

etw

een

one

plac

e an

d an

othe

r pl

ace,

bet

wee

n ob

ject

s an

d/or

fiel

ds, o

r be

twee

n sy

stem

s.

• E

nerg

y dr

ives

the

cycl

ing

of m

atte

r w

ithin

an

d be

twee

n sy

stem

s.

• In

nuc

lear

pro

cess

es, a

tom

s ar

e no

t co

nser

ved,

but

the

tota

l num

ber

of

prot

ons

plus

neu

tron

s is

con

serv

ed.

Str

uct

ure

an

d F

un

ctio

n: T

he w

ay a

n ob

ject

is s

hape

d or

str

uctu

red

dete

rmin

es m

any

of it

s pr

oper

ties

and

func

tions

.

• T

he s

hape

and

sta

bilit

y of

str

uctu

res

of

natu

ral a

nd d

esig

ned

obje

cts

are

rela

ted

to th

eir

func

tion(

s).

• D

iffer

ent m

ater

ials

hav

e di

ffere

nt

subs

truc

ture

s, w

hich

can

som

etim

es b

e ob

serv

ed.

• S

ubst

ruct

ures

hav

e sh

apes

and

par

ts

that

ser

ve fu

nctio

ns.

• C

ompl

ex a

nd m

icro

scop

ic s

truc

ture

s an

d sy

stem

s ca

n be

vis

ualiz

ed, m

odel

ed,

and

used

to d

escr

ibe

how

thei

r fu

nctio

n de

pend

s on

the

shap

es, c

ompo

sitio

n,

and

rela

tions

hips

am

ong

its p

arts

; th

eref

ore,

com

plex

nat

ural

and

des

igne

d st

ruct

ures

/sys

tem

s ca

n be

ana

lyze

d to

de

term

ine

how

they

func

tion.

• S

truc

ture

s ca

n be

des

igne

d to

ser

ve

part

icul

ar fu

nctio

ns b

y ta

king

into

acc

ount

pr

oper

ties

of d

iffer

ent m

ater

ials

, and

how

m

ater

ials

can

be

shap

ed a

nd u

sed.

• In

vest

igat

ing

or d

esig

ning

new

sys

tem

s or

str

uctu

res

requ

ires

a de

taile

d ex

amin

atio

n of

the

prop

ertie

s of

diff

eren

t m

ater

ials

, the

str

uctu

res

of d

iffer

ent

com

pone

nts,

and

con

nect

ions

of

com

pone

nts

to r

evea

l the

ir fu

nctio

n an

d/or

sol

ve a

pro

blem

.

• T

he fu

nctio

ns a

nd p

rope

rtie

s of

nat

ural

an

d de

sign

ed o

bjec

ts a

nd s

yste

ms

can

be in

ferr

ed fr

om th

eir

over

all

stru

ctur

e, th

e w

ay th

eir

com

pone

nts

are

shap

ed a

nd u

sed,

and

the

mol

ecul

ar

subs

truc

ture

s of

thei

r va

rious

mat

eria

ls.

Sta

bili

ty a

nd

Ch

ang

e: F

or b

oth

desi

gned

and

nat

ural

sys

tem

s, c

ondi

tions

that

affe

ct s

tabi

lity

and

fact

ors

that

con

trol

rat

es o

f cha

nge

are

criti

cal e

lem

ents

to c

onsi

der

and

unde

rsta

nd.

• S

ome

thin

gs s

tay

the

sam

e w

hile

oth

er

thin

gs c

hang

e.

• T

hing

s m

ay c

hang

e sl

owly

or

rapi

dly.

• C

hang

e is

mea

sure

d in

term

s of

di

ffere

nces

ove

r tim

e an

d m

ay o

ccur

at

diffe

rent

rat

es.

• S

ome

syst

ems

appe

ar s

tabl

e, b

ut o

ver

long

per

iods

of t

ime

will

eve

ntua

lly

chan

ge.

• E

xpla

natio

ns o

f sta

bilit

y an

d ch

ange

in

nat

ural

or

desi

gned

sys

tem

s ca

n be

co

nstr

ucte

d by

exa

min

ing

the

chan

ges

over

tim

e an

d pr

oces

ses

at d

iffer

ent

scal

es, i

nclu

ding

the

atom

ic s

cale

.

• S

mal

l cha

nges

in o

ne p

art o

f a s

yste

m

mig

ht c

ause

larg

e ch

ange

s in

ano

ther

pa

rt.

• S

tabi

lity

mig

ht b

e di

stur

bed

by e

ither

su

dden

eve

nts

or g

radu

al c

hang

es th

at

accu

mul

ate

over

tim

e.

• S

yste

ms

in d

ynam

ic e

quili

briu

m a

re

stab

le d

ue to

a b

alan

ce o

f fee

dbac

k m

echa

nism

s.

• M

uch

of s

cien

ce d

eals

with

con

stru

ctin

g ex

plan

atio

ns o

f how

thin

gs c

hang

e an

d ho

w th

ey r

emai

n st

able

.

• C

hang

e an

d ra

tes

of c

hang

e ca

n be

qu

antifi

ed a

nd m

odel

ed o

ver

very

sho

rt

or v

ery

long

per

iods

of t

ime.

Som

e sy

stem

cha

nges

are

irre

vers

ible

.

• F

eedb

ack

(neg

ativ

e or

pos

itive

) ca

n st

abili

ze o

r de

stab

ilize

a s

yste

m.

• S

yste

ms

can

be d

esig

ned

for

grea

ter

or

less

er s

tabi

lity.



K–12 Progressions

Disc

iplin

ary

Co

re Id

ea

s in

Phy

sica

l Sc

ienc

eG

rad

es K

–2G

rad

es 3

–5G

rad

es 6

–8G

rad

es 9

–12

PS

1: M

atte

r an

d It

s In

tera

ctio

ns

PS1.A: Structure and Properties of Matter

• D

iffer

ent k

inds

of m

atte

r ex

ist a

nd m

any

of th

em

can

be e

ither

sol

id o

r liq

uid,

de

pend

ing

on te

mpe

ratu

re.

Mat

ter

can

be d

escr

ibed

and

cl

assi

fied

by it

s ob

serv

able

pr

oper

ties.

(2-

PS

1-1)

• D

iffer

ent p

rope

rtie

s ar

e su

ited

to d

iffer

ent p

urpo

ses.

(2

-PS

1-2)

,(2-

PS

1-3)

• A

gre

at v

arie

ty o

f obj

ects

can

be

bui

lt up

from

a s

mal

l set

of

pie

ces.

(2-

PS

1-3)

• M

atte

r of

any

type

can

be

subd

ivid

ed in

to p

artic

les

that

ar

e to

o sm

all t

o se

e, b

ut e

ven

then

the

mat

ter

still

exi

sts

and

can

be d

etec

ted

by o

ther

m

eans

. A m

odel

sho

ws

that

ga

ses

are

mad

e fro

m m

atte

r pa

rtic

les

that

are

too

smal

l to

see

and

are

mov

ing

freel

y ar

ound

in s

pace

can

exp

lain

m

any

obse

rvat

ions

, inc

ludi

ng

the

infla

tion

and

shap

e of

a

ballo

on a

nd th

e ef

fect

s of

air

on la

rger

par

ticle

s or

obj

ects

. (5

-PS

1-1)

• T

he a

mou

nt (

wei

ght)

of

mat

ter

is c

onse

rved

whe

n it

chan

ges

form

, eve

n in

tr

ansi

tions

in w

hich

it s

eem

s to

van

ish.

(5-

PS

1-2)

• M

easu

rem

ents

of a

var

iety

of

pro

pert

ies

can

be u

sed

to

iden

tify

mat

eria

ls. (

Bou

ndar

y:

At t

his

grad

e le

vel,

mas

s an

d w

eigh

t are

not

dis

tingu

ishe

d,

and

no a

ttem

pt is

mad

e to

de

fine

the

unse

en p

artic

les

or e

xpla

in th

e at

omic

-sca

le

mec

hani

sm o

f eva

pora

tion

and

cond

ensa

tion.

) (5

-PS

1-3)

• S

ubst

ance

s ar

e m

ade

from

diff

eren

t typ

es

of a

tom

s, w

hich

com

bine

with

one

ano

ther

in

var

ious

way

s. A

tom

s fo

rm m

olec

ules

that

ra

nge

in s

ize

from

tw

o to

thou

sand

s of

ato

ms.

(M

S-P

S1-

1)

• E

ach

pure

sub

stan

ce h

as c

hara

cter

istic

ph

ysic

al a

nd c

hem

ical

pro

pert

ies

(for

any

bul

k qu

antit

y un

der

give

n co

nditi

ons)

that

can

be

used

to id

entif

y it.

(M

S-P

S1-

2), (

MS

-PS

1-3)

• G

ases

and

liqu

ids

are

mad

e of

mol

ecul

es o

r in

ert a

tom

s th

at a

re m

ovin

g ab

out r

elat

ive

to

each

oth

er. (

MS

-PS

1-4)

• In

a li

quid

, the

mol

ecul

es a

re c

onst

antly

in

cont

act w

ith o

ther

s; in

a g

as, t

hey

are

wid

ely

spac

ed e

xcep

t whe

n th

ey h

appe

n to

col

lide.

In

a s

olid

, ato

ms

are

clos

ely

spac

ed a

nd m

ay

vibr

ate

in p

ositi

on b

ut d

o no

t cha

nge

rela

tive

loca

tions

. (M

S-P

S1-

4)

• S

olid

s m

ay b

e fo

rmed

from

mol

ecul

es, o

r th

ey

may

be

exte

nded

str

uctu

res

with

rep

eatin

g su

buni

ts (

e.g.

, cry

stal

s). (

MS

-PS

1-1)

• T

he c

hang

es o

f sta

te th

at o

ccur

with

var

iatio

ns

in te

mpe

ratu

re o

r pr

essu

re c

an b

e de

scrib

ed

and

pred

icte

d us

ing

thes

e m

odel

s of

mat

ter.

(MS

-PS

1-4)

• E

ach

atom

has

a c

harg

ed s

ubst

ruct

ure

cons

istin

g of

a n

ucle

us, w

hich

is m

ade

of

prot

ons

and

neut

rons

, sur

roun

ded

by e

lect

rons

. (H

S-P

S1-

1)

• T

he p

erio

dic

tabl

e or

ders

ele

men

ts h

oriz

onta

lly

by th

e nu

mbe

r of

pro

tons

in th

e at

om’s

nuc

leus

an

d pl

aces

thos

e w

ith s

imila

r ch

emic

al

prop

ertie

s in

col

umns

. The

rep

eatin

g pa

ttern

s of

this

tabl

e re

flect

pat

tern

s of

out

er e

lect

ron

stat

es. (

HS

-PS

1-1)

,(H

S-P

S1-

2)

• T

he s

truc

ture

and

inte

ract

ions

of m

atte

r at

th

e bu

lk s

cale

are

det

erm

ined

by

elec

tric

al

forc

es w

ithin

and

bet

wee

n at

oms.

(H

S-P

S1-

3),(

seco

ndar

y to

HS

-PS

2-6)

• S

tabl

e fo

rms

of m

atte

r ar

e th

ose

in w

hich

the

elec

tric

and

mag

netic

fiel

d en

ergy

is m

inim

ized

. A

sta

ble

mol

ecul

e ha

s le

ss e

nerg

y th

an th

e sa

me

set o

f ato

ms

sepa

rate

d; o

ne m

ust

prov

ide

at le

ast t

his

ener

gy in

ord

er to

take

the

mol

ecul

e ap

art.

(HS

-PS

1-4)



Chapter 2

Dis

cipl

inar

y C

ore

Idea

s in

Phy

sica

l Sci

ence

(co

ntin

ued

)

Gra

des

K–2

Gra

des

3–5

Gra

des

6–8

Gra

des

9–1

2

PS1.B: Chemical Reactions

• H

eatin

g or

coo

ling

a su

bsta

nce

may

cau

se

chan

ges

that

can

be

obse

rved

. Som

etim

es th

ese

chan

ges

are

reve

rsib

le, a

nd

som

etim

es th

ey a

re n

ot.

(2-P

S1-

4)

• W

hen

two

or m

ore

diffe

rent

su

bsta

nces

are

mix

ed, a

ne

w s

ubst

ance

with

diff

eren

t pr

oper

ties

may

be

form

ed.

(5-P

S1-

4)

• N

o m

atte

r w

hat r

eact

ion

or

chan

ge in

pro

pert

ies

occu

rs,

the

tota

l wei

ght o

f the

su

bsta

nces

doe

s no

t cha

nge.

(B

ound

ary:

Mas

s an

d w

eigh

t ar

e no

t dis

tingu

ishe

d at

this

gr

ade

leve

l.) (

5-P

S1-

2)

• S

ubst

ance

s re

act c

hem

ical

ly in

cha

ract

eris

tic

way

s. In

a c

hem

ical

pro

cess

, the

ato

ms

that

mak

e up

the

orig

inal

sub

stan

ces

are

regr

oupe

d in

to d

iffer

ent m

olec

ules

, an

d th

ese

new

sub

stan

ces

have

diff

eren

t pr

oper

ties

from

thos

e of

the

reac

tant

s.

(MS

-PS

1-2)

,(M

S-P

S1-

3),(

MS

-PS

1-5)

• T

he to

tal n

umbe

r of

eac

h ty

pe o

f ato

m is

co

nser

ved,

and

thus

the

mas

s do

es n

ot

chan

ge. (

MS

-PS

1-5)

• S

ome

chem

ical

rea

ctio

ns r

elea

se e

nerg

y,

othe

rs s

tore

ene

rgy.

(M

S-P

S1-

6)

• C

hem

ical

pro

cess

es, t

heir

rate

s, a

nd w

heth

er

or n

ot e

nerg

y is

sto

red

or r

elea

sed

can

be u

nder

stoo

d in

term

s of

the

colli

sion

s of

m

olec

ules

and

the

rear

rang

emen

ts o

f ato

ms

into

new

mol

ecul

es, w

ith c

onse

quen

t cha

nges

in

the

sum

of a

ll bo

nd e

nerg

ies

in th

e se

t of

mol

ecul

es th

at a

r e m

atch

ed b

y ch

ange

s in

ki

netic

ene

rgy.

(H

S-P

S1-

4),(

HS

-PS

1-5)

• In

man

y si

tuat

ions

, a d

ynam

ic a

nd c

ondi

tion-

depe

nden

t bal

ance

bet

wee

n a

reac

tion

and

the

reve

rse

reac

tion

dete

rmin

es th

e nu

mbe

rs o

f all

type

s of

mol

ecul

es p

rese

nt. (

HS

-PS

1-6)

• T

he fa

ct th

at a

tom

s ar

e co

nser

ved,

toge

ther

w

ith k

now

ledg

e of

the

chem

ical

pro

pert

ies

of th

e el

emen

ts in

volv

ed, c

an b

e us

ed to

de

scrib

e an

d pr

edic

t che

mic

al r

eact

ions

. (H

S-P

S1-

2),(

HS

-PS

1-7)

PS1.C: Nuclear Processes

• N

/A•

N/A

• N

/A•

Nuc

lear

pro

cess

es, i

nclu

ding

fusi

on, fi

ssio

n,

and

radi

oact

ive

deca

ys o

f uns

tabl

e nu

clei

, in

volv

e re

leas

e or

abs

orpt

ion

of e

nerg

y. T

he

tota

l num

ber

of n

eutr

ons

plus

pro

tons

doe

s no

t ch

ange

in a

ny n

ucle

ar p

roce

ss. (

HS

-PS

1-8)

• S

pont

aneo

us r

adio

activ

e de

cays

follo

w a

ch

arac

teris

tic e

xpon

entia

l dec

ay la

w. N

ucle

ar

lifet

imes

allo

w r

adio

met

ric d

atin

g to

be

used

to d

eter

min

e th

e ag

es o

f roc

ks a

nd

othe

r m

ater

ials

. (se

cond

ary

to H

S-E

SS

1-5)

,(se

cond

ary

to H

S-E

SS

1-6)

N/A

= N

ot a

pplic

able

for

this

gra

de r

ange



K–12 ProgressionsD

isci

plin

ary

Cor

e Id

eas

in P

hysi

cal S

cien

ce (

cont

inue

d)

Gra

des

K–2

Gra

des

3–5

Gra

des

6–8

Gra

des

9–1

2P

S2:

Mo

tio

n a

nd

Sta

bili

ty: F

orc

es a

nd

Inte

ract

ion

sPS2.A: Forces and Motion

• P

ushe

s an

d pu

lls

can

have

diff

eren

t st

reng

ths

and

dire

ctio

ns.

(K-P

S2-

1),(

K-P

S2-

2)

• P

ushi

ng o

r pu

lling

on

an

obje

ct c

an c

hang

e th

e sp

eed

or d

irect

ion

of it

s m

otio

n an

d ca

n st

art o

r st

op

it. (

K-P

S2-

1),(

K-P

S2-

2)

• E

ach

forc

e ac

ts o

n on

e pa

rtic

ular

obj

ect a

nd h

as b

oth

stre

ngth

and

a d

irect

ion.

An

obje

ct a

t res

t typ

ical

ly h

as

mul

tiple

forc

es a

ctin

g on

it,

but t

hey

add

to g

ive

zero

net

fo

rce

on th

e ob

ject

. For

ces

that

do

not s

um to

zer

o ca

n ca

use

chan

ges

in th

e ob

ject

’s

spee

d or

dire

ctio

n of

mot

ion.

(B

ound

ary:

Qua

litat

ive

and

conc

eptu

al, b

ut n

ot

quan

titat

ive,

add

ition

of

forc

es a

re u

sed

at th

is le

vel.)

(3

-PS

2-1)

• T

he p

atte

rns

of a

n ob

ject

’s

mot

ion

in v

ario

us s

ituat

ions

ca

n be

obs

erve

d an

d m

easu

red;

whe

n th

at p

ast

mot

ion

exhi

bits

a re

gula

r pa

ttern

, fut

ure

mot

ion

can

be p

redi

cted

from

it.

(Bou

ndar

y: T

echn

ical

term

s,

such

as

mag

nitu

de, v

eloc

ity,

mom

entu

m, a

nd v

ecto

r qu

antit

y, a

re n

ot in

trodu

ced

at th

is le

vel,

but t

he c

once

pt

that

som

e qu

antit

ies

need

bo

th s

ize

and

dire

ctio

n to

be

des

crib

ed is

dev

elop

ed.)

(3

-PS

2-2)

• F

or a

ny p

air

of in

tera

ctin

g ob

ject

s, th

e fo

rce

exer

ted

by th

e fir

st o

bjec

t on

the

seco

nd o

bjec

t is

equ

al in

str

engt

h to

the

forc

e th

at th

e se

cond

ob

ject

exe

rts

on th

e fir

st, b

ut in

the

oppo

site

di

rect

ion

(New

ton’

s th

ird la

w).

(MS

-PS

2-1)

• T

he m

otio

n of

an

obje

ct is

det

erm

ined

by

the

sum

of t

he fo

rces

act

ing

on it

; if t

he to

tal f

orce

on

the

obje

ct is

not

zer

o, it

s m

otio

n w

ill c

hang

e.

The

gre

ater

the

mas

s of

the

obje

ct, t

he g

reat

er

the

forc

e ne

eded

to a

chie

ve th

e sa

me

chan

ge

in m

otio

n. F

or a

ny g

iven

obj

ect,

a la

rger

forc

e ca

uses

a la

rger

cha

nge

in m

otio

n. (

MS

-PS

2-2)

• A

ll po

sitio

ns o

f obj

ects

and

the

dire

ctio

ns

of fo

rces

and

mot

ions

mus

t be

desc

ribed

in

an a

rbitr

arily

cho

sen

refe

renc

e fr

ame

and

arbi

trar

ily c

hose

n un

its o

f siz

e. In

ord

er to

sha

re

info

rmat

ion

with

oth

er p

eopl

e, th

ese

choi

ces

mus

t als

o be

sha

red.

(M

SP

S2-

2)

• N

ewto

n’s

seco

nd la

w a

ccur

atel

y pr

edic

ts

chan

ges

in th

e m

otio

n of

mac

rosc

opic

obj

ects

. (H

S-P

S2-

1)

• M

omen

tum

is d

efine

d fo

r a

part

icul

ar fr

ame

of

refe

renc

e; it

is th

e m

ass

times

the

velo

city

of t

he

obje

ct. I

n an

y sy

stem

, tot

al m

omen

tum

is a

lway

s co

nser

ved.

(H

S-P

S2-

2)

• If

a sy

stem

inte

ract

s w

ith o

bjec

ts o

utsi

de it

self,

th

e to

tal m

omen

tum

of t

he s

yste

m c

an c

hang

e;

how

ever

, any

suc

h ch

ange

is b

alan

ced

by

chan

ges

in th

e m

omen

tum

of o

bjec

ts o

utsi

de

the

syst

em. (

HS

-PS

2-2)

,(H

S-P

S2-

3)

PS2.B: Types of Interactions

• W

hen

obje

cts

touc

h or

co

llide

, the

y pu

sh o

n on

e an

othe

r an

d ca

n ch

ange

m

otio

n. (

K-P

S2-

1)

• O

bjec

ts in

con

tact

exe

rt

forc

es o

n ea

ch o

ther

. (3

-PS

2-1)

• E

lect

ric a

nd m

agne

tic

forc

es b

etw

een

a pa

ir of

ob

ject

s do

not

req

uire

that

th

e ob

ject

s be

in c

onta

ct.

The

siz

es o

f the

forc

es in

ea

ch s

ituat

ion

depe

nd o

n th

e pr

oper

ties

of th

e ob

ject

s an

d th

eir

dist

ance

s ap

art

and,

for

forc

es b

etw

een

two

mag

nets

, on

thei

r or

ient

atio

n re

lativ

e to

eac

h ot

her.

(3-P

S2-

3),(

3-P

S2-

4)

• T

he g

ravi

tatio

nal f

orce

of

Ear

th a

ctin

g on

an

obje

ct

near

Ear

th’s

sur

face

pul

ls th

at

obje

ct to

war

d th

e pl

anet

’s

cent

er. (

5-P

S2-

1)

• E

lect

ric a

nd m

agne

tic (

elec

trom

agne

tic)

forc

es

can

be a

ttrac

tive

or r

epul

sive

, and

thei

r si

zes

depe

nd o

n th

e m

agni

tude

s of

the

char

ges,

cu

rren

ts, o

r m

agne

tic s

tren

gths

invo

lved

and

on

the

dist

ance

s be

twee

n th

e in

tera

ctin

g ob

ject

s.

(MS

-PS

2-3)

• G

ravi

tatio

nal f

orce

s ar

e al

way

s at

trac

tive.

T

here

is a

gra

vita

tiona

l for

ce b

etw

een

any

two

mas

ses,

but

it is

ver

y sm

all e

xcep

t whe

n on

e or

bot

h of

the

obje

cts

have

larg

e m

ass—

e.g.

, E

arth

and

the

Sun

. (M

S-P

S2-

4)

• F

orce

s th

at a

ct a

t a d

ista

nce

(ele

ctric

, mag

netic

, an

d gr

avita

tiona

l) ca

n be

exp

lain

ed b

y fie

lds

that

ext

end

thro

ugh

spac

e an

d ca

n be

map

ped

by th

eir

effe

ct o

n a

test

obj

ect (

a ch

arge

d ob

ject

, a

mag

net,

or a

bal

l, re

spec

tivel

y). (

MS

-PS

2-5)

• N

ewto

n’s

law

of u

nive

rsal

gra

vita

tion

and

Cou

lom

b’s

law

pro

vide

the

mat

hem

atic

al

mod

els

to d

escr

ibe

and

pred

ict t

he e

ff ect

s of

gr

avita

tiona

l and

ele

ctro

stat

ic fo

rces

bet

wee

n di

stan

t obj

ects

. (H

S-P

S2-

4)

• F

orce

s at

a d

ista

nce

are

expl

aine

d by

fie

lds

(gra

vita

tiona

l, el

ectr

ic, a

nd m

agne

tic)

perm

eatin

g sp

ace

that

can

tran

sfer

ene

rgy

thro

ugh

spac

e. M

agne

ts o

r el

ectr

ic c

urre

nts

caus

e m

agne

tic fi

elds

; ele

ctric

cha

rges

or

chan

ging

mag

netic

fiel

ds c

ause

ele

ctric

fiel

ds.

(HS

-PS

2-4)

,(H

S-P

S2-

5)

• A

ttrac

tion

and

repu

lsio

n be

twee

n el

ectr

ic

char

ges

at th

e at

omic

sca

le e

xpla

in th

e st

ruct

ure,

pro

pert

ies,

and

tran

sfor

mat

ions

of

mat

ter,

as w

ell a

s th

e co

ntac

t for

ces

betw

een

mat

eria

l obj

ects

. (H

S-P

S2-

6),(

seco

ndar

y to

H

S-P

S1-

1),(

seco

ndar

y to

HS

-PS

1-3)



Chapter 2

Dis

cipl

inar

y C

ore

Idea

s in

Phy

sica

l Sci

ence

(co

ntin

ued

)

Gra

des

K–2

Gra

des

3–5

Gra

des

6–8

Gra

des

9–1

2

PS

3: E

ner

gy

PS3.A: Definitions of Energy

• N

/A•

The

fast

er a

giv

en o

bjec

t is

mov

ing,

the

mor

e en

ergy

it

poss

esse

s. (

4-P

S3-

1)

• E

nerg

y ca

n be

mov

ed fr

om

plac

e to

pla

ce b

y m

ovin

g ob

ject

s or

thro

ugh

soun

d,

light

, or

elec

tric

cur

rent

s.

(4-P

S3-

2),(

4-P

S3-

3)

• M

otio

n en

ergy

is p

rope

rly c

alle

d ki

netic

ene

rgy;

it

is p

ropo

rtio

nal t

o th

e m

ass

of th

e m

ovin

g ob

ject

and

gro

ws

with

the

squa

re o

f its

spe

ed.

(MS

-PS

3-1)

• A

sys

tem

of o

bjec

ts m

ay a

lso

cont

ain

stor

ed

(pot

entia

l) en

ergy

, dep

endi

ng o

n th

eir

rela

tive

posi

tions

. (M

S-P

S3-

2)

• Te

mpe

ratu

re is

not

a m

easu

re o

f ene

rgy;

the

rela

tions

hip

betw

een

the

tem

pera

ture

and

th

e to

tal e

nerg

y of

a s

yste

m d

epen

ds o

n th

e ty

pes,

sta

tes,

and

am

ount

s of

mat

ter

pres

ent.

MS

-PS

3-3)

,(M

S-P

S3-

4)

• T

he te

rm “

heat

” as

used

in e

very

day

lang

uage

re

fers

bot

h to

ther

mal

ene

rgy

(the

mot

ion

of

atom

s or

mol

ecul

es w

ithin

a s

ubst

ance

) an

d th

e tr

ansf

er o

f tha

t the

rmal

ene

rgy

from

one

ob

ject

to a

noth

er. I

n sc

ienc

e, h

eat i

s us

ed o

nly

for

this

sec

ond

mea

ning

; it r

efer

s to

the

ener

gy

tran

sfer

red

due

to th

e te

mpe

ratu

re d

iffer

ence

be

twee

n tw

o ob

ject

s.(s

econ

dary

to M

S-P

S1-

4)

• Te

mpe

ratu

re is

not

a m

easu

re o

f ene

rgy;

the

rela

tions

hip

betw

een

the

tem

pera

ture

and

th

e to

tal e

nerg

y of

a s

yste

m d

epen

ds o

n th

e ty

pes,

sta

tes,

and

am

ount

s of

mat

ter

pres

ent.

(sec

onda

ry to

MS

-PS

1-4)

• E

nerg

y is

a q

uant

itativ

e pr

oper

ty o

f a s

yste

m

that

dep

ends

on

the

mot

ion

and

inte

ract

ions

of

mat

ter

and

radi

atio

n w

ithin

that

sys

tem

. T

hat t

here

is a

sin

gle

quan

tity

calle

d en

ergy

is

due

to th

e fa

ct th

at a

sys

tem

’s to

tal e

nerg

y is

co

nser

ved,

eve

n as

, with

in th

e sy

stem

, ene

rgy

is c

ontin

ually

tran

sfer

red

from

one

obj

ect t

o an

othe

r an

d be

twee

n its

var

ious

pos

sibl

e fo

rms.

(H

S-P

S3-

1),(

HS

-PS

3-2)

• A

t the

mac

rosc

opic

sca

le, e

nerg

y m

anife

sts

itsel

f in

mul

tiple

way

s, s

uch

as in

mot

ion,

so

und,

ligh

t, an

d th

erm

al e

nerg

y. (

HS

-PS

3-2)

, (H

S-P

S3-

3)

• T

hese

rel

atio

nshi

ps a

re b

ette

r un

ders

tood

at t

he

mic

rosc

opic

sca

le, a

t whi

ch a

ll of

the

diffe

rent

m

anife

stat

ions

of e

nerg

y ca

n be

mod

eled

as

a co

mbi

natio

n of

ene

rgy

asso

ciat

ed w

ith th

e m

otio

n of

par

ticle

s an

d en

ergy

ass

ocia

ted

with

the

confi

gura

tion

(rel

ativ

e po

sitio

n of

th

e pa

rtic

les)

. In

som

e ca

ses

the

rela

tive

posi

tion

ener

gy c

an b

e th

ough

t of a

s st

ored

in

fiel

ds (

whi

ch m

edia

te in

tera

ctio

ns b

etw

een

part

icle

s). T

his

last

con

cept

incl

udes

rad

iatio

n,

a ph

enom

enon

in w

hich

ene

rgy

stor

ed in

fiel

ds

mov

es a

cros

s sp

ace.

. (H

S-P

S3-

2)

• “E

lect

rical

ene

rgy”

may

mea

n en

ergy

sto

red

in a

bat

tery

or

ener

gy tr

ansm

itted

by

elec

tric

cu

rren

ts. (

seco

ndar

y to

HS

-PS

2-5)

N/A

= N

ot a

pplic

able

for

this

gra

de r

ange



K–12 Progressions

Dis

cipl

inar

y C

ore

Idea

s in

Phy

sica

l Sci

ence

(co

ntin

ued

)

Gra

des

K–2

Gra

des

3–5

Gra

des

6–8

Gra

des

9–1

2

PS3.B: Conservation of Energy and Energy Transfer

• S

unlig

ht w

arm

s E

arth

’s s

urfa

ce.

(K-P

S3-

1),(

K-P

S3-

2)

• E

nerg

y is

pre

sent

whe

neve

r th

ere

are

mov

ing

obje

cts,

so

und,

ligh

t, or

hea

t. W

hen

obje

cts

colli

de, e

nerg

y ca

n be

tran

sfer

red

from

one

ob

ject

to a

noth

er, t

here

by

chan

ging

thei

r m

otio

n. In

su

ch c

ollis

ions

, som

e en

ergy

is

typi

cally

als

o tr

ansf

erre

d to

the

surr

ound

ing

air;

as

a re

sult,

the

air

gets

hea

ted

and

soun

d is

pro

duce

d.

(4-P

S3-

2),(

4-P

S3-

3)

• Li

ght a

lso

tran

sfer

s en

ergy

fr

om p

lace

to p

lace

. (4-

PS

3-2)

• E

nerg

y ca

n al

so b

e tr

ansf

erre

d fr

om p

lace

to

plac

e by

ele

ctric

cur

rent

s,

whi

ch c

an th

en b

e us

ed

loca

lly to

pro

duce

mot

ion,

so

und,

hea

t, or

ligh

t. T

he

curr

ents

may

hav

e be

en

prod

uced

to b

egin

with

by

tran

sfor

min

g th

e en

ergy

of

mot

ion

into

ele

ctric

al e

nerg

y.

(4-P

S3-

2),(

4-P

S3-

4)

• W

hen

the

mot

ion

ener

gy o

f an

obje

ct c

hang

es,

ther

e is

inev

itabl

y so

me

othe

r ch

ange

in e

nerg

y at

the

sam

e tim

e. (

MS

-PS

3-5)

• T

he a

mou

nt o

f ene

rgy

tran

sfer

nee

ded

to

chan

ge th

e te

mpe

ratu

re o

f a m

atte

r sa

mpl

e by

a g

iven

am

ount

dep

ends

on

the

natu

re o

f th

e m

atte

r, th

e si

ze o

f the

sam

ple,

and

the

envi

ronm

ent.

(MS

-PS

3-4)

• E

nerg

y is

spo

ntan

eous

ly tr

ansf

erre

d ou

t of

hotte

r re

gion

s or

obj

ects

and

into

col

der

ones

. (M

S-P

S3-

3)

• C

onse

rvat

ion

of e

nerg

y m

eans

that

the

tota

l ch

ange

of e

nerg

y in

any

sys

tem

is a

lway

s eq

ual

to th

e to

tal e

nerg

y tr

ansf

erre

d in

to o

r ou

t of t

he

syst

em. (

HS

-PS

3-1)

• E

nerg

y ca

nnot

be

crea

ted

or d

estr

oyed

, bu

t it c

an b

e tr

ansp

orte

d fr

om o

ne p

lace

to

anot

her

and

tran

sfer

red

betw

een

syst

ems.

(H

S-P

S3-

1),(

HS

-PS

3-4)

• M

athe

mat

ical

exp

ress

ions

, whi

ch q

uant

ify h

ow

the

stor

ed e

nerg

y in

a s

yste

m d

epen

ds o

n its

co

nfigu

ratio

n (e

.g.,

rela

tive

posi

tions

of c

harg

ed

part

icle

s, c

ompr

essi

on o

f a s

prin

g) a

nd h

ow

kine

tic e

nerg

y de

pend

s on

mas

s an

d sp

eed,

al

low

the

conc

ept o

f con

serv

atio

n of

ene

rgy

to b

e us

ed to

pre

dict

and

des

crib

e sy

stem

be

havi

or. (

HS

-PS

3-1)

• T

he a

vaila

bilit

y of

ene

rgy

limits

wha

t can

occ

ur

in a

ny s

yste

m. (

HS

-PS

3-1)

• U

ncon

trol

led

syst

ems

alw

ays

evol

ve to

war

d m

ore

stab

le s

tate

s—th

at is

, tow

ard

mor

e un

iform

ene

rgy

dist

ribut

ion

(e.g

., w

ater

flow

s do

wnh

ill, o

bjec

ts h

otte

r th

an th

eir

surr

ound

ing

envi

ronm

ent c

ool d

own)

. (H

S-P

S3-

4)

PS3.C: Relationship Between Energy

and Forces

• A

big

ger

push

or

pull

mak

es

thin

gs g

o fa

ster

. (se

cond

ary

to K

-PS

2-1)

• W

hen

obje

cts

colli

de, t

he

cont

act f

orce

s tr

ansf

er e

nerg

y so

as

to c

hang

e th

e ob

ject

s’

mot

ions

. (4-

PS

3-3)

• W

hen

two

obje

cts

inte

ract

, eac

h on

e ex

erts

a

forc

e on

the

othe

r th

at c

an c

ause

ene

rgy

to b

e tr

ansf

erre

d to

or

from

the

obje

ct. (

MS

-PS

3-2)

• W

hen

two

obje

cts

inte

ract

ing

thro

ugh

a fie

ld

chan

ge r

elat

ive

posi

tion,

the

ener

gy s

tore

d in

th

e fie

ld is

cha

nged

. (H

S-P

S3-

5)



Chapter 2

Dis

cipl

inar

y C

ore

Idea

s in

Phy

sica

l Sci

ence

(co

ntin

ued

)

Gra

des

K–2

Gra

des

3–5

Gra

des

6–8

Gra

des

9–1

2

PS3.D: Energy in Chemical Processes

and Everyday Life

• N

/A•

The

exp

ress

ion

“pro

duce

en

ergy

” typ

ical

ly r

efer

s to

th

e co

nver

sion

of s

tore

d en

ergy

into

a d

esire

d fo

rm fo

r pr

actic

al u

se. (

4-P

S3-

4)

• T

he e

nerg

y re

leas

ed [f

rom

] fo

od w

as o

nce

ener

gy fr

om

the

Sun

that

was

cap

ture

d by

pla

nts

in th

e ch

emic

al

proc

ess

that

form

s pl

ant

mat

ter

(fro

m a

ir an

d w

ater

). (5

-PS

3-1)

• T

he c

hem

ical

rea

ctio

n by

whi

ch p

lant

s pr

oduc

e co

mpl

ex fo

od m

olec

ules

(su

gars

) re

quire

s an

en

ergy

inpu

t (i.e

., fr

om s

unlig

ht)

to o

ccur

. In

this

re

actio

n, c

arbo

n di

oxid

e an

d w

ater

com

bine

to

f orm

car

bon-

base

d or

gani

c m

olec

ules

and

re

leas

e ox

ygen

. (se

cond

ary

to M

S-L

S1-

6)

• C

ellu

lar

resp

iratio

n in

pla

nts

and

anim

als

invo

lve

chem

ical

rea

ctio

ns w

ith o

xyge

n th

at

rele

ase

stor

ed e

nerg

y. In

thes

e pr

oces

ses,

co

mpl

ex m

olec

ules

con

tain

ing

carb

on r

eact

with

ox

ygen

to p

rodu

ce c

arbo

n di

oxid

e an

d ot

her

mat

eria

ls. (

seco

ndar

y to

MS

-LS

1-7)

• A

lthou

gh e

nerg

y ca

nnot

be

dest

roye

d, it

can

be

conv

erte

d to

less

use

ful f

orm

s—fo

r ex

ampl

e, to

th

erm

al e

nerg

y in

the

surr

ound

ing

envi

ronm

ent.

(HS

-PS

3-3)

,(H

S-P

S3-

4)

• S

olar

cel

ls a

re h

uman

-mad

e de

vice

s th

at

likew

ise

capt

ure

the

Sun

’s e

nerg

y an

d pr

oduc

e el

ectr

ical

ene

rgy.

(se

cond

ary

to H

S-P

S4-

5)

• T

he m

ain

way

that

sol

ar e

nerg

y is

cap

ture

d an

d st

ored

on

Ear

th is

thro

ugh

the

com

plex

ch

emic

al p

roce

ss k

now

n as

pho

tosy

nthe

sis.

(s

econ

dary

to H

S-L

S2-

5)

• N

ucle

ar fu

sion

pro

cess

es in

the

cent

er o

f the

S

un r

elea

se th

e en

ergy

that

ulti

mat

ely

reac

hes

Ear

th a

s ra

diat

ion.

(se

cond

ary

to H

S-E

SS

1-1)

PS

4: W

aves

an

d T

hei

r A

pp

licat

ion

s in

Tec

hn

olo

gie

s fo

r In

form

atio

n T

ran

sfer

PS4.A: Wave Properties

• S

ound

can

mak

e m

atte

r vi

brat

e, a

nd v

ibra

ting

mat

ter

can

mak

e so

und.

(1-

PS

4-1)

• W

aves

, whi

ch a

re r

egul

ar

patte

rns

of m

otio

n, c

an b

e m

ade

in w

ater

by

dist

urbi

ng

the

surf

ace.

Whe

n w

aves

m

ove

acro

ss th

e su

rfac

e of

de

ep w

ater

, the

wat

er g

oes

up a

nd d

own

in p

lace

; the

re is

no

net

mot

ion

in th

e di

rect

ion

of th

e w

ave

exce

pt w

hen

the

wat

er m

eets

a b

each

. (N

ote:

T

his

grad

e ba

nd e

ndpo

int

was

mov

ed fr

om K

–2.)

(4

-PS

4-1)

• W

aves

of t

he s

ame

type

can

di

ffer

in a

mpl

itude

(he

ight

of

the

wav

e) a

nd w

avel

engt

h (s

paci

ng b

etw

een

wav

e pe

aks)

. (4-

PS

4-1)

• A

sim

ple

wav

e ha

s a

repe

atin

g pa

ttern

with

a

spec

ific

wav

elen

gth,

freq

uenc

y, a

nd a

mpl

itude

. (M

S-P

S4-

1)

• A

sou

nd w

ave

need

s a

med

ium

thro

ugh

whi

ch it

is

tran

smitt

ed. (

MS

-PS

4-2)

• T

he w

avel

engt

h an

d fr

eque

ncy

of a

wav

e ar

e re

late

d to

one

ano

ther

by

the

spee

d of

trav

el o

f th

e w

ave,

whi

ch d

epen

ds o

n th

e ty

pe o

f wav

e an

d th

e m

ediu

m th

roug

h w

hich

it is

pas

sing

. (H

S-P

S4-

1)

• In

form

atio

n ca

n be

dig

itize

d (e

.g.,

a pi

ctur

e st

ored

as

the

valu

es o

f an

arra

y of

pix

els)

; in

this

form

, it c

an b

e st

ored

rel

iabl

y in

com

pute

r m

emor

y an

d se

nt o

ver

long

dis

tanc

es a

s a

serie

s of

wav

e pu

lses

. (H

S-P

S4-

2),(

HS

-PS

4-5)

• [F

rom

the

3–5

grad

e ba

nd e

ndpo

ints

] Wav

es

can

add

or c

ance

l one

ano

ther

as

they

cro

ss,

depe

ndin

g on

thei

r re

lativ

e ph

ase

(i.e.

, rel

ativ

e po

sitio

n of

pea

ks a

nd tr

ough

s of

the

wav

es),

bu

t the

y em

erge

una

ffect

ed b

y ea

ch o

ther

. (B

ound

ary:

The

dis

cuss

ion

at th

is g

rade

leve

l is

qua

litat

ive

only

; it c

an b

e ba

sed

on th

e fa

ct

that

tw

o di

ffere

nt s

ound

s ca

n pa

ss a

loca

tion

in d

iffer

ent d

irect

ions

with

out g

ettin

g m

ixed

up.

) (H

S-P

S4-

3)

• G

eolo

gist

s us

e se

ism

ic w

aves

and

thei

r re

flect

ion

at in

terf

aces

bet

wee

n la

yers

to p

robe

st

ruct

ures

dee

p in

the

plan

et. (

seco

ndar

y to

H

S-E

SS

2-3)

N/A

= N

ot a

pplic

able

for

this

gra

de r

ange



K–12 Progressions

Dis

cipl

inar

y C

ore

Idea

s in

Phy

sica

l Sci

ence

(co

ntin

ued

)

Gra

des

K–2

Gra

des

3–5

Gra

des

6–8

Gra

des

9–1

2

PS4.B: Electromagnetic Radiation

• O

bjec

ts c

an b

e se

en o

nly

whe

n lig

ht is

ava

ilabl

e to

ill

umin

ate

them

. Som

e ob

ject

s gi

ve o

ff th

eir

own

light

. (1-

PS

4-2)

• S

ome

mat

eria

ls a

llow

ligh

t to

pas

s th

roug

h th

em,

othe

rs a

llow

onl

y so

me

light

thro

ugh,

and

stil

l ot

hers

blo

ck a

ll th

e lig

ht

and

crea

te a

dar

k sh

adow

on

any

sur

face

bey

ond

them

, whe

re th

e lig

ht

cann

ot r

each

. Mirr

ors

can

be u

sed

to r

edire

ct a

ligh

t be

am. (

Bou

ndar

y: T

he

idea

that

ligh

t tra

vels

from

pl

ace

to p

lace

is d

evel

oped

th

roug

h ex

perie

nces

with

lig

ht s

ourc

es, m

irror

s, a

nd

shad

ows,

but

no

atte

mpt

is

mad

e to

dis

cuss

the

spee

d of

ligh

t.) (

1-P

S4-

3)

• A

n ob

ject

can

be

seen

whe

n lig

ht r

eflec

ted

from

its

surf

ace

ente

rs th

e ey

es. (

4-P

S4-

2)

• W

hen

light

shi

nes

on a

n ob

ject

, it i

s re

flect

ed,

abso

rbed

, or

tran

smitt

ed th

roug

h th

e ob

ject

, de

pend

ing

on th

e ob

ject

’s m

ater

ial a

nd th

e fr

eque

ncy

(col

or)

of th

e lig

ht. (

MS

-PS

4-2)

• T

he p

ath

that

ligh

t tra

vels

can

be

trac

ed a

s st

raig

ht li

nes,

exc

ept a

t sur

face

s be

twee

n di

ffere

nt tr

ansp

aren

t mat

eria

ls (

e.g.

, air

and

wat

er, a

ir an

d gl

ass)

whe

re th

e lig

ht p

ath

bend

s.

(MS

-PS

4-2)

• A

wav

e m

odel

of l

ight

is u

sefu

l for

exp

lain

ing

brig

htne

ss, c

olor

, and

the

freq

uenc

y-de

pend

ent

bend

ing

of li

ght a

t a s

urfa

ce b

etw

een

med

ia.

(MS

-PS

4-2)

• H

owev

er, b

ecau

se li

ght c

an tr

avel

thro

ugh

spac

e, it

can

not b

e a

mat

ter

wav

e, li

ke s

ound

or

wat

er w

aves

. (M

S-P

S4-

2)

• E

lect

rom

agne

tic r

adia

tion

(e.g

., ra

dio,

m

icro

wav

es, l

ight

) ca

n be

mod

eled

as

a w

ave

of c

hang

ing

elec

tric

and

mag

netic

fiel

ds o

r as

par

ticle

s ca

lled

phot

ons.

The

wav

e m

odel

is

use

ful f

or e

xpla

inin

g m

any

feat

ures

of

elec

trom

agne

tic r

adia

tion,

and

the

part

icle

m

odel

exp

lain

s ot

her

feat

ures

. (H

S-P

S4-

3)

• W

hen

light

or

long

er w

avel

engt

h el

ectr

omag

netic

rad

iatio

n is

abs

orbe

d in

mat

ter,

it is

gen

eral

ly c

onve

rted

into

ther

mal

ene

rgy

(hea

t). S

hort

er w

avel

engt

h el

ectr

omag

netic

ra

diat

ion

(ultr

avio

let,

X-r

ays,

gam

ma

rays

) ca

n io

nize

ato

ms

and

caus

e da

mag

e to

livi

ng c

ells

.(H

S-P

S4-

4)

• P

hoto

volta

ic m

ater

ials

em

it el

ectr

ons

whe

n th

ey a

bsor

b lig

ht o

f a h

igh-

enou

gh fr

eque

ncy.

(H

S-P

S4-

5)

• A

tom

s of

eac

h el

emen

t em

it an

d ab

sorb

ch

arac

teris

tic fr

eque

ncie

s of

ligh

t. T

hese

ch

arac

teris

tics

allo

w id

entifi

catio

n of

the

pres

ence

of a

n el

emen

t, ev

en in

mic

rosc

opic

qu

antit

ies.

(se

cond

ary

to H

S-E

SS

1-2)

PS4.C: Information Technologies and Instrumentation

• P

eopl

e us

e a

varie

ty o

f de

vice

s to

com

mun

icat

e (s

end

and

rece

ive

info

rmat

ion)

ove

r lo

ng

dist

ance

s. (

1-P

S4-

4)

• D

igiti

zed

info

rmat

ion

can

be tr

ansm

itted

ove

r lo

ng

dist

ance

s w

ithou

t sig

nific

ant

degr

adat

ion.

Hig

h-te

ch

devi

ces,

suc

h as

com

pute

rs

or c

ell p

hone

s, c

an r

ecei

ve

and

deco

de in

form

atio

n—co

nver

t it f

rom

dig

itize

d fo

rm

to v

oice

—an

d vi

ce v

ersa

. (4

-PS

4-3)

• D

igiti

zed

sign

als

(sen

t as

wav

e pu

lses

) ar

e a

mor

e re

liabl

e w

ay to

enc

ode

and

tran

smit

info

rmat

ion.

(M

S-P

S4-

3)

• M

ultip

le te

chno

logi

es b

ased

on

the

unde

rsta

ndin

g of

wav

es a

nd th

eir

inte

ract

ions

w

ith m

atte

r ar

e pa

rt o

f eve

ryda

y ex

perie

nces

in

the

mod

ern

wor

ld (

e.g.

, med

ical

imag

ing,

co

mm

unic

atio

ns, s

cann

ers)

and

in s

cien

tific

rese

arch

. The

y ar

e es

sent

ial t

ools

for

prod

ucin

g,

tran

smitt

ing,

and

cap

turin

g si

gnal

s an

d fo

r st

orin

g an

d in

terp

retin

g th

e in

form

atio

n co

ntai

ned

in th

em. (

HS

-PS

4-5)



Chapter 2

Disc

iplin

ary

Co

re Id

ea

s in

Life

Sc

ienc

eG

rad

es K

–2G

rad

es 3

–5G

rad

es 6

–8G

rad

es 9

–12

LS

1: F

rom

Mo

lecu

les

to O

rgan

ism

s: S

tru

ctu

res

and

Pro

cess

es

LS1.A: Structure and Function

• A

ll or

gani

sms

have

ext

erna

l pa

rts.

Diff

eren

t ani

mal

s us

e th

eir

body

par

ts in

diff

eren

t w

ays

to s

ee, h

ear,

gras

p ob

ject

s, p

rote

ct th

emse

lves

, m

ove

from

pla

ce to

pla

ce,

and

seek

, find

, and

take

in

food

, wat

er, a

nd a

ir.

Pla

nts

also

hav

e di

ffere

nt

part

s (r

oots

, ste

ms,

leav

es,

flow

ers,

frui

ts)

that

hel

p th

em

surv

ive

and

grow

. (1-

LS1-

1)

• P

lant

s an

d an

imal

s ha

ve

both

inte

rnal

and

ext

erna

l st

ruct

ures

that

ser

ve v

ario

us

func

tions

in g

row

th, s

urvi

val,

beha

vior

, and

rep

rodu

ctio

n.

(4-L

S1-

1)

• A

ll liv

ing

thin

gs a

re m

ade

up o

f cel

ls, w

hich

is

the

smal

lest

uni

t tha

t can

be

said

to b

e al

ive.

A

n or

gani

sm m

ay c

onsi

st o

f one

sin

gle

cell

(uni

cellu

lar)

or

man

y di

ffere

nt n

umbe

rs a

nd

type

s of

cel

ls (

mul

ticel

lula

r). (

MS

-LS

1-1)

• O

rgan

ism

s re

prod

uce,

eith

er s

exua

lly o

r as

exua

lly, a

nd tr

ansf

er th

eir

gene

tic in

form

atio

n to

thei

r of

fspr

ing.

(se

cond

ary

t o M

S-L

S3-

2)

• W

ithin

cel

ls, s

peci

al s

truc

ture

s ar

e re

spon

sibl

e fo

r pa

rtic

ular

func

tions

, and

the

cell

mem

bran

e fo

rms

the

boun

dary

that

con

trol

s w

hat e

nter

s an

d le

aves

the

cell.

(M

S-L

S1-

2)

• In

mul

ticel

lula

r or

gani

sms,

the

body

is a

sy

stem

of m

ultip

le in

tera

ctin

g su

bsys

tem

s.

The

se s

ubsy

stem

s ar

e gr

oups

of c

ells

that

w

ork

toge

ther

to fo

rm ti

ssue

s an

d or

gans

that

ar

e sp

ecia

lized

for

part

icul

ar b

ody

func

tions

. (M

S-L

S1-

3)

• S

yste

ms

of s

peci

aliz

ed c

ells

with

in o

rgan

ism

s he

lp th

em p

erfo

rm th

e es

sent

ial f

unct

ions

of l

ife.

(HS

-LS

1-1)

• A

ll ce

lls c

onta

in g

enet

ic in

form

atio

n in

the

form

of

DN

A m

olec

ules

. Gen

es a

re r

egio

ns in

the

DN

A th

at c

onta

in th

e in

stru

ctio

ns th

at c

ode

for

the

form

atio

n of

pro

tein

s, w

hich

car

ry o

ut m

ost

of th

e w

ork

of c

ells

. (H

S-L

S1-

1) (

seco

ndar

y to

H

S-L

S3-

1)

• M

ultic

ellu

lar

orga

nism

s ha

ve a

hie

rarc

hica

l st

ruct

ural

org

aniz

atio

n, in

whi

ch a

ny o

ne s

yste

m

is m

ade

up o

f num

erou

s pa

rts

and

is it

self

a co

mpo

nent

of t

he n

ext l

evel

. (H

S-L

S1-

2)

• Fe

edba

ck m

echa

nism

s m

aint

ain

a liv

ing

syst

em’s

in

tern

al c

ondi

tions

with

in c

erta

in li

mits

and

m

edia

te b

ehav

iors

, allo

win

g it

to re

mai

n al

ive

and

func

tiona

l eve

n as

ext

erna

l con

ditio

ns c

hang

e w

ithin

som

e ra

nge.

Fee

dbac

k m

echa

nism

s ca

n en

cour

age

(thr

ough

pos

itive

feed

back

) or

di

scou

rage

(ne

gativ

e fe

edba

ck)

wha

t is

goin

g on

in

side

the

livin

g sy

stem

. (H

S-L

S1-

3)

LS1.B: Growth and Development of Organisms

• A

dult

plan

ts a

nd a

nim

als

can

have

you

ng. I

n m

any

kind

s of

ani

mal

s, p

aren

ts a

nd th

e of

fspr

ing

them

selv

es e

ngag

e in

beh

avio

rs th

at h

elp

the

offs

prin

g to

sur

vive

. (1-

LS1-

2)

• R

epro

duct

ion

is e

ssen

tial

to th

e co

ntin

ued

exis

tenc

e of

eve

ry k

ind

of o

rgan

ism

. P

lant

s an

d an

imal

s ha

ve

uniq

ue a

nd d

iver

se li

fe

cycl

es. (

3-LS

1-1)

• O

rgan

ism

s re

prod

uce,

eith

er s

exua

lly o

r as

exua

lly, a

nd tr

ansf

er th

eir

gene

tic in

form

atio

n to

thei

r of

fspr

ing.

(se

cond

ary

to M

S-L

S3-

2)

• A

nim

als

enga

ge in

cha

ract

eris

tic b

ehav

iors

that

in

crea

se th

e od

ds o

f rep

rodu

ctio

n. (

MS

-LS

1-4)

• P

lant

s re

prod

uce

in a

var

iety

of w

ays,

som

etim

es

depe

ndin

g on

ani

mal

beh

avio

r an

d sp

ecia

lized

fe

atur

es fo

r re

prod

uctio

n. (

MS

-LS

1-4)

• G

enet

ic fa

ctor

s as

wel

l as

loca

l con

ditio

ns a

ffect

th

e gr

owth

of t

he a

dult

plan

t. (M

S-L

S1-

5)

• In

mul

ticel

lula

r or

gani

sms

indi

vidu

al c

ells

gro

w

and

then

div

ide

via

a pr

oces

s ca

lled

mito

sis,

th

ereb

y al

low

ing

the

orga

nism

to g

row

. The

or

gani

sm b

egin

s as

a s

ingl

e ce

ll (f

ertil

ized

egg

) th

at d

ivid

es s

ucce

ssiv

ely

to p

rodu

ce m

any

cells

, w

ith e

ach

pare

nt c

ell p

assi

ng id

entic

al g

enet

ic

mat

eria

l (tw

o va

riant

s of

eac

h ch

rom

osom

e pa

ir) to

bot

h da

ught

er c

ells

. Cel

lula

r di

visi

on a

nd

diffe

rent

iatio

n pr

oduc

e an

d m

aint

ain

a co

mpl

ex

orga

nism

, com

pose

d of

sys

tem

s of

tiss

ues

and

orga

ns th

at w

ork

toge

ther

to m

eet t

he n

eeds

of

the

who

le o

rgan

ism

. (H

S-L

S1-

4)



K–12 Progressions

Dis

cipl

inar

y C

ore

Idea

s in

Life

Sci

ence

(co

ntin

ued

)

Gra

des

K–2

Gra

des

3–5

Gra

des

6–8

Gra

des

9–1

2

LS1.C: Organization for Matter and Energy Flow in Organisms

• A

ll an

imal

s ne

ed fo

od in

or

der

to li

ve a

nd g

row

. The

y ob

tain

thei

r fo

od fr

om p

lant

s or

from

oth

er a

nim

als.

Pla

nts

need

wat

er a

nd li

ght t

o liv

e an

d gr

ow. (

K-L

S1-

1)

• F

ood

prov

ides

ani

mal

s w

ith

the

mat

eria

ls th

ey n

eed

for

body

rep

air

and

grow

th a

nd

the

ener

gy th

ey n

eed

to

mai

ntai

n bo

dy w

arm

th a

nd

for

mot

ion.

(se

cond

ary

to

5-P

S3-

1)

• P

lant

s ac

quire

thei

r m

ater

ial

for

grow

th c

hiefl

y fr

om a

ir an

d w

ater

. (5-

LS1-

1)

• P

lant

s, a

lgae

(in

clud

ing

phyt

opla

nkto

n), a

nd

man

y m

icro

orga

nism

s us

e th

e en

ergy

from

ligh

t to

mak

e su

gars

(fo

od)

from

car

bon

diox

ide

from

th

e at

mos

pher

e an

d w

ater

thro

ugh

the

proc

ess

of p

hoto

synt

hesi

s, w

hich

als

o re

leas

es o

xyge

n.

The

se s

ugar

s ca

n be

use

d im

med

iate

ly o

r st

ored

for

grow

th o

r la

ter

use.

(M

S-L

S1-

6)

• W

ithin

indi

vidu

al o

rgan

ism

s, fo

od m

oves

th

roug

h a

serie

s of

che

mic

al r

eact

ions

in w

hich

it

is b

roke

n do

wn

and

rear

rang

ed to

form

new

m

olec

ules

, to

supp

ort g

row

th, o

r to

rel

ease

en

ergy

. (M

S-L

S1-

7)

• T

he p

roce

ss o

f pho

tosy

nthe

sis

conv

erts

ligh

t en

ergy

to s

tore

d ch

emic

al e

nerg

y by

con

vert

ing

carb

on d

ioxi

de p

lus

wat

er in

to s

ugar

s pl

us

rele

ased

oxy

gen.

(H

S-L

S1-

5)

• T

he s

ugar

mol

ecul

es th

us fo

rmed

con

tain

ca

rbon

, hyd

roge

n, a

nd o

xyge

n; th

eir

hydr

ocar

bon

back

bone

s ar

e us

ed to

mak

e am

ino

acid

s an

d ot

her

carb

on-b

ased

mol

ecul

es

that

can

be

asse

mbl

ed in

to la

rger

mol

ecul

es

(suc

h as

pr o

tein

s or

DN

A),

use

d fo

r ex

ampl

e to

fo

rm n

ew c

ells

. (H

S-L

S1-

6)

• A

s m

atte

r an

d en

ergy

flow

thro

ugh

diffe

rent

or

gani

zatio

nal l

evel

s of

livi

ng s

yste

ms,

che

mic

al

elem

ents

are

rec

ombi

ned

in d

iffer

ent w

ays

to

form

diff

eren

t pro

duct

s. (

HS

-LS

1-6)

,(H

S-L

S1-

7)

• A

s a

resu

lt of

thes

e ch

emic

al r

eact

ions

, ene

rgy

is tr

ansf

erre

d fr

om o

ne s

yste

m o

f int

erac

ting

mol

ecul

es to

ano

ther

and

rel

ease

ene

rgy

to th

e su

rrou

ndin

g en

viro

nmen

t and

to m

aint

ain

body

te

mpe

ratu

re. C

ellu

lar

resp

iratio

n is

a c

hem

ical

pr

oces

s w

here

by th

e bo

nds

of fo

od m

olec

ules

an

d ox

ygen

mol

ecul

es a

re b

roke

n an

d ne

w

com

poun

ds a

re fo

rmed

that

can

tran

spor

t en

ergy

to m

uscl

es. (

HS

-LS

1-7)

LS1.D: Information Processing

• A

nim

als

have

bod

y pa

rts

that

cap

ture

and

con

vey

diffe

rent

kin

ds o

f inf

orm

atio

n ne

eded

for

grow

th a

nd

surv

ival

. Ani

mal

s re

spon

d to

th

ese

inpu

ts w

ith b

ehav

iors

th

at h

elp

them

sur

vive

. P

lant

s al

so r

espo

nd to

som

e ex

tern

al in

puts

. (1-

LS1-

1)

• D

iffer

ent s

ense

rec

epto

rs

are

spec

ializ

ed fo

r pa

rtic

ular

ki

nds

of in

form

atio

n, w

hich

m

ay b

e th

en p

roce

ssed

by

the

anim

al’s

bra

in.

Ani

mal

s ar

e ab

le to

use

thei

r pe

rcep

tions

and

mem

orie

s to

gu

ide

thei

r ac

tions

. (4-

LS1-

2)

• E

ach

sens

e re

cept

or r

espo

nds

to d

iffer

ent

inpu

ts (

elec

trom

agne

tic, m

echa

nica

l, ch

emic

al),

tr

ansm

ittin

g th

em a

s si

gnal

s th

at tr

avel

alo

ng

nerv

e ce

lls to

the

brai

n. T

he s

igna

ls a

re th

en

proc

esse

d in

the

brai

n, r

esul

ting

in im

med

iate

be

havi

ors

or m

emor

ies.

(M

S-L

S1-

8)

• N

/A

N/A

= N

ot a

pplic

able

for

this

gra

de r

ange



Chapter 2D

isci

plin

ary

Cor

e Id

eas

in L

ife S

cien

ce (

cont

inue

d)

Gra

des

K–2

Gra

des

3–5

Gra

des

6–8

Gra

des

9–1

2L

S2:

Eco

syst

ems:

Inte

ract

ion

s, E

ner

gy, a

nd

Dyn

amic

sLS2.A: Interdependent Relationships

in Ecosystems•

Pla

nts

depe

nd o

n w

ater

and

lig

ht to

gro

w. (

2-LS

2-1)

• P

lant

s de

pend

on

anim

als

for

polli

natio

n or

to m

ove

thei

r se

eds

arou

nd. (

2-LS

2-2)

• T

he fo

od o

f alm

ost a

ny k

ind

of a

nim

al c

an b

e tr

aced

ba

ck to

pla

nts.

Org

anis

ms

are

rela

ted

in fo

od w

ebs

in

whi

ch s

ome

anim

als

eat

plan

ts fo

r fo

od a

nd o

ther

an

imal

s ea

t the

ani

mal

s th

at

eat p

lant

s. S

ome

orga

nism

s,

such

as

fung

i and

bac

teria

, br

eak

dow

n de

ad o

rgan

ism

s (b

oth

plan

ts o

r pl

ant p

arts

an

d an

imal

s) a

nd th

eref

ore

oper

ate

as “d

ecom

pose

rs.”

Dec

ompo

sitio

n ev

entu

ally

re

stor

es (

recy

cles

) so

me

mat

eria

ls b

ack

to th

e so

il.

Org

anis

ms

can

surv

ive

only

in

env

ironm

ents

in w

hich

th

eir

part

icul

ar n

eeds

are

m

et. A

hea

lthy

ecos

yste

m is

on

e in

whi

ch m

ultip

le s

peci

es

of d

iffer

ent t

ypes

are

eac

h ab

le to

mee

t the

ir ne

eds

in

a re

lativ

ely

stab

le w

eb o

f life

. N

ewly

intro

duce

d sp

ecie

s ca

n da

mag

e th

e ba

lanc

e of

an

eco

syst

em. (

5-LS

2-1)

• O

rgan

ism

s, a

nd p

opul

atio

ns o

f org

anis

ms,

are

de

pend

ent o

n th

eir

envi

ronm

enta

l int

erac

tions

bo

th w

ith o

ther

livi

ng th

ings

and

with

non

livin

g fa

ctor

s. (

MS

-LS

2-1)

• In

any

eco

syst

em, o

rgan

ism

s an

d po

pula

tions

w

ith s

imila

r re

quire

men

ts fo

r fo

od, w

ater

, ox

ygen

, or

othe

r re

sour

ces

may

com

pete

with

ea

ch o

ther

for

limite

d re

sour

ces,

acc

ess

to

whi

ch c

onse

quen

tly c

onst

rain

s th

eir

grow

th a

nd

repr

oduc

tion.

(M

S-L

S2-

1)

• G

row

th o

f org

anis

ms

and

popu

latio

n in

crea

ses

are

limite

d by

acc

ess

to r

esou

rces

. (M

S-L

S2-

1)

• S

imila

rly, p

reda

tory

inte

ract

ions

may

red

uce

the

num

ber

of o

rgan

ism

s or

elim

inat

e w

hole

po

pula

tions

of o

rgan

ism

s. M

utua

lly b

enefi

cial

in

tera

ctio

ns, i

n co

ntra

st, m

ay b

ecom

e so

in

terd

epen

dent

that

eac

h or

gani

sm r

equi

res

the

othe

r fo

r su

rviv

al. A

lthou

gh th

e sp

ecie

s in

volv

ed

in th

ese

com

petit

ive,

pre

dato

ry, a

nd m

utua

lly

bene

ficia

l int

erac

tions

var

y ac

ross

eco

syst

ems,

th

e pa

ttern

s of

inte

ract

ions

of o

rgan

ism

s w

ith

thei

r en

viro

nmen

ts, b

oth

livin

g an

d no

nliv

ing,

ar

e sh

ared

. (M

S-L

S2-

2)

• E

cosy

stem

s ha

ve c

arry

ing

capa

citie

s, w

hich

ar

e lim

its to

the

num

bers

of o

rgan

ism

s an

d po

pula

tions

they

can

sup

port

. The

se li

mits

re

sult

from

suc

h fa

ctor

s as

the

avai

labi

lity

of li

ving

and

non

livin

g re

sour

ces

and

from

ch

alle

nges

suc

h as

pre

datio

n, c

ompe

titio

n, a

nd

dise

ase.

Org

anis

ms

wou

ld h

ave

the

capa

city

to

pro

duce

pop

ulat

ions

of g

reat

siz

e w

ere

it no

t fo

r th

e fa

ct th

at e

nviro

nmen

ts a

nd r

esou

rces

ar

e fin

ite. T

his

fund

amen

tal t

ensi

on a

ffect

s th

e ab

unda

nce

(num

ber

of in

divi

dual

s) o

f spe

cies

in

any

give

n ec

osys

tem

. (H

S-L

S2-

1),(

HS

-LS

2-2)

LS2.B: Cycles of Matter and Energy Transfer in Ecosystems

• N

/A•

Mat

ter

cycl

es b

etw

een

the

air

and

soil

and

amon

g pl

ants

, ani

mal

s,

and

mic

robe

s as

thes

e or

gani

sms

live

and

die.

O

rgan

ism

s ob

tain

gas

es a

nd

wat

er fr

om th

e en

viro

nmen

t an

d re

leas

e w

aste

mat

ter

(gas

, liq

uid,

or

solid

) ba

ck

into

the

envi

ronm

ent.

(5-L

S2-

1)

• F

ood

web

s ar

e m

odel

s th

at d

emon

stra

te h

ow

mat

ter

and

ener

gy a

re tr

ansf

erre

d be

twee

n pr

oduc

ers,

con

sum

ers,

and

dec

ompo

sers

as

the

thre

e gr

oups

inte

ract

with

in a

n ec

osys

tem

. Tra

nsfe

rs o

f mat

ter

into

and

out

of

the

phys

ical

env

ironm

ent o

ccur

at e

very

le

vel.

Dec

ompo

sers

rec

ycle

nut

rient

s fr

om

dead

pla

nt o

r an

imal

mat

ter

back

to th

e so

il in

terr

estr

ial e

nviro

nmen

ts o

r to

the

wat

er in

aq

uatic

env

ironm

ents

. The

ato

ms

that

mak

e up

the

orga

nism

s in

an

ecos

yste

m a

re c

ycle

d re

peat

edly

bet

wee

n th

e liv

ing

and

nonl

ivin

g pa

rts

of th

e ec

osys

tem

. (M

S-L

S2-

3)

• P

hoto

synt

hesi

s an

d ce

llula

r re

spira

tion

(incl

udin

g an

aero

bic

proc

esse

s) p

rovi

de m

ost o

f th

e en

ergy

for

life

proc

esse

s. (

HS

-LS

2-3)

• P

lant

s or

alg

ae fo

rm th

e lo

wes

t lev

el o

f the

food

w

eb. A

t eac

h lin

k up

war

d in

a fo

od w

eb, o

nly

a sm

all f

ract

ion

of th

e m

atte

r co

nsum

ed a

t the

lo

wer

leve

l is

tran

sfer

red

upw

ard,

to p

rodu

ce

grow

th a

nd re

leas

e en

ergy

in c

ellu

lar

resp

iratio

n at

the

high

er le

vel.

Giv

en th

is in

effic

ienc

y, th

ere

are

gene

rally

few

er o

rgan

ism

s at

hig

her

leve

ls

of a

food

web

. Som

e m

atte

r re

acts

to re

leas

e en

ergy

for

life

func

tions

, som

e m

atte

r is

sto

red

in

new

ly m

ade

stru

ctur

es, a

nd m

uch

is d

isca

rded

. T

he c

hem

ical

ele

men

ts th

at m

ake

up th

e m

olec

ules

of o

rgan

ism

s pa

ss th

roug

h fo

od w

ebs

and

into

and

out

of t

he a

tmos

pher

e an

d so

il, a

nd

they

are

com

bine

d an

d re

com

bine

d in

diff

eren

t w

ays.

At e

ach

link

in a

n ec

osys

tem

, mat

ter

and

ener

gy a

re c

onse

rved

. (H

S-L

S2-

4)

• P

hoto

synt

hesi

s an

d ce

llula

r re

spira

tion

are

impo

rtan

t com

pone

nts

of th

e ca

rbon

cyc

le,

in w

hich

car

bon

is e

xcha

nged

am

ong

the

bios

pher

e, a

tmos

pher

e, o

cean

s, a

nd g

eosp

here

th

roug

h ch

emic

al, p

hysi

cal,

geol

ogic

, and

bi

olog

ical

pro

cess

es. (

HS

-LS

2-5)

N/A

= N

ot a

pplic

able

for

this

gra

de r

ange



K–12 Progressions

Dis

cipl

inar

y C

ore

Idea

s in

Life

Sci

ence

(co

ntin

ued

)

Gra

des

K–2

Gra

des

3–5

Gra

des

6–8

Gra

des

9–1

2

LS2.C: Ecosystem Dynamics, Functioning, and Resilience

• N

/A•

Whe

n th

e en

viro

nmen

t ch

ange

s in

way

s th

at

affe

ct a

pla

ce’s

phy

sica

l ch

arac

teris

tics,

tem

pera

ture

, or

ava

ilabi

lity

of r

esou

rces

, so

me

orga

nism

s su

rviv

e an

d re

prod

uce,

oth

ers

mov

e to

new

loca

tions

, yet

oth

ers

mov

e in

to th

e tr

ansf

orm

ed

envi

ronm

ent,

and

som

e di

e.

(sec

onda

ry to

3-L

S4-

4)

• E

cosy

stem

s ar

e dy

nam

ic in

nat

ure;

thei

r ch

arac

teris

tics

can

vary

ove

r tim

e. D

isru

ptio

ns

to a

ny p

hysi

cal o

r bi

olog

ical

com

pone

nt o

f an

eco

syst

em c

an le

ad to

shi

fts in

all

its

popu

latio

ns. (

MS

-LS

2-4)

• B

iodi

vers

ity d

escr

ibes

the

varie

ty o

f spe

cies

fo

und

in E

arth

’s te

rres

tria

l and

oce

anic

ec

osys

tem

s. T

he c

ompl

eten

ess

or in

tegr

ity o

f an

eco

syst

em’s

bio

dive

rsity

is o

ften

used

as

a m

easu

re o

f its

hea

lth. (

MS

-LS

2-5)

• A

com

plex

set

of i

nter

actio

ns w

ithin

an

ecos

yste

m c

an k

eep

its n

umbe

rs a

nd ty

pes

of o

rgan

ism

s re

lativ

ely

cons

tant

ove

r lo

ng

perio

ds o

f tim

e un

der

stab

le c

ondi

tions

. If a

m

odes

t bio

logi

cal o

r ph

ysic

al d

istu

rban

ce to

an

eco

syst

em o

ccur

s, it

may

ret

urn

to it

s m

ore

or le

ss o

rigin

al s

tatu

s (i.

e., t

he e

cosy

stem

is

res

ilien

t), a

s op

pose

d to

bec

omin

g a

very

di

ffere

nt e

cosy

stem

. Ext

rem

e flu

ctua

tions

in

con

ditio

ns o

r th

e si

ze o

f any

pop

ulat

ion,

ho

wev

er, c

an c

halle

nge

the

func

tioni

ng o

f ec

osys

tem

s in

term

s of

res

ourc

es a

nd h

abita

t av

aila

bilit

y. (

HS

-LS

2-2)

,(H

S-L

S2-

6)

• M

oreo

ver,

anth

ropo

geni

c ch

ange

s (in

duce

d by

hu

man

act

ivity

) in

the

envi

ronm

ent—

incl

udin

g ha

bita

t des

truc

tion,

pol

lutio

n, in

trod

uctio

n of

inva

sive

spe

cies

, ove

rexp

loita

tion,

and

cl

imat

e ch

ange

—ca

n di

srup

t an

ecos

yste

m

and

thre

aten

the

surv

ival

of s

ome

spec

ies.

(H

S-L

S2-

7)

LS2.D: Social Interactions and Group Behavior

• N

/A•

Bei

ng p

art o

f a g

roup

hel

ps

anim

als

obta

in fo

od, d

efen

d th

emse

lves

, and

cop

e w

ith

chan

ges.

Gro

ups

may

ser

ve

diffe

rent

func

tions

and

var

y dr

amat

ical

ly in

siz

e (N

ote:

M

oved

from

K–2

.) (

3-LS

2-1)

• N

/A•

Gro

up b

ehav

ior

has

evol

ved

beca

use

mem

bers

hip

can

incr

ease

the

chan

ces

of

surv

ival

for

indi

vidu

als

and

thei

r ge

netic

re

lativ

es. (

HS

-LS

2-8)

LS

3: H

ered

ity:

Inh

erit

ance

an

d V

aria

tio

n o

f Tra

its

LS3.A: Inheritance of Traits

• Yo

ung

anim

als

are

very

m

uch,

but

not

exa

ctly

, lik

e,

thei

r pa

rent

s. P

lant

s al

so a

re

very

muc

h, b

ut n

ot e

xact

ly,

like

thei

r pa

rent

s. (

1-LS

3-1)

• M

any

char

acte

ristic

s of

or

gani

sms

are

inhe

rited

from

th

eir

pare

nts.

(3-

LS3-

1)

• O

ther

cha

ract

eris

tics

resu

lt fr

om in

divi

dual

s’ in

tera

ctio

ns

with

the

envi

ronm

ent,

whi

ch c

an r

ange

from

di

et to

lear

ning

. Man

y ch

arac

teris

tics

invo

lve

both

in

herit

ance

and

env

ironm

ent.

(3-L

S3-

2)

• G

enes

are

loca

ted

in th

e ch

rom

osom

es o

f cel

ls,

with

eac

h ch

rom

osom

e pa

ir co

ntai

ning

tw

o va

riant

s of

eac

h of

man

y di

stin

ct g

enes

. Eac

h di

stin

ct g

ene

chie

fly c

ontr

ols

the

prod

uctio

n of

spe

cific

pro

tein

s, w

hich

in tu

rn a

ffect

s th

e tr

aits

of t

he in

divi

dual

. Cha

nges

(m

utat

ions

) to

ge

nes

can

resu

lt in

cha

nges

to p

rote

ins,

whi

ch

can

affe

ct th

e st

ruct

ures

and

func

tions

of t

he

orga

nism

and

ther

eby

chan

ge tr

aits

. (M

S-L

S3-

1)

• V

aria

tions

of i

nher

ited

trai

ts b

etw

een

pare

nt

and

offs

prin

g ar

ise

from

gen

etic

diff

eren

ces

that

re

sult

from

the

subs

et o

f chr

omos

omes

(an

d th

eref

ore

gene

s) in

herit

ed. (

MS

-LS

3-2)

• E

ach

chro

mos

ome

cons

ists

of a

sin

gle

very

lo

ng D

NA

mol

ecul

e, a

nd e

ach

gene

on

the

chro

mos

ome

is a

par

ticul

ar s

egm

ent o

f tha

t D

NA

. The

inst

ruct

ions

for

form

ing

spec

ies’

ch

arac

teris

tics

are

carr

ied

in D

NA

. All

cells

in

an o

rgan

ism

hav

e th

e sa

me

gene

tic c

onte

nt,

but t

he g

enes

use

d (e

xpre

ssed

) by

the

cell

may

be

regu

late

d in

diff

eren

t way

s. N

ot a

ll D

NA

co

des

for

a pr

otei

n; s

ome

segm

ents

of D

NA

are

in

volv

ed in

reg

ulat

ory

or s

truc

tura

l fun

ctio

ns,

and

som

e ha

ve n

o as

-yet

kno

wn

func

tion.

(H

S-L

S3-

1)

N/A

= N

ot a

pplic

able

for

this

gra

de r

ange



Chapter 2D

isci

plin

ary

Cor

e Id

eas

in L

ife S

cien

ce (

cont

inue

d)

Gra

des

K–2

Gra

des

3–5

Gra

des

6–8

Gra

des

9–1

2LS3.B: Variation of Traits

• In

divi

dual

s of

the

sam

e ki

nd o

f pla

nt o

r an

imal

are

re

cogn

izab

le a

s si

mila

r bu

t ca

n al

so v

ary

in m

any

way

s.

(1-L

S3-

1)

• D

iffer

ent o

rgan

ism

s va

ry in

ho

w th

ey lo

ok a

nd fu

nctio

n be

caus

e th

ey h

ave

diffe

rent

in

herit

ed in

form

atio

n.

(3-L

S3-

1)

• T

he e

nviro

nmen

t als

o af

fect

s th

e tr

aits

that

an

orga

nism

de

velo

ps. (

3-LS

3-2)

• In

sex

ually

rep

rodu

cing

org

anis

ms,

eac

h pa

rent

co

ntrib

utes

hal

f of t

he g

enes

acq

uire

d (a

t ra

ndom

) by

the

offs

prin

g. In

divi

dual

s ha

ve t

wo

of e

ach

chro

mos

ome

and

henc

e tw

o al

lele

s of

eac

h ge

ne, o

ne a

cqui

red

from

eac

h pa

rent

. T

hese

ver

sion

s m

ay b

e id

entic

al o

r m

ay d

iffer

fr

om e

ach

othe

r. (M

S-L

S3-

2)

• In

add

ition

to v

aria

tions

that

aris

e fr

om s

exua

l re

prod

uctio

n, g

enet

ic in

form

atio

n ca

n be

al

tere

d be

caus

e of

mut

atio

ns. T

houg

h ra

re,

mut

atio

ns m

ay r

esul

t in

chan

ges

to th

e st

ruct

ure

and

func

tion

of p

rote

ins.

Som

e ch

ange

s ar

e be

nefic

ial,

othe

rs h

arm

ful,

and

som

e ne

utra

l to

the

orga

nism

. (M

S-L

S3-

1)

• In

sex

ual r

epro

duct

ion,

chr

omos

omes

can

so

met

imes

sw

ap s

ectio

ns d

urin

g th

e pr

oces

s of

mei

osis

(ce

ll di

visi

on),

ther

eby

crea

ting

new

ge

netic

com

bina

tions

and

thus

mor

e ge

netic

va

riatio

n. A

lthou

gh D

NA

rep

licat

ion

is ti

ghtly

re

gula

ted

and

rem

arka

bly

accu

rate

, err

ors

do

occu

r an

d re

sult

in m

utat

ions

, whi

ch a

re a

lso

a so

urce

of g

enet

ic v

aria

tion.

Env

ironm

enta

l fa

ctor

s ca

n al

so c

ause

mut

atio

ns in

gen

es, a

nd

viab

le m

utat

ions

are

inhe

rited

. (H

S-L

S3-

2)

• E

nviro

nmen

tal f

acto

rs a

lso

affe

ct e

xpre

ssio

n of

trai

ts, a

nd h

ence

affe

ct th

e pr

obab

ility

of

occu

rren

ces

of tr

aits

in a

pop

ulat

ion.

Thu

s, th

e va

riatio

n an

d di

strib

utio

n of

trai

ts o

bser

ved

depe

nds

on b

oth

gene

tic a

nd e

nviro

nmen

tal

fact

ors.

(H

S-L

S3-

2),(

HS

-LS

3-3)

LS

4: B

iolo

gic

al E

volu

tio

n: U

nit

y an

d D

iver

sity

LS4.A: Evidence of Common Ancestry and Diversity

• N

/A•

Som

e ki

nds

of p

lant

s an

d an

imal

s th

at o

nce

lived

on

Ear

th a

re n

o lo

nger

foun

d an

ywhe

re. (

Not

e: M

oved

fr

om K

-2.)

(3-

LS4-

1)

• F

ossi

ls p

rovi

de e

vide

nce

abou

t the

type

s of

org

anis

ms

that

live

d lo

ng a

go a

nd a

lso

abou

t the

nat

ure

of th

eir

envi

ronm

ents

. (3-

LS4-

1)

• T

he c

olle

ctio

n of

foss

ils a

nd th

eir

plac

emen

t in

chro

nolo

gica

l ord

er (

e.g.

, thr

ough

the

loca

tion

of th

e se

dim

enta

ry la

yers

in w

hich

they

are

fo

und

or th

roug

h ra

dioa

ctiv

e da

ting)

is k

now

n as

the

foss

il re

cord

. It d

ocum

ents

the

exis

tenc

e,

dive

rsity

, ext

inct

ion,

and

cha

nge

of m

any

life

form

s th

roug

hout

the

hist

ory

of li

fe o

n E

arth

. (M

S-L

S4-

1)

• A

nato

mic

al s

imila

ritie

s an

d di

ffere

nces

bet

wee

n va

rious

org

anis

ms

livin

g to

day

and

betw

een

them

and

org

anis

ms

in th

e fo

ssil

reco

rd e

nabl

e th

e re

cons

truc

tion

of e

volu

tiona

ry h

isto

ry a

nd

the

infe

renc

e of

line

s of

evo

lutio

nary

des

cent

. (M

S-L

S4-

2)

• C

ompa

rison

of t

he e

mbr

yolo

gica

l dev

elop

men

t of

diff

eren

t spe

cies

als

o re

veal

s si

mila

ritie

s th

at s

how

rel

atio

nshi

ps n

ot e

vide

nt in

the

fully

fo

rmed

ana

tom

y. (

MS

-LS

4-3)

• G

enet

ic in

form

atio

n pr

ovid

es e

vide

nce

of

evol

utio

n. D

NA

seq

uenc

es v

ary

amon

g sp

ecie

s,

but t

here

are

man

y ov

erla

ps; i

n fa

ct, t

he

ongo

ing

bran

chin

g th

at p

rodu

ces

mul

tiple

line

s of

des

cent

can

be

infe

rred

by

com

parin

g th

e D

NA

seq

uenc

es o

f diff

eren

t org

anis

ms.

Suc

h in

form

atio

n is

als

o de

rivab

le fr

om th

e si

mila

ritie

s an

d di

ffere

nces

in a

min

o ac

id s

eque

nces

and

fr

om a

nato

mic

al a

nd e

mbr

yolo

gica

l evi

denc

e.

(HS

-LS

4-1)

LS4.B: Natural Selection

• N

/A•

Som

etim

es th

e di

ffere

nces

in

cha

ract

eris

tics

betw

een

indi

vidu

als

of th

e sa

me

spec

ies

prov

ide

adva

ntag

es

in s

urvi

ving

, find

ing

mat

es,

and

repr

oduc

ing.

(3-

LS4-

2)

• N

atur

al s

elec

tion

lead

s to

the

pred

omin

ance

of

cer

tain

trai

ts in

a p

opul

atio

n, a

nd th

e su

ppre

ssio

n of

oth

ers.

(M

S-L

S4-

4)

• In

art

ifici

al s

elec

tion,

hum

ans

have

the

capa

city

to

influ

ence

cer

tain

cha

ract

eris

tics

of o

rgan

ism

s by

sel

ectiv

e br

eedi

ng. O

ne c

an c

hoos

e de

sire

d pa

rent

al tr

aits

det

erm

ined

by

gene

s, w

hich

are

th

en p

asse

d on

to o

ffspr

ing.

(M

S-L

S4-

5)

• N

atur

al s

elec

tion

occu

rs o

nly

if th

ere

is b

oth

(1)

varia

tion

in th

e ge

netic

info

rmat

ion

betw

een

orga

nism

s in

a p

opul

atio

n an

d (2

) va

riatio

n in

th

e ex

pres

sion

of t

hat g

enet

ic in

form

atio

n—th

at

is, t

rait

v aria

tion—

that

lead

s to

diff

eren

ces

in p

erfo

rman

ce a

mon

g in

divi

dual

s.

(HS

-LS

4-2)

,(H

S-L

S4-

3)

• T

he tr

aits

that

pos

itive

ly a

ffect

sur

viva

l are

mor

e lik

ely

to b

e re

prod

uced

, and

thus

are

mor

e co

mm

on in

the

popu

latio

n. (

HS

-LS

4-3)

N/A

= N

ot a

pplic

able

for

this

gra

de r

ange



K–12 Progressions

Dis

cipl

inar

y C

ore

Idea

s in

Life

Sci

ence

(co

ntin

ued

)

Gra

des

K–2

Gra

des

3–5

Gra

des

6–8

Gra

des

9–1

2

LS4.C: Adaptation

• N

/A•

For

any

par

ticul

ar

envi

ronm

ent,

som

e ki

nds

of o

rgan

ism

s su

rviv

e w

ell,

som

e su

rviv

e le

ss w

ell,

and

som

e ca

nnot

sur

vive

at a

ll.

(3-L

S4-

3)

• A

dapt

atio

n by

nat

ural

sel

ectio

n ac

ting

over

ge

nera

tions

is o

ne im

port

ant p

roce

ss b

y w

hich

sp

ecie

s ch

ange

ove

r tim

e in

res

pons

e to

ch

ange

s in

env

ironm

enta

l con

ditio

ns. T

raits

that

su

ppor

t suc

cess

ful s

urvi

val a

nd r

epro

duct

ion

in

the

new

env

ironm

ent b

ecom

e m

ore

com

mon

; th

ose

that

do

not b

ecom

e le

ss c

omm

on. T

hus,

th

e di

strib

utio

n of

trai

ts in

a p

opul

atio

n ch

ange

s.

(MS

-LS

4-6)

• E

volu

tion

is a

con

sequ

ence

of t

he in

tera

ctio

n of

four

fact

ors:

(1)

the

pote

ntia

l for

a s

peci

es to

in

crea

se in

num

ber,

(2)

the

gene

tic v

aria

tion

of in

divi

dual

s in

a s

peci

es d

ue to

mut

atio

n an

d se

xual

rep

rodu

ctio

n, (

3) c

ompe

titio

n fo

r an

en

viro

nmen

t’s li

mite

d su

pply

of t

he r

esou

rces

th

at in

divi

dual

s ne

ed in

ord

er to

sur

vive

and

re

prod

uce,

and

(4)

the

ensu

ing

prol

ifera

tion

of

thos

e or

gani

sms

that

are

bet

ter

able

to s

urvi

ve

and

repr

oduc

e in

that

env

ironm

ent.

(HS

-LS

4-2)

• N

atur

al s

elec

tion

lead

s to

ada

ptat

ion,

that

is, t

o a

popu

latio

n do

min

ated

by

orga

nism

s th

at a

re

anat

omic

ally

, beh

avio

rally

, and

phy

siol

ogic

ally

w

ell s

uite

d to

sur

vive

and

rep

rodu

ce in

a

spec

ific

envi

ronm

ent.

Tha

t is,

the

diffe

rent

ial

surv

ival

and

rep

rodu

ctio

n of

org

anis

ms

in a

po

pula

tion

that

hav

e an

adv

anta

geou

s he

ritab

le

trai

t lea

ds to

an

incr

ease

in th

e pr

opor

tion

of

indi

vidu

als

in fu

ture

gen

erat

ions

that

hav

e th

e tr

ait a

nd to

a d

ecre

ase

in th

e pr

opor

tion

of

indi

vidu

als

that

do

not.

(HS

-LS

4-3)

,(H

S-L

S4-

4)

• A

dapt

atio

n al

so m

eans

that

the

dist

ribut

ion

of tr

aits

in a

pop

ulat

ion

can

chan

ge w

hen

cond

ition

s ch

ange

. (H

S-L

S4-

3)

• C

hang

es in

the

phys

ical

env

ironm

ent,

whe

ther

na

tura

lly o

ccur

ring

or h

uman

indu

ced,

hav

e th

us c

ontr

ibut

ed to

the

expa

nsio

n of

som

e sp

ecie

s, th

e em

erge

nce

of n

ew d

istin

ct

spec

ies

as p

opul

atio

ns d

iver

ge u

nder

di

ffere

nt c

ondi

tions

, and

the

decl

ine–

and

som

etim

es th

e ex

tinct

ion–

of s

ome

spec

ies.

(H

S-L

S4-

5),(

HS

-LS

4-6)

• S

peci

es b

ecom

e ex

tinct

bec

ause

they

can

no

long

er s

urvi

ve a

nd r

epro

duce

in th

eir

alte

red

envi

ronm

ent.

If m

embe

rs c

anno

t ad

just

to c

hang

e th

at is

too

fast

or

dras

tic, t

he

oppo

rtun

ity fo

r th

e sp

ecie

s’ e

volu

tion

is lo

st.

(HS

-LS

4-5)

N/A

= N

ot a

pplic

able

for

this

gra

de r

ange



Chapter 2

Dis

cipl

inar

y C

ore

Idea

s in

Life

Sci

ence

(co

ntin

ued

)

Gra

des

K–2

Gra

des

3–5

Gra

des

6–8

Gra

des

9–1

2

LS4.D: Biodiversity and Humans

• T

here

are

man

y di

ffere

nt

kind

s of

livi

ng th

ings

in

any

area

, and

they

exi

st in

di

ffere

nt p

lace

s on

land

and

in

wat

er. (

2-LS

4-1)

• P

opul

atio

ns li

ve in

a v

arie

ty

of h

abita

ts, a

nd c

hang

e in

thos

e ha

bita

ts a

ffect

s th

e or

gani

sms

livin

g th

ere.

(3

-LS

4-4)

• C

hang

es in

bio

dive

rsity

can

influ

ence

hu

man

s’ r

esou

rces

, suc

h as

food

, ene

rgy,

and

m

edic

ines

, as

wel

l as

ecos

yste

m s

ervi

ces

that

hu

man

s re

ly o

n—fo

r ex

ampl

e, w

ater

pur

ifica

tion

and

recy

clin

g. (

seco

ndar

y to

MS

-LS

2-5)

• B

iodi

vers

ity is

incr

ease

d by

the

form

atio

n of

ne

w s

peci

es (

spec

iatio

n) a

nd d

ecre

ased

by

the

loss

of s

peci

es (

extin

ctio

n). (

seco

ndar

y to

H

S-L

S2-

7)

• H

uman

s de

pend

on

the

livin

g w

orld

for

the

reso

urce

s an

d ot

her

bene

fits

prov

ided

by

biod

iver

sity

. But

hum

an a

ctiv

ity is

als

o ha

ving

ad

vers

e im

pact

s on

bio

dive

rsity

thro

ugh

over

popu

latio

n, o

vere

xplo

itatio

n, h

abita

t de

stru

ctio

n, p

ollu

tion,

intr

oduc

tion

of in

vasi

ve

spec

ies,

and

clim

ate

chan

ge. T

hus,

sus

tain

ing

biod

iver

sity

so

that

eco

syst

em fu

nctio

ning

an

d pr

oduc

tivity

are

mai

ntai

ned

is e

ssen

tial

to s

uppo

rtin

g an

d en

hanc

ing

life

on E

arth

. S

usta

inin

g bi

odiv

ersi

ty a

lso

aids

hum

anity

by

pre

serv

ing

land

scap

es o

f rec

reat

iona

l or

insp

iratio

nal v

alue

. (se

cond

ary

to H

S-L

S2-

7),

(HS

-LS

4-6)



K–12 Progressions

Disc

iplin

ary

Co

re Id

ea

s in

Ea

rth a

nd S

pa

ce

Sc

ienc

eG

rad

es K

–2G

rad

es 3

–5G

rad

es 6

–8G

rad

es 9

–12

ES

S1:

Ear

th’s

Pla

ce in

th

e U

niv

erse

ESS1.A: The Universe and Its Stars

• P

atte

rns

of th

e m

otio

n of

th

e S

un, M

oon,

and

sta

rs

in th

e sk

y ca

n be

obs

erve

d,

desc

ribed

, and

pre

dict

ed.

(1-E

SS

1-1)

• T

he S

un is

a s

tar

that

ap

pear

s la

rger

and

brig

hter

th

an o

ther

sta

rs b

ecau

se it

is

clo

ser.

Sta

rs r

ange

gre

atly

in

thei

r di

stan

ce fr

om E

arth

. (5

-ES

S1-

1)

• P

atte

rns

of th

e ap

pare

nt m

otio

n of

the

Sun

, the

M

oon,

and

sta

rs in

the

sky

can

be o

bser

ved,

de

scrib

ed, p

redi

cted

, and

exp

lain

ed w

ith

mod

els.

(M

S-E

SS

1-1)

• E

arth

and

its

sola

r sy

stem

are

par

t of t

he M

ilky

Way

gal

axy,

whi

ch is

one

of m

any

gala

xies

in

the

univ

erse

. (M

S-E

SS

1-2)

• T

he s

tar

calle

d th

e S

un is

cha

ngin

g an

d w

ill

burn

out

ove

r a

life

span

of a

ppro

xim

atel

y 10

bi

llion

yea

rs. (

HS

-ES

S1-

1)

• T

he s

tudy

of s

tars

’ lig

ht s

pect

ra a

nd b

right

ness

is

use

d to

iden

tify

com

posi

tiona

l ele

men

ts o

f st

ars,

thei

r m

ovem

ents

, and

thei

r di

stan

ces

from

Ear

th. (

HS

-ES

S1-

2),(

HS

-ES

S1-

3)

• T

he b

ig b

ang

theo

ry is

sup

port

ed b

y ob

serv

atio

ns o

f dis

tant

gal

axie

s re

cedi

ng fr

om

our

own,

of t

he m

easu

red

com

posi

tion

of

star

s an

d no

nste

llar

gase

s, a

nd o

f the

map

s of

spe

ctra

of t

he p

rimor

dial

rad

iatio

n (c

osm

ic

mic

row

ave

back

grou

nd)

that

stil

l fills

the

univ

erse

. (H

S-E

SS

1-2)

• O

ther

than

the

hydr

ogen

and

hel

ium

form

ed a

t th

e tim

e of

the

big

bang

, nuc

lear

fusi

on w

ithin

st

ars

prod

uces

all

atom

ic n

ucle

i lig

hter

than

an

d in

clud

ing

iron,

and

the

proc

ess

rele

ases

el

ectr

omag

netic

ene

rgy.

Hea

vier

ele

men

ts

are

prod

uced

whe

n ce

rtai

n m

assi

ve s

tars

ac

hiev

e a

supe

rnov

a st

age

and

expl

ode.

(H

S-E

SS

1- 2

),(H

S-E

SS

1-3)

ESS1.B: Earth and the Solar System

• S

easo

nal p

atte

rns

of

Sun

rise

and

Sun

set c

an b

e ob

serv

ed, d

escr

ibed

, and

pr

edic

ted.

(1-

ES

S1-

2)

• T

he o

rbits

of E

arth

aro

und

the

Sun

and

of t

he M

oon

arou

nd E

arth

, tog

ethe

r w

ith

the

rota

tion

of E

arth

abo

ut

an a

xis

betw

een

its N

orth

an

d S

outh

pol

es, c

ause

ob

serv

able

pat

tern

s. T

hese

in

clud

e da

y an

d ni

ght;

daily

ch

ange

s in

the

leng

th a

nd

dire

ctio

n of

sha

dow

s; a

nd

diffe

rent

pos

ition

s of

the

Sun

, M

oon,

and

sta

rs a

t diff

eren

t tim

es o

f the

day

, mon

th, a

nd

year

. (5-

ES

S1-

2)

• T

he s

olar

sys

tem

con

sist

s of

the

Sun

and

a

colle

ctio

n of

obj

ects

, inc

ludi

ng p

lane

ts, t

heir

moo

ns, a

nd a

ster

oids

that

are

hel

d in

orb

it ar

ound

the

Sun

by

its g

ravi

tatio

nal p

ull o

n th

em.

(MS

-ES

S1-

2),(

MS

-ES

S1-

3)

• T

his

mod

el o

f the

sol

ar s

yste

m c

an e

xpla

in

eclip

ses

of th

e S

un a

nd th

e M

oon.

Ear

th’s

spi

n ax

is is

fixe

d in

dire

ctio

n ov

er th

e sh

ort t

erm

bu

t tilt

ed r

elat

ive

to it

s or

bit a

roun

d th

e S

un.

The

sea

sons

are

a r

esul

t of t

hat t

ilt a

nd a

re

caus

ed b

y th

e di

ffere

ntia

l int

ensi

ty o

f Sun

light

on

diff

eren

t are

as o

f Ear

th a

cros

s th

e ye

ar.

(MS

-ES

S1-

1)

• T

he s

olar

sys

tem

app

ears

to h

ave

form

ed

from

a d

isk

of d

ust a

nd g

as, d

raw

n to

geth

er b

y gr

avity

. (M

S-E

SS

1-2)

• K

eple

r’s la

ws

desc

ribe

com

mon

feat

ures

of

the

mot

ions

of o

rbiti

ng o

bjec

ts, i

nclu

ding

thei

r el

liptic

al p

aths

aro

und

the

Sun

. Orb

its m

ay

chan

ge d

ue to

the

grav

itatio

nal e

ffect

s fr

om,

or c

ollis

ions

with

, oth

er o

bjec

ts in

the

sola

r sy

stem

. (H

S-E

SS

1-4)

• C

yclic

al c

hang

es in

the

shap

e of

Ear

th’s

orb

it ar

ound

the

Sun

, tog

ethe

r w

ith c

hang

es in

th

e til

t of t

he p

lane

t’s a

xis

of r

otat

ion,

bot

h oc

curr

ing

over

hun

dred

s of

thou

sand

s of

yea

rs,

have

alte

red

the

inte

nsity

and

dis

trib

utio

n of

Sun

light

falli

ng o

n th

e E

arth

. The

se

phen

omen

a ca

use

a cy

cle

of ic

e ag

es a

nd

othe

r gr

adua

l clim

ate

chan

ges.

(se

cond

ary

to

HS

-ES

S2-

4)



Chapter 2

Dis

cipl

inar

y C

ore

Idea

s in

Ear

th a

nd S

pace

Sci

ence

(co

ntin

ued

)

Gra

des

K–2

Gra

des

3–5

Gra

des

6–8

Gra

des

9–1

2

ESS1.C: The History of Planet Earth

• S

ome

even

ts h

appe

n ve

ry

quic

kly;

oth

ers

occu

r ve

ry

slow

ly, o

ver

a tim

e pe

riod

muc

h lo

nger

than

one

can

ob

serv

e. (

2-E

SS

1-1)

• Lo

cal,

regi

onal

, and

glo

bal

patte

rns

of r

ock

form

atio

ns

reve

al c

hang

es o

ver

time

due

to E

arth

forc

es, s

uch

as

eart

hqua

kes.

The

pre

senc

e an

d lo

catio

n of

cer

tain

foss

il ty

pes

indi

cate

the

orde

r in

whi

ch r

ock

laye

rs w

ere

form

ed. (

4-E

SS

1-1)

• T

he g

eolo

gic

time

scal

e in

terp

rete

d fr

om r

ock

stra

ta p

rovi

des

a w

ay to

org

aniz

e E

arth

’s

hist

ory.

Ana

lyse

s of

roc

k st

rata

and

the

foss

il re

cord

pro

vide

onl

y re

lativ

e da

tes,

not

an

abso

lute

sca

le. (

MS

-ES

S1-

4)

• Te

cton

ic p

roce

sses

con

tinua

lly g

ener

ate

new

oce

an s

eaflo

or a

t rid

ges

and

dest

roy

old

seafl

oor

at tr

ench

es. (

HS

.ES

S1.

C G

BE

),

(sec

onda

ry to

MS

-ES

S2-

3)

• C

ontin

enta

l roc

ks, w

hich

can

be

olde

r th

an 4

bi

llion

yea

rs, a

re g

ener

ally

muc

h ol

der

than

the

rock

s of

the

ocea

n flo

or, w

hich

are

less

than

20

0 m

illio

n ye

ars

old.

(H

S-E

SS

1-5)

• A

lthou

gh a

ctiv

e ge

olog

ic p

roce

sses

, suc

h as

pl

ate

tect

onic

s an

d er

osio

n, h

ave

dest

roye

d or

alte

red

mos

t of t

he v

ery

early

roc

k re

cord

on

Ear

th, o

ther

obj

ects

in th

e so

lar

syst

em,

such

as

luna

r ro

cks,

ast

eroi

ds, a

nd m

eteo

rites

, ha

ve c

hang

ed li

ttle

over

bill

ions

of y

ears

. S

tudy

ing

thes

e ob

ject

s ca

n pr

ovid

e in

form

atio

n ab

out E

arth

’s fo

rmat

ion

and

early

his

tory

. (H

S-E

SS

1-6)

ES

S2:

Ear

th’s

Sys

tem

s

ESS2.A: Earth Materials and Systems

• W

ind

and

wat

er c

an c

hang

e th

e sh

ape

of th

e la

nd.

(2-E

SS

2-1)

• R

ainf

all h

elps

to s

hape

the

land

and

affe

cts

the

type

s of

livi

ng th

ings

foun

d in

a

regi

on. W

ater

, ice

, win

d,

livin

g or

gani

sms,

and

gr

avity

bre

ak r

ocks

, soi

ls,

and

sedi

men

ts in

to s

mal

ler

part

icle

s an

d m

ove

them

ar

ound

. (4-

ES

S2-

1)

• E

arth

’s m

ajor

sys

tem

s ar

e th

e ge

osph

ere

(sol

id

and

mol

ten

rock

, soi

l, an

d se

dim

ents

), th

e hy

dros

pher

e (w

ater

and

ice)

, the

at

mos

pher

e (a

ir), a

nd th

e bi

osph

ere

(livi

ng th

ings

, in

clud

ing

hum

ans)

. The

se

syst

ems

inte

ract

in m

ultip

le

way

s to

affe

ct E

arth

’s s

urfa

ce

mat

eria

ls a

nd p

roce

sses

. T

he o

cean

sup

port

s a

varie

ty o

f eco

syst

ems

and

orga

nism

s, s

hape

s la

ndfo

rms,

and

influ

ence

s cl

imat

e. W

inds

and

clo

uds

in

the

atm

osph

ere

inte

ract

with

th

e la

ndfo

rms

to d

eter

min

e pa

ttern

s of

wea

ther

. (5

-ES

S2-

1)

• A

ll E

arth

pro

cess

es a

re th

e re

sult

of e

nerg

y flo

win

g an

d m

atte

r cy

clin

g w

ithin

and

am

ong

the

plan

et’s

sys

tem

s. T

his

ener

gy is

der

ived

fr

om th

e S

un a

nd E

arth

’s h

ot in

terio

r. T

he

ener

gy th

at fl

ows

and

mat

ter

that

cyc

les

prod

uce

chem

ical

and

phy

sica

l cha

nges

in

Ear

th’s

mat

eria

ls a

nd li

ving

org

anis

ms.

(M

S-E

SS

2-1)

• T

he p

lane

t’s s

yste

ms

inte

ract

ove

r sc

ales

th

at r

ange

from

mic

rosc

opic

to g

loba

l in

size

, an

d th

ey o

pera

te o

ver

frac

tions

of a

sec

ond

to b

illio

ns o

f yea

rs. T

hese

inte

ract

ions

hav

e sh

aped

Ear

th’s

his

tory

and

will

det

erm

ine

its

futu

re. (

MS

-ES

S2-

2)

• E

arth

’s s

yste

ms,

bei

ng d

ynam

ic a

nd

inte

ract

ing,

cau

se fe

edba

ck e

ffect

s th

at c

an

incr

ease

or

decr

ease

the

orig

inal

cha

nges

. (H

S-E

SS

2-1)

,(H

S-E

SS

2-2)

• E

vide

nce

from

dee

p pr

obes

and

sei

smic

w

aves

, rec

onst

ruct

ions

of h

isto

rical

cha

nges

in

Ear

th’s

sur

face

and

its

mag

netic

fiel

d, a

nd

an u

nder

stan

ding

of p

hysi

cal a

nd c

hem

ical

pr

oces

ses

lead

to a

mod

el o

f Ear

th w

ith a

hot

bu

t sol

id in

ner

core

, a li

quid

out

er c

ore,

and

a

solid

man

tle a

nd c

rust

. Mot

ions

of t

he m

antle

an

d its

pla

tes

occu

r pr

imar

ily th

roug

h th

erm

al

conv

ectio

n, w

hich

invo

lves

the

cycl

ing

of m

atte

r du

e to

the

outw

ard

flow

of e

nerg

y fr

om E

arth

’s

inte

rior

and

grav

itatio

nal m

ovem

ent o

f den

ser

mat

eria

ls to

war

d th

e in

terio

r. (H

S-E

SS

2-3)

• T

he g

eolo

gic

reco

rd s

how

s th

at c

hang

es to

gl

obal

and

reg

iona

l clim

ate

can

be c

ause

d by

inte

ract

ions

am

ong

chan

ges

in th

e S

un’s

en

ergy

out

put o

r E

arth

’s o

rbit,

tect

onic

eve

nts,

oc

ean

circ

ulat

ion,

vol

cani

c ac

tivity

, gla

cier

s,

vege

tatio

n, a

nd h

uman

act

iviti

es. T

hese

ch

ange

s ca

n oc

cur

on a

var

iety

of t

ime

scal

es

from

sud

den

(e.g

., vo

lcan

ic a

sh c

loud

s) to

in

term

edia

te (

ice

ages

) to

ver

y lo

ng-t

erm

te

cton

ic c

ycle

s. (

HS

-ES

S2-

4)



K–12 Progressions

Dis

cipl

inar

y C

ore

Idea

s in

Ear

th a

nd S

pace

Sci

ence

(co

ntin

ued

)

Gra

des

K–2

Gra

des

3–5

Gra

des

6–8

Gra

des

9–1

2

ESS2.B: Plate Tectonics and Large-Scale System Interactions

• M

aps

show

whe

re th

ings

ar

e lo

cate

d. O

ne c

an m

ap

the

shap

es a

nd k

inds

of

land

and

wat

er in

any

are

a.

(2-E

SS

2-2)

• T

he lo

catio

ns o

f mou

ntai

n ra

nges

, dee

p oc

ean

trenc

hes,

oc

ean

floor

str

uctu

res,

ea

rthq

uake

s, a

nd v

olca

noes

oc

cur

in p

atte

rns.

Mos

t ea

rthq

uake

s an

d vo

lcan

oes

occu

r in

ban

ds th

at a

re

ofte

n al

ong

the

boun

darie

s be

twee

n co

ntin

ents

and

oc

eans

. Maj

or m

ount

ain

chai

ns fo

rm in

side

con

tinen

ts

or n

ear

thei

r ed

ges.

Map

s ca

n he

lp lo

cate

the

diffe

rent

la

nd a

nd w

ater

feat

ures

of

Ear

th. (

4-E

SS

2-2)

• M

aps

of a

ncie

nt la

nd a

nd w

ater

pat

tern

s,

base

d on

inve

stig

atio

ns o

f roc

ks a

nd fo

ssils

, m

ake

clea

r ho

w E

arth

’s p

late

s ha

ve m

oved

gr

eat d

ista

nces

, col

lided

, and

spr

ead

apar

t. (M

S-E

SS

2-3)

• T

he r

adio

activ

e de

cay

of u

nsta

ble

isot

opes

co

ntin

ually

gen

erat

es n

ew e

nerg

y w

ithin

Ear

th’s

cr

ust a

nd m

antle

, pro

vidi

ng th

e pr

imar

y so

urce

of

the

heat

that

driv

es m

antle

con

vect

ion.

P

late

tect

onic

s ca

n be

vie

wed

as

the

surf

ace

expr

essi

on o

f man

tle c

onve

ctio

n. (

HS

-ES

S2-

3)

• P

late

tect

onic

s is

the

unify

ing

theo

ry th

at

expl

ains

the

past

and

cur

rent

mov

emen

ts

of th

e ro

cks

at E

arth

’s s

urfa

ce a

nd p

rovi

des

a fr

amew

ork

for

unde

rsta

ndin

g its

geo

logi

c hi

stor

y. (

ES

S2.

B G

rade

8 G

BE

), (

HS

-ES

S2-

1),

(sec

onda

ry to

HS

-ES

S1-

5)

• P

late

mov

emen

ts a

re r

espo

nsib

le fo

r m

ost

cont

inen

tal a

nd o

cean

-floo

r fe

atur

es a

nd fo

r th

e di

strib

utio

n of

mos

t roc

ks a

nd m

iner

als

with

in E

arth

’s c

r ust

. (E

SS

2.B

Gra

de 8

GB

E),

(H

S-E

SS

2-1)

ESS2.C: The Roles of Water in Earth’s Surface Processes

• W

ater

is fo

und

in th

e oc

ean,

riv

ers,

lake

s, a

nd p

onds

. W

ater

exi

sts

as s

olid

ice

and

in li

quid

form

. (2-

ES

S2-

3)

• N

early

all

of E

arth

’s a

vaila

ble

wat

er is

in th

e oc

ean.

Mos

t fr

esh

wat

er is

in g

laci

ers

or u

nder

grou

nd; o

nly

a tin

y fr

actio

n is

in s

trea

ms,

la

kes,

wet

land

s, a

nd th

e at

mos

pher

e. (

5-E

SS

2-2)

• W

ater

con

tinua

lly c

ycle

s am

ong

land

, oce

an,

and

atm

osph

ere

via

tran

spira

tion,

eva

pora

tion,

co

nden

satio

n an

d cr

ysta

lliza

tion,

and

pr

ecip

itatio

n, a

s w

ell a

s do

wnh

ill fl

ows

on la

nd.

(MS

-ES

S2-

4)

• T

he c

ompl

ex p

atte

rns

of th

e ch

ange

s an

d th

e m

ovem

ent o

f wat

er in

the

atm

osph

ere,

de

term

ined

by

win

ds, l

andf

orm

s, a

nd o

cean

te

mpe

ratu

res

and

curr

ents

, are

maj

or

dete

rmin

ants

of l

ocal

wea

ther

pat

tern

s.

(MS

-ES

S2-

5)

• G

loba

l mov

emen

ts o

f wat

er a

nd it

s ch

ange

s in

form

are

pro

pelle

d by

Sun

light

and

gra

vity

. (M

S-E

SS

2-4)

• V

aria

tions

in d

ensi

ty d

ue to

var

iatio

ns in

te

mpe

ratu

re a

nd s

alin

ity d

rive

a gl

obal

pat

tern

of

inte

rcon

nect

ed o

cean

cur

rent

s. (

MS

-ES

S2-

6)

• W

ater

’s m

ovem

ents

—bo

th o

n th

e la

nd a

nd

unde

rgro

und—

caus

e w

eath

erin

g an

d er

osio

n,

whi

ch c

hang

e th

e la

nd’s

sur

face

feat

ures

and

cr

eate

und

ergr

ound

form

atio

ns. (

MS

-ES

S2-

2)

• T

he a

bund

ance

of l

iqui

d w

ater

on

Ear

th’s

su

rfac

e an

d its

uni

que

com

bina

tion

of p

hysi

cal

and

chem

ical

pro

pert

ies

are

cent

ral t

o th

e pl

anet

’s d

ynam

ics.

The

se p

rope

rtie

s in

clud

e w

ater

’s e

xcep

tiona

l cap

acity

to a

bsor

b, s

tore

, an

d re

leas

e la

rge

amou

nts

of e

nerg

y, tr

ansm

it S

unlig

ht, e

xpan

d up

on fr

eezi

ng, d

isso

lve

and

tran

spor

t mat

eria

ls, a

nd lo

wer

the

visc

ositi

es

and

mel

ting

poin

ts o

f roc

ks. (

HS

-ES

S2-

5)



Chapter 2

Dis

cipl

inar

y C

ore

Idea

s in

Ear

th a

nd S

pace

Sci

ence

(co

ntin

ued

)

Gra

des

K–2

Gra

des

3–5

Gra

des

6–8

Gra

des

9–1

2ESS2.D: Weather and Climate

• W

eath

er is

the

com

bina

tion

of S

unlig

ht, w

ind,

sno

w

or r

ain,

and

tem

pera

ture

in

a p

artic

ular

reg

ion

at

a pa

rtic

ular

tim

e. P

eopl

e m

easu

re th

ese

cond

ition

s to

des

crib

e an

d re

cord

th

e w

eath

er a

nd to

no

tice

patte

rns

over

tim

e.

(K-E

SS

2-1)

• S

cien

tists

rec

ord

patte

rns

of

the

wea

ther

acr

oss

diffe

rent

tim

es a

nd a

reas

so

that

they

ca

n m

ake

pred

ictio

ns a

bout

w

hat k

ind

of w

eath

er m

ight

ha

ppen

nex

t. (3

-ES

S2-

1)

• C

limat

e de

scrib

es a

ran

ge

of a

n ar

ea’s

typi

cal w

eath

er

cond

ition

s an

d th

e ex

tent

to

whi

ch th

ose

cond

ition

s va

ry

over

yea

rs. (

3-E

SS

2-2)

• W

eath

er a

nd c

limat

e ar

e in

fluen

ced

by

inte

ract

ions

invo

lvin

g S

unlig

ht, t

he o

cean

, the

at

mos

pher

e, ic

e, la

ndfo

rms,

and

livi

ng th

ings

. T

hese

inte

ract

ions

var

y w

ith la

titud

e, a

ltitu

de,

and

loca

l and

reg

iona

l geo

grap

hy, a

ll of

whi

ch

can

affe

ct o

cean

ic a

nd a

tmos

pher

ic fl

ow

patte

rns.

(M

S-E

SS

2-6)

• B

ecau

se th

ese

patte

rns

are

so c

ompl

ex,

wea

ther

can

onl

y be

pre

dict

ed p

roba

bilis

tical

ly.

(MS

-ES

S2-

5)

• T

he o

cean

exe

rts

a m

ajor

influ

ence

on

wea

ther

an

d cl

imat

e by

abs

orbi

ng e

nerg

y fr

om th

e S

un,

rele

asin

g it

over

tim

e, a

nd g

loba

lly r

edis

trib

utin

g it

thro

ugh

ocea

n cu

rren

ts. (

MS

-ES

S2-

6)

• T

he fo

unda

tion

for

Ear

th’s

glo

bal c

limat

e sy

stem

s is

the

elec

trom

agne

tic r

adia

tion

from

th

e S

un, a

s w

ell a

s its

refl

ectio

n, a

bsor

ptio

n,

stor

age,

and

red

istr

ibut

ion

amon

g th

e at

mos

pher

e, o

cean

, and

land

sys

tem

s, a

nd th

is

ener

gy’s

re-

radi

atio

n in

to s

pace

. (H

S-E

SS

2-4)

• G

radu

al a

tmos

pher

ic c

hang

es w

ere

due

to

plan

ts a

nd o

ther

org

anis

ms

that

cap

ture

d ca

rbon

dio

xide

and

rel

ease

d ox

ygen

. (H

S-E

SS

2-6)

,(H

S-E

SS

2-7)

• C

hang

es in

the

atm

osph

ere

due

to h

uman

ac

tivity

hav

e in

crea

sed

carb

on d

ioxi

de

conc

entr

atio

ns a

nd th

us a

ffect

clim

ate.

(H

S-E

SS

2-6)

,(H

S-E

SS

2-4)

• C

urre

nt m

odel

s pr

edic

t tha

t, al

thou

gh fu

ture

re

gion

al c

limat

e ch

ange

s w

ill b

e co

mpl

ex

and

varie

d, a

vera

ge g

loba

l tem

pera

ture

s w

ill

cont

inue

to r

ise.

The

out

com

es p

redi

cted

by

glob

al c

limat

e m

odel

s st

rong

ly d

epen

d on

the

amou

nts

of h

uman

-gen

erat

ed g

reen

hous

e ga

ses

adde

d to

the

atm

osph

ere

each

yea

r an

d by

the

way

s in

whi

ch th

ese

gase

s ar

e ab

sorb

ed

by th

e oc

ean

and

bios

pher

e. (

seco

ndar

y to

H

S-E

SS

3-6)

ESS2.E: Biogeology

• P

lant

s an

d an

imal

s ca

n ch

ange

thei

r en

viro

nmen

t. (K

-ES

S2-

2)

• Li

ving

thin

gs a

ffect

the

phys

ical

cha

ract

eris

tics

of

thei

r re

gion

s. (

4-E

SS

2-1)

• N

/A•

The

man

y dy

nam

ic a

nd d

elic

ate

feed

back

s be

twee

n th

e bi

osph

ere

and

othe

r E

arth

sy

stem

s ca

use

a co

ntin

ual c

o-ev

olut

ion

of

Ear

th’s

sur

face

and

the

life

that

exi

sts

on it

. (H

S-E

SS

2-7)

ES

S3:

Ear

th a

nd

Hu

man

Act

ivit

y

ESS3.A: Natural Resources

• Li

ving

thin

gs n

eed

wat

er,

air,

and

reso

urce

s fr

om th

e la

nd, a

nd th

ey li

ve in

pla

ces

that

hav

e th

e th

ings

they

ne

ed. H

uman

s us

e na

tura

l re

sour

ces

for

ever

ythi

ng th

ey

do. (

K-E

SS

3-1)

• E

nerg

y an

d fu

els

that

hu

man

s us

e ar

e de

rived

fr

om n

atur

al s

ourc

es,

and

thei

r us

e af

fect

s th

e en

viro

nmen

t in

mul

tiple

w

ays.

Som

e re

sour

ces

are

rene

wab

le o

ver

time,

and

ot

hers

are

not

. (4-

ES

S3-

1)

• H

uman

s de

pend

on

Ear

th’s

land

, oce

an,

atm

osph

ere,

and

bio

sphe

re fo

r m

any

diffe

rent

re

sour

ces.

Min

eral

s, fr

esh

wat

er, a

nd b

iosp

here

re

sour

ces

are

limite

d, a

nd m

any

are

not

rene

wab

le o

r re

plac

eabl

e ov

er h

uman

life

times

. T

hese

res

ourc

es a

re d

istr

ibut

ed u

neve

nly

arou

nd th

e pl

anet

as

a re

sult

of p

ast g

eolo

gic

proc

esse

s. (

MS

-ES

S3-

1)

• R

esou

rce

avai

labi

lity

has

guid

ed th

e de

velo

pmen

t of h

uman

soc

iety

. (H

S-E

SS

3-1)

• A

ll fo

rms

of e

nerg

y pr

oduc

tion

and

othe

r re

sour

ce e

xtra

ctio

n ha

ve a

ssoc

iate

d ec

onom

ic,

soci

al, e

nviro

nmen

tal,

and

geop

oliti

cal c

osts

an

d ris

ks a

s w

ell a

s be

nefit

s. N

ew te

chno

logi

es

and

soci

al r

egul

atio

ns c

an c

hang

e th

e ba

lanc

e of

thes

e fa

ctor

s. (

HS

-ES

S3-

2)

N/A

= N

ot a

pplic

able

for

this

gra

de r

ange



K–12 Progressions

Dis

cipl

inar

y C

ore

Idea

s in

Ear

th a

nd S

pace

Sci

ence

(co

ntin

ued

)

Gra

des

K–2

Gra

des

3–5

Gra

des

6–8

Gra

des

9–1

2

ESS3.B: Natural Hazards

• S

ome

kind

s of

sev

ere

wea

ther

are

mor

e lik

ely

than

ot

hers

in a

giv

en r

egio

n.

Wea

ther

sci

entis

ts fo

reca

st

seve

re w

eath

er s

o th

at th

e co

mm

uniti

es c

an p

repa

re fo

r an

d re

spon

d to

thes

e ev

ents

. (K

-ES

S3-

2)

• A

var

iety

of n

atur

al

haza

rds

resu

lt fr

om n

atur

al

proc

esse

s. H

uman

s ca

nnot

el

imin

ate

natu

ral h

azar

ds

but c

an ta

ke s

teps

to r

educ

e th

eir

impa

cts.

(3-

ES

S3-

1),

(4-E

SS

3-2)

• M

appi

ng th

e hi

stor

y of

nat

ural

haz

ards

in a

re

gion

, com

bine

d w

ith a

n un

ders

tand

ing

of

rela

ted

geol

ogic

forc

es, c

an h

elp

fore

cast

the

loca

tions

and

like

lihoo

ds o

f fut

ure

even

ts.

(MS

-ES

S3-

2)

• N

atur

al h

azar

ds a

nd o

ther

geo

logi

c ev

ents

ha

ve s

hape

d th

e co

urse

of h

uman

his

tory

; the

y ha

ve s

igni

fican

tly a

ltere

d th

e si

zes

of h

uman

po

pula

tions

and

hav

e dr

iven

hum

an m

igra

tions

. (H

S-E

SS

3-1)

ESS3.C: Human Impacts on Earth

Systems

• T

hing

s th

at p

eopl

e do

to

live

com

fort

ably

can

affe

ct

the

wor

ld a

roun

d th

em. B

ut

they

can

mak

e ch

oice

s th

at

redu

ce th

eir

impa

cts

on th

e la

nd, w

ater

, air,

and

oth

er

livin

g th

ings

. (K

-ES

S3-

3),

(sec

onda

ry to

K-E

SS

2-2)

• H

uman

act

iviti

es in

ag

ricul

ture

, ind

ustr

y, a

nd

ever

yday

life

hav

e ha

d m

ajor

effe

cts

on th

e la

nd,

vege

tatio

n, s

trea

ms,

oc

ean,

air,

and

eve

n ou

ter

spac

e. B

ut in

divi

dual

s an

d co

mm

uniti

es a

re d

oing

th

ings

to h

elp

prot

ect E

arth

’s

reso

urce

s an

d en

viro

nmen

ts.

(5-E

SS

3-1)

• H

uman

act

iviti

es h

ave

sign

ifica

ntly

alte

red

the

bios

pher

e, s

omet

imes

dam

agin

g or

des

troy

ing

natu

ral h

abita

ts a

nd c

ausi

ng th

e ex

tinct

ion

of o

ther

spe

cies

. But

cha

nges

to E

arth

’s

envi

ronm

ents

can

hav

e di

ffere

nt im

pact

s (n

egat

ive

and

posi

tive)

for

diffe

rent

livi

ng th

ings

. (M

S-E

SS

3-3)

• Ty

pica

lly a

s hu

man

pop

ulat

ions

and

per

ca

pita

con

sum

ptio

n of

nat

ural

res

ourc

es

incr

ease

, so

do th

e ne

gativ

e im

pact

s on

E

arth

unl

ess

the

activ

ities

and

tech

nolo

gies

in

volv

ed a

re e

ngin

eere

d ot

herw

ise.

(M

S-E

SS

3-3)

,(M

S-E

SS

3-4)

• T

he s

usta

inab

ility

of h

uman

soc

ietie

s an

d th

e bi

odiv

ersi

ty th

at s

uppo

rts

them

req

uire

s re

spon

sibl

e m

anag

emen

t of n

atur

al r

esou

rces

. (H

S-E

SS

3-3)

• S

cien

tists

and

eng

inee

rs c

an m

ake

maj

or

cont

ribut

ions

by

deve

lopi

ng te

chno

logi

es th

at

prod

uce

less

pol

lutio

n an

d w

aste

and

that

pr

eclu

de e

cosy

stem

deg

rada

tion.

(H

S-E

SS

3-4)

ESS3.D: Global Climate Change

• N

/A•

N/A

• H

uman

act

iviti

es, s

uch

as th

e re

leas

e of

gr

eenh

ouse

gas

es fr

om b

urni

ng fo

ssil

fuel

s,

are

maj

or fa

ctor

s in

the

curr

ent r

ise

in E

arth

’s

mea

n su

rfac

e te

mpe

ratu

re (

glob

al w

arm

ing)

. R

educ

ing

the

leve

l of c

limat

e ch

ange

and

re

duci

ng h

uman

vul

nera

bilit

y to

wha

teve

r cl

imat

e ch

ange

s do

occ

ur d

epen

d on

the

unde

rsta

ndin

g of

clim

ate

scie

nce,

eng

inee

ring

capa

bilit

ies,

and

oth

er k

inds

of k

now

ledg

e,

such

as

unde

rsta

ndin

g of

hum

an b

ehav

ior,

and

on a

pply

ing

that

kno

wle

dge

wis

ely

in d

ecis

ions

an

d ac

tiviti

es. (

MS

-ES

S3-

5)

• T

houg

h th

e m

agni

tude

s of

hum

an im

pact

s ar

e gr

eate

r th

an th

ey h

ave

ever

bee

n, s

o to

o ar

e hu

man

abi

litie

s to

mod

el, p

redi

ct, a

nd m

anag

e cu

rren

t and

futu

re im

pact

s. (

HS

-ES

S3-

5)

• T

hrou

gh c

ompu

ter

sim

ulat

ions

and

oth

er

stud

ies,

impo

rtan

t dis

cove

ries

are

still

bei

ng

mad

e ab

out h

ow th

e oc

ean,

the

atm

osph

ere,

an

d th

e bi

osph

ere

inte

ract

and

are

mod

ified

in

resp

onse

to h

uman

act

iviti

es. (

HS

-ES

S3-

6)

N/A

= N

ot a

pplic

able

for

this

gra

de r

ange



Chapter 2

Disc

iplin

ary

Co

re Id

ea

s in

Eng

ine

erin

g D

esig

nG

rad

es K

–2G

rad

es 3

–5G

rad

es 6

–8G

rad

es 9

–12

ET

S1:

En

gin

eeri

ng

Des

ign

ETS1.A: Defining and Delimiting Engineering Problems

• A

situ

atio

n th

at p

eopl

e w

ant t

o ch

ange

or

crea

te

can

be a

ppro

ache

d as

a

prob

lem

to b

e so

lved

thro

ugh

engi

neer

ing.

Suc

h pr

oble

ms

may

hav

e m

any

acce

ptab

le

solu

tions

. (K

–2-E

TS

1-1)

(s

econ

dary

to K

-PS

2-2)

• A

skin

g qu

estio

ns, m

akin

g ob

serv

atio

ns, a

nd g

athe

ring

info

rmat

ion

are

help

ful i

n th

inki

ng a

bout

pro

blem

s.

(K–2

-ET

S1-

1), (

seco

ndar

y to

K

-ES

S3-

2)

• B

efor

e be

ginn

ing

to d

esig

n a

solu

tion,

it is

impo

rtan

t to

cle

arly

und

erst

and

the

prob

lem

. (K

–2-E

TS

1-1)

• P

ossi

ble

solu

tions

to a

pr

oble

m a

re li

mite

d by

av

aila

ble

mat

eria

ls a

nd

reso

urce

s (c

onst

rain

ts).

The

suc

cess

of a

des

igne

d so

lutio

n is

det

erm

ined

by

cons

ider

ing

the

desi

red

feat

ures

of a

sol

utio

n (c

riter

ia).

Diff

eren

t pro

posa

ls

for

solu

tions

can

be

com

pare

d on

the

basi

s of

ho

w w

ell e

ach

one

mee

ts th

e sp

ecifi

ed c

riter

ia fo

r su

cces

s or

how

wel

l eac

h ta

kes

the

cons

trai

nts

into

acc

ount

. (3

–5-E

TS

1-1)

, (se

cond

ary

to

4-P

S3-

4)

• T

he m

ore

prec

isel

y a

desi

gn ta

sk’s

crit

eria

an

d co

nstr

aint

s ca

n be

defi

ned,

the

mor

e lik

ely

it is

that

the

desi

gned

sol

utio

n w

ill b

e su

cces

sful

. Spe

cific

atio

n of

con

stra

ints

incl

udes

co

nsid

erat

ion

of s

cien

tific

prin

cipl

es a

nd

othe

r re

leva

nt k

now

ledg

e th

at is

like

ly to

lim

it po

ssib

le s

olut

ions

. (M

S-E

TS

1-1)

, (se

cond

ary

to

MS

-PS

3-3)

• C

riter

ia a

nd c

onst

rain

ts a

lso

incl

ude

satis

fyin

g an

y re

quire

men

ts s

et b

y so

ciet

y, s

uch

as ta

king

is

sues

of r

isk

miti

gatio

n in

to a

ccou

nt, a

nd th

ey

shou

ld b

e qu

antifi

ed to

the

exte

nt p

ossi

ble

and

stat

ed in

suc

h a

way

that

one

can

tell

if a

give

n de

sign

mee

ts th

em. (

HS

-ET

S1-

1), (

seco

ndar

y to

HS

-PS

2-3)

, (se

cond

ary

to H

S-P

S3-

3)

• H

uman

ity fa

ces

maj

or g

loba

l cha

lleng

es to

day,

su

ch a

s th

e ne

ed fo

r su

pplie

s of

cle

an w

ater

an

d fo

od o

r fo

r en

ergy

sou

rces

that

min

imiz

e po

llutio

n, w

hich

can

be

addr

esse

d th

roug

h en

gine

erin

g. T

hese

glo

bal c

halle

nges

als

o m

ay h

ave

man

ifest

atio

ns in

loca

l com

mun

ities

. (H

S-E

TS

1-1)



K–12 Progressions

Dis

cipl

inar

y C

ore

Idea

s in

Eng

inee

ring

Des

ign

(con

tinue

d)

Gra

des

K–2

Gra

des

3–5

Gra

des

6–8

Gra

des

9–1

2

ETS1.B: Developing Possible Solutions

• D

esig

ns c

an b

e co

nvey

ed

thro

ugh

sket

ches

, dra

win

gs,

or p

hysi

cal m

odel

s. T

hese

re

pres

enta

tions

are

use

ful

in c

omm

unic

atin

g id

eas

for

a pr

oble

m’s

sol

utio

ns to

ot

her

peop

le. (

K–2

-ET

S1-

2),

(sec

onda

ry to

K-E

SS

3-3)

, (s

econ

dary

to 2

-LS

2-2)

• R

esea

rch

on a

pro

blem

sh

ould

be

carr

ied

out b

efor

e be

ginn

ing

to d

esig

n a

solu

tion.

Tes

ting

a so

lutio

n in

volv

es in

vest

igat

ing

how

w

ell i

t per

form

s un

der

a ra

nge

of li

kely

con

ditio

ns.

(3–5

-ET

S1-

2)

• A

t wha

teve

r st

age,

co

mm

unic

atin

g w

ith p

eers

ab

out p

ropo

sed

solu

tions

is

an

impo

rtan

t par

t of t

he

desi

gn p

roce

ss, a

nd s

hare

d id

eas

can

lead

to im

prov

ed

desi

gns.

(3–

5-E

TS

1-2)

• Te

sts

are

ofte

n de

sign

ed

to id

entif

y fa

ilure

poi

nts

or

diffi

culti

es, w

hich

sug

gest

th

e el

emen

ts o

f the

des

ign

that

nee

d to

be

impr

oved

. (3

–5-E

TS

1-3)

• Te

stin

g a

solu

tion

invo

lves

in

vest

igat

ing

how

wel

l it

perf

orm

s un

der

a ra

nge

of

likel

y co

nditi

ons.

(se

cond

ary

to 4

-ES

S3-

2)

• A

sol

utio

n ne

eds

to b

e te

sted

, and

then

m

odifi

ed o

n th

e ba

sis

of th

e te

st r

esul

ts, i

n or

der

to im

prov

e it.

(M

S-E

TS

1-4)

, (se

cond

ary

to

MS

-PS

1-6)

• T

here

are

sys

tem

atic

pro

cess

es fo

r ev

alua

ting

solu

tions

with

res

pect

to h

ow w

ell t

hey

mee

t crit

eria

and

con

stra

ints

of a

pro

blem

. M

S-E

TS

1-2)

, (M

S-E

TS

1-3)

, (se

cond

ary

to

MS

-PS

3-3)

, (se

cond

ary

to M

S-L

S2-

5)

• S

omet

imes

par

ts o

f diff

eren

t sol

utio

ns c

an b

e co

mbi

ned

to c

reat

e a

solu

tion

that

is b

ette

r th

an

any

of it

s pr

edec

esso

rs. (

MS

-ET

S1-

3)

• M

odel

s of

all

kind

s ar

e im

port

ant f

or te

stin

g so

lutio

ns. (

MS

-ET

S1-

4)

• W

hen

eval

uatin

g so

lutio

ns it

is im

port

ant t

o ta

ke

into

acc

ount

a r

ange

of c

onst

rain

ts in

clud

ing

cost

, saf

ety,

rel

iabi

lity,

and

aes

thet

ics

and

to

cons

ider

soc

ial,

cultu

ral,

and

envi

ronm

enta

l im

pact

s. (

seco

ndar

y to

HS

-LS

2-7)

, (se

cond

ary

to H

S-L

S4-

6), (

seco

ndar

y to

HS

-ES

S3-

2),

(sec

onda

ry to

HS

-ES

S3-

4), (

HS

-ET

S1-

3)

• B

oth

phys

ical

mod

els

and

com

pute

rs c

an b

e us

ed in

var

ious

way

s to

aid

in th

e en

gine

erin

g de

sign

pro

cess

. Com

pute

rs a

re u

sefu

l for

a

var ie

ty o

f pur

pose

s, s

uch

as r

unni

ng

sim

ulat

ions

to te

st d

iffer

ent w

ays

of s

olvi

ng a

pr

oble

m o

r to

see

whi

ch o

ne is

mos

t effi

cien

t or

eco

nom

ical

; and

in m

akin

g a

pers

uasi

ve

pres

enta

tion

to a

clie

nt a

bout

how

a g

iven

de

sign

will

mee

t his

or

her

need

s. (

HS

-ET

S1-

4),

(sec

onda

ry to

HS

-LS

4-6)

ETS1.C: Optimizing the Design Solution

• B

ecau

se th

ere

is a

lway

s m

ore

than

one

pos

sibl

e so

lutio

n to

a p

robl

em, i

t is

usef

ul to

com

pare

and

test

de

sign

s. (

K–2

-ET

S1-

3),

(sec

onda

ry to

2-E

SS

2-1)

• D

iffer

ent s

olut

ions

nee

d to

be

test

ed in

ord

er to

det

erm

ine

whi

ch o

f the

m b

est s

olve

s th

e pr

oble

m, g

iven

the

crite

ria a

nd th

e co

nstr

aint

s.

(3–5

-ET

S1-

3), (

seco

ndar

y to

4-

PS

4-3)

• A

lthou

gh o

ne d

esig

n m

ay n

ot p

erfo

rm th

e be

st

acro

ss a

ll te

sts,

iden

tifyi

ng th

e ch

arac

teris

tics

of

the

desi

gn th

at p

erfo

rmed

the

best

in e

ach

test

ca

n pr

ovid

e us

eful

info

rmat

ion

for

the

rede

sign

pr

oces

s—th

at is

, som

e of

the

char

acte

ristic

s m

ay b

e in

corp

orat

ed in

to th

e ne

w d

esig

n.

(MS

-ET

S1-

3), (

seco

ndar

y to

MS

-PS

1-6)

• T

he it

erat

ive

proc

ess

of te

stin

g th

e m

ost

prom

isin

g so

lutio

ns a

nd m

odify

ing

wha

t is

prop

osed

on

the

basi

s of

the

test

resu

lts le

ads

to

grea

ter

refin

emen

t and

ulti

mat

ely

to a

n op

timal

so

lutio

n. (

MS

-ET

S1-

4), (

seco

ndar

y to

MS

-PS

1-6)

• C

riter

ia m

ay n

eed

to b

e br

oken

dow

n in

to

sim

pler

one

s th

at c

an b

e ap

proa

ched

sy

stem

atic

ally

, and

dec

isio

ns a

bout

the

prio

rity

of c

erta

in c

riter

ia o

ver

othe

rs (

trad

e-of

fs)

may

be

need

ed. (

HS

-ET

S1-

2), (

seco

ndar

y to

H

S-P

S1-

6), (

seco

ndar

y to

HS

-PS

2-3)



Chapter 2

Co

nne

ctio

ns to

the

Na

ture

of S

cie

nce

Un

der

stan

din

gs

Ab

ou

t th

e N

atu

re o

f S

cien

ce M

ost

Clo

sely

Ass

oci

ated

Wit

h P

ract

ices

Cat

ego

ryG

rad

es K

–2G

rad

es 3

–5G

rad

es 6

–8G

rad

es 9

–12

Sci

enti

fic

Inve

stig

atio

ns

U

se a

Var

iety

of

Met

ho

ds

• S

cien

ce in

vest

igat

ions

be

gin

with

a q

uest

ion.

• S

cien

ce u

ses

diffe

rent

w

ays

to s

tudy

the

wor

ld.

• S

cien

ce m

etho

ds

are

dete

rmin

ed b

y qu

estio

ns.

• S

cien

ce in

vest

igat

ions

us

e a

varie

ty o

f m

etho

ds, t

ools

, and

te

chni

ques

.

• S

cien

ce in

vest

igat

ions

use

a v

arie

ty o

f m

etho

ds a

nd to

ols

to m

ake

mea

sure

men

ts a

nd

obse

rvat

ions

.

• S

cien

ce in

vest

igat

ions

are

gui

ded

by a

set

of

valu

es to

ens

ure

accu

racy

of m

easu

rem

ents

, ob

serv

atio

ns, a

nd o

bjec

tivity

of fi

ndin

gs.

• S

cien

ce d

epen

ds o

n ev

alua

ting

prop

osed

ex

plan

atio

ns.

• S

cien

tific

valu

es fu

nctio

n as

crit

eria

in

dist

ingu

ishi

ng b

etw

een

scie

nce

and

non-

scie

nce.

• S

cien

ce in

vest

igat

ions

use

div

erse

met

hods

and

do

not

alw

ays

use

the

sam

e se

t of p

roce

dure

s to

ob

tain

dat

a.

• N

ew te

chno

logi

es a

dvan

ce s

cien

tific

know

ledg

e.

• S

cien

tific

inqu

iry

is c

hara

cter

ized

by

a co

mm

on

set o

f val

ues

that

incl

ude

logi

cal t

hink

ing,

pr

ecis

ion,

ope

n-m

inde

dnes

s, o

bjec

tivity

, sk

eptic

ism

, rep

licab

ility

of r

esul

ts, a

nd h

ones

t an

d et

hica

l rep

ortin

g of

find

ings

.

• T

he d

isco

urse

pra

ctic

es o

f sci

ence

are

or

gani

zed

arou

nd d

isci

plin

ary

dom

ains

that

sh

are

exem

plar

s fo

r m

akin

g de

cisi

ons

rega

rdin

g th

e va

lues

, ins

trum

ents

, met

hods

, mod

els,

and

ev

iden

ce to

ado

pt a

nd u

se.

• S

cien

tific

inve

stig

atio

ns u

se a

var

iety

of m

etho

ds,

tool

s, a

nd te

chni

ques

to r

evis

e an

d pr

oduc

e ne

w

know

ledg

e.

Sci

enti

fic

Kn

ow

led

ge

Is

Bas

ed o

n

Em

pir

ical

E

vid

ence

• S

cien

tists

look

fo

r pa

ttern

s an

d or

der

whe

n m

akin

g ob

serv

atio

ns a

bout

th

e w

orld

.

• S

cien

ce fi

ndin

gs a

re

base

d on

rec

ogni

zing

pa

ttern

s.

• S

cien

ce u

ses

tool

s an

d te

chno

logi

es

to m

ake

accu

rate

m

easu

rem

ents

and

ob

serv

atio

ns.

• S

cien

ce k

now

ledg

e is

bas

ed u

pon

logi

cal a

nd

conc

eptu

al c

onne

ctio

ns b

etw

een

evid

ence

and

ex

plan

atio

ns.

• S

cien

ce d

isci

plin

es s

hare

com

mon

rul

es o

f ob

tain

ing

and

eval

uatin

g em

piric

al e

vide

nce.

• S

cien

ce k

now

ledg

e is

bas

ed o

n em

piric

al

evid

ence

.

• S

cien

ce d

isci

plin

es s

hare

com

mon

rul

es o

f ev

iden

ce u

sed

to e

valu

ate

expl

anat

ions

abo

ut

natu

ral s

yste

ms.

• S

cien

ce in

clud

es th

e pr

oces

s of

coo

rdin

atin

g pa

ttern

s of

evi

denc

e w

ith c

urre

nt th

eory

.

• S

cien

ce a

rgum

ents

are

str

engt

hene

d by

mul

tiple

lin

es o

f evi

denc

e su

ppor

ting

a si

ngle

exp

lana

tion.



K–12 Progressions

Con

nect

ions

to th

e N

atur

e of

Sci

ence

(co

ntin

ued

)

Cat

ego

ryG

rad

es K

–2G

rad

es 3

–5G

rad

es 6

–8G

rad

es 9

–12

Sci

enti

fic

Kn

ow

led

ge

Is O

pen

to

Rev

isio

n in

Lig

ht

of

New

Evi

den

ce

• S

cien

ce k

now

ledg

e ca

n ch

ange

whe

n ne

w in

form

atio

n is

fo

und.

• S

cien

ce e

xpla

natio

ns

can

chan

ge b

ased

on

new

evi

denc

e.

• S

cien

tific

expl

anat

ions

are

sub

ject

to r

evis

ion

and

impr

ovem

ent i

n lig

ht o

f new

evi

denc

e.

• T

he c

erta

inty

and

dur

abili

ty o

f sci

ence

find

ings

va

ry.

• S

cien

ce fi

ndin

gs a

re fr

eque

ntly

rev

ised

and

/or

rein

terp

rete

d ba

sed

on n

ew e

vide

nce.

• S

cien

tific

expl

anat

ions

can

be

prob

abili

stic

.

• M

ost s

cien

tific

know

ledg

e is

qui

te d

urab

le b

ut

is, i

n pr

inci

ple,

sub

ject

to c

hang

e ba

sed

on

new

evi

denc

e an

d/or

rei

nter

pret

atio

n of

exi

stin

g ev

iden

ce.

• S

cien

tific

argu

men

tatio

n is

a m

ode

of lo

gica

l di

scou

rse

used

to c

larif

y th

e st

reng

th o

f re

latio

nshi

ps b

etw

een

idea

s an

d ev

iden

ce th

at

may

res

ult i

n re

visi

on o

f an

expl

anat

ion.

Sci

ence

M

od

els,

Law

s,

Mec

han

ism

s,

and

Th

eori

es

Exp

lain

Nat

ura

l P

hen

om

ena

• S

cien

ce u

ses

draw

ings

, ske

tche

s,

and

mod

els

as a

way

to

com

mun

icat

e id

eas.

• S

cien

ce s

earc

hes

for

caus

e-an

d ef

fect

re

latio

nshi

ps to

ex

plai

n na

tura

l eve

nts.

• S

cien

ce th

eorie

s ar

e ba

sed

on a

bod

y of

ev

iden

ce a

nd m

any

test

s.

• S

cien

ce e

xpla

natio

ns

desc

ribe

the

mec

hani

sms

for

natu

ral e

vent

s.

• T

heor

ies

are

expl

anat

ions

for

obse

rvab

le

phen

omen

a.

• S

cien

ce th

eorie

s ar

e ba

sed

on a

bod

y of

ev

iden

ce d

evel

oped

ove

r tim

e.

• La

ws

are

regu

larit

ies

or m

athe

mat

ical

de

scrip

tions

of n

atur

al p

heno

men

a.

• A

hyp

othe

sis

is u

sed

by s

cien

tists

as

an id

ea th

at

may

con

trib

ute

impo

rtan

t new

kno

wle

dge

for

the

eval

uatio

n of

a s

cien

tific

theo

ry.

• T

he te

rm “

theo

ry” a

s us

ed in

sci

ence

is v

ery

diffe

rent

from

the

com

mon

use

out

side

of

scie

nce.

• T

heor

ies

and

law

s pr

ovid

e ex

plan

atio

ns in

sc

ienc

e, b

ut th

eorie

s do

not

with

tim

e be

com

e la

ws

or fa

cts.

• A

sci

entifi

c th

eory

is a

sub

stan

tiate

d ex

plan

atio

n of

som

e as

pect

of t

he n

atur

al w

orld

, bas

ed o

n a

body

of f

acts

that

hav

e be

en re

peat

edly

con

firm

ed

thro

ugh

obse

rvat

ion

and

expe

rimen

t, an

d th

e sc

ienc

e co

mm

unity

val

idat

es e

ach

theo

ry b

efor

e it

is a

ccep

ted.

If n

ew e

vide

nce

is d

isco

vere

d th

at

the

theo

ry d

oes

not a

ccom

mod

ate,

the

theo

ry is

ge

nera

lly m

odifi

ed in

ligh

t of t

his

new

evi

denc

e.

• M

odel

s, m

echa

nism

s, a

nd e

xpla

natio

ns

colle

ctiv

ely

serv

e as

tool

s in

the

deve

lopm

ent o

f a

scie

ntifi

c th

eory

.

• La

ws

are

stat

emen

ts o

r de

scrip

tions

of t

he

rela

tions

hips

am

ong

obse

rvab

le p

heno

men

a.

• S

cien

tists

ofte

n us

e hy

poth

eses

to d

evel

op a

nd

test

theo

ries

and

expl

anat

ions

.



Chapter 2C

onne

ctio

ns to

the

Nat

ure

of S

cien

ce (

cont

inue

d)

Un

der

stan

din

gs

Ab

ou

t th

e N

atu

re o

f S

cien

ce M

ost

Clo

sely

Ass

oci

ated

Wit

h C

ross

cutt

ing

Co

nce

pts

Cat

ego

ryG

rad

es K

–2G

rad

es 3

–5G

rad

es 6

–8G

rad

es 9

–12

Sci

ence

Is a

Way

o

f K

no

win

g

• S

cien

ce k

now

ledg

e he

lps

us k

now

abo

ut

the

wor

ld.

• S

cien

ce is

bot

h a

body

of k

now

ledg

e an

d pr

oces

ses

that

ad

d ne

w k

now

ledg

e.

• S

cien

ce is

a w

ay o

f kn

owin

g th

at is

use

d by

man

y pe

ople

.

• S

cien

ce is

bot

h a

body

of k

now

ledg

e an

d th

e pr

oces

ses

and

prac

tices

use

d to

add

to th

at b

ody

of k

now

ledg

e.

• S

cien

ce k

now

ledg

e is

cum

ulat

ive

and

man

y pe

ople

, fro

m m

any

gene

ratio

ns a

nd n

atio

ns, h

ave

cont

ribut

ed to

sci

ence

kno

wle

dge.

• S

cien

ce is

a w

ay o

f kno

win

g us

ed b

y m

any

peop

le, n

ot ju

st s

cien

tists

.

• S

cien

ce is

bot

h a

body

of k

now

ledg

e th

at

repr

esen

ts a

cur

rent

und

erst

andi

ng o

f nat

ural

sy

stem

s an

d th

e pr

oces

ses

used

to r

efine

, el

abor

ate,

rev

ise,

and

ext

end

this

kno

wle

dge.

• S

cien

ce is

a u

niqu

e w

ay o

f kno

win

g, a

nd th

ere

are

othe

r w

ays

of k

now

ing.

• S

cien

ce d

istin

guis

hes

itsel

f fro

m o

ther

way

s of

kn

owin

g th

roug

h us

e of

em

piric

al s

tand

ards

, lo

gica

l arg

umen

ts, a

nd s

kept

ical

rev

iew

.

• S

cien

ce k

now

ledg

e ha

s a

hist

ory

that

incl

udes

th

e re

finem

ent o

f, an

d ch

ange

s to

, the

orie

s,

idea

s, a

nd b

elie

fs o

ver

time.

Sci

enti

fic

Kn

ow

led

ge

Ass

um

es a

n

Ord

er a

nd

C

on

sist

ency

in

Nat

ura

l Sys

tem

s

• S

cien

ce a

ssum

es

natu

ral e

vent

s ha

ppen

toda

y as

they

ha

ppen

ed in

the

past

.

• M

any

even

ts a

re

repe

ated

.

• S

cien

ce a

ssum

es

cons

iste

nt p

atte

rns

in

natu

ral s

yste

ms.

• B

asic

law

s of

nat

ure

are

the

sam

e ev

eryw

here

in th

e un

iver

se.

• S

cien

ce a

ssum

es th

at o

bjec

ts a

nd e

vent

s in

na

tura

l sys

tem

s oc

cur

in c

onsi

sten

t pat

tern

s th

at

are

unde

rsta

ndab

le th

roug

h m

easu

rem

ent a

nd

obse

rvat

ion.

• S

cien

ce c

aref

ully

con

side

rs a

nd e

valu

ates

an

omal

ies

in d

ata

and

evid

ence

.

• S

cien

tific

know

ledg

e is

bas

ed o

n th

e as

sum

ptio

n th

at n

atur

al la

ws

oper

ate

toda

y as

they

did

in th

e pa

st a

nd th

ey w

ill c

ontin

ue to

do

so in

the

futu

re.

• S

cien

ce a

ssum

es th

e un

iver

se is

a v

ast s

ingl

e sy

stem

in w

hich

bas

ic la

ws

are

cons

iste

nt.

Sci

ence

Is

a H

um

an

En

dea

vor

• P

eopl

e ha

ve p

ract

iced

sc

ienc

e fo

r a

long

tim

e.

• M

en a

nd w

omen

of

dive

rse

back

grou

nds

are

scie

ntis

ts a

nd

engi

neer

s.

• M

en a

nd w

omen

fr

om a

ll cu

lture

s an

d ba

ckgr

ound

s ch

oose

ca

reer

s as

sci

entis

ts

and

engi

neer

s.

• M

ost s

cien

tists

and

en

gine

ers

wor

k in

te

ams.

• S

cien

ce a

ffect

s ev

eryd

ay li

fe.

• C

reat

ivity

and

im

agin

atio

n ar

e im

port

ant t

o sc

ienc

e.

• M

en a

nd w

omen

from

diff

eren

t soc

ial,

cultu

ral,

and

ethn

ic b

ackg

roun

ds w

ork

as s

cien

tists

and

en

gine

ers.

• S

cien

tists

and

eng

inee

rs r

ely

on h

uman

qua

litie

s su

ch a

s pe

rsis

tenc

e, p

reci

sion

, rea

soni

ng, l

ogic

, im

agin

atio

n, a

nd c

reat

ivity

.

• S

cien

tists

and

eng

inee

rs a

re g

uide

d by

hab

its o

f m

ind

such

as

inte

llect

ual h

ones

ty, t

oler

ance

of

ambi

guity

, ske

ptic

ism

, and

ope

nnes

s to

new

idea

s.

• A

dvan

ces

in te

chno

logy

influ

ence

the

prog

ress

of

scie

nce,

and

sci

ence

has

influ

ence

d ad

vanc

es in

te

chno

logy

.

• S

cien

tific

know

ledg

e is

a r

esul

t of h

uman

en

deav

or, i

mag

inat

ion,

and

cre

ativ

ity.

• In

divi

dual

s an

d te

ams

from

man

y na

tions

and

cu

lture

s ha

ve c

ontr

ibut

ed to

sci

ence

and

to

adva

nces

in e

ngin

eerin

g.

• S

cien

tists

’ bac

kgro

unds

, the

oret

ical

co

mm

itmen

ts, a

nd fi

elds

of e

ndea

vor

influ

ence

th

e na

ture

of t

heir

findi

ngs.

• Te

chno

logi

cal a

dvan

ces

have

influ

ence

d th

e pr

ogre

ss o

f sci

ence

, and

sci

ence

has

influ

ence

d ad

vanc

es in

tech

nolo

gy.

• S

cien

ce a

nd e

ngin

eerin

g ar

e in

fluen

ced

by

soci

ety,

and

soc

iety

is in

fluen

ced

by s

cien

ce a

nd

engi

neer

ing.

Sci

ence

A

dd

ress

es

Qu

esti

on

s A

bo

ut

the

Nat

ura

l an

d

Mat

eria

l Wo

rld

• S

cien

tists

stu

dy th

e na

tura

l and

mat

eria

l w

orld

.

• S

cien

ce fi

ndin

gs a

re

limite

d to

que

stio

ns

that

can

be

answ

ered

w

ith e

mpi

rical

ev

iden

ce.

• S

cien

tific

know

ledg

e is

con

stra

ined

by

hum

an

capa

city

, tec

hnol

ogy,

and

mat

eria

ls.

• S

cien

ce li

mits

its

expl

anat

ions

to s

yste

ms

that

le

nd th

emse

lves

to o

bser

vatio

n an

d em

piric

al

evid

ence

.

• S

cien

ce k

now

ledg

e ca

n de

scrib

e co

nseq

uenc

es

of a

ctio

ns b

ut is

not

res

pons

ible

for

soci

ety’

s de

cisi

ons.

• N

ot a

ll qu

estio

ns c

an b

e an

swer

ed b

y sc

ienc

e.

• S

cien

ce a

nd te

chno

logy

may

rai

se e

thic

al is

sues

fo

r w

hich

sci

ence

, by

itsel

f, do

es n

ot p

rovi

de

answ

ers

and

solu

tions

.

• S

cien

ce k

now

ledg

e in

dica

tes

wha

t can

hap

pen

in n

atur

al s

yste

ms—

not w

hat s

houl

d ha

ppen

. T

he la

tter

invo

lves

eth

ics,

val

ues,

and

hum

an

deci

sion

s ab

out t

he u

se o

f kno

wle

dge.

• M

any

deci

sion

s ar

e no

t mad

e us

ing

scie

nce

alon

e, b

ut r

ely

on s

ocia

l and

cul

tura

l con

text

s to

re

solv

e is

sues

.



K–12 Progressions

Co

nne

ctio

ns to

Eng

ine

erin

g, T

ec

hno

log

y, a

nd A

pp

lica

tions

of S

cie

nce

G

rad

es K

–2G

rad

es 3

–5G

rad

es 6

–8G

rad

es 9

–12

Inte

rdep

end

ence

of

Sci

ence

, En

gin

eeri

ng

, an

d T

ech

no

logy

• S

cien

ce a

nd e

ngin

eerin

g in

volv

e th

e us

e of

tool

s to

obs

erve

and

mea

sure

thin

gs.

• S

cien

ce a

nd te

chno

logy

sup

port

eac

h ot

her.

• To

ols

and

inst

rum

ents

are

use

d to

an

swer

sci

entifi

c qu

estio

ns, w

hile

sc

ient

ific

disc

over

ies

lead

to th

e de

velo

pmen

t of n

ew te

chno

logi

es.

• E

ngin

eerin

g ad

vanc

es h

ave

led

to

impo

rtan

t dis

cove

ries

in v

irtu

ally

eve

ry

field

of s

cien

ce, a

nd s

cien

tific

disc

over

ies

have

led

to th

e de

velo

pmen

t of e

ntire

in

dust

ries

and

engi

neer

ed s

yste

ms.

• S

cien

ce a

nd te

chno

logy

driv

e ea

ch o

ther

fo

rwar

d.

• S

cien

ce a

nd e

ngin

eerin

g co

mpl

emen

t ea

ch o

ther

in th

e cy

cle

know

n as

re

sear

ch a

nd d

evel

opm

ent (

R&

D).

• M

any

R&

D p

roje

cts

may

invo

lve

scie

ntis

ts, e

ngin

eers

, and

oth

ers

with

w

ide

rang

es o

f exp

ertis

e.

Infl

uen

ce o

f S

cien

ce, E

ng

inee

rin

g, a

nd

Tec

hn

olo

gy o

n S

oci

ety

and

th

e N

atu

ral W

orl

d

• E

very

hum

an-m

ade

prod

uct i

s de

sign

ed

by a

pply

ing

som

e kn

owle

dge

of th

e na

tura

l wor

ld a

nd is

bui

lt by

usi

ng n

atur

al

mat

eria

ls.

• Ta

king

nat

ural

mat

eria

ls to

mak

e th

ings

im

pact

s th

e en

viro

nmen

t.

• P

eopl

e’s

need

s an

d w

ants

cha

nge

over

tim

e, a

s do

thei

r de

man

ds fo

r ne

w a

nd

impr

oved

tech

nolo

gies

.

• E

ngin

eers

impr

ove

exis

ting

tech

nolo

gies

or

dev

elop

new

one

s to

incr

ease

thei

r be

nefit

s, d

ecre

ase

know

n ris

ks, a

nd

mee

t soc

ieta

l dem

ands

.

• W

hen

new

tech

nolo

gies

bec

ome

avai

labl

e, th

ey c

an b

ring

abou

t cha

nges

in

the

way

peo

ple

live

and

inte

ract

with

on

e an

othe

r.

• A

ll hu

man

act

ivity

dra

ws

on n

atur

al

reso

urce

s an

d ha

s bo

th s

hort

- an

d lo

ng-

term

con

sequ

ence

s, p

ositi

ve a

s w

ell a

s ne

gativ

e, fo

r th

e he

alth

of p

eopl

e an

d th

e na

tura

l env

ironm

ent.

• T

he u

ses

of te

chno

logi

es a

nd a

ny

limita

tions

on

thei

r us

e ar

e dr

iven

by

indi

vidu

al o

r so

ciet

al n

eeds

, des

ires,

an

d va

lues

; by

the

findi

ngs

of s

cien

tific

rese

arch

; and

by

diffe

r enc

es in

suc

h fa

ctor

s as

clim

ate,

nat

ural

res

ourc

es,

and

econ

omic

con

ditio

ns.

• Te

chno

logy

use

var

ies

over

tim

e an

d fr

om r

egio

n to

reg

ion.

• M

oder

n ci

viliz

atio

n de

pend

s on

m

ajor

tech

nolo

gica

l sys

tem

s, s

uch

as a

gric

ultu

re, h

ealth

, wat

er, e

nerg

y,

tran

spor

tatio

n, m

anuf

actu

r ing,

co

nstr

uctio

n, a

nd c

omm

unic

atio

ns.

• E

ngin

eers

con

tinuo

usly

mod

ify th

ese

syst

ems

to in

crea

se b

enefi

ts w

hile

de

crea

sing

cos

ts a

nd r

isks

.

• N

ew te

chno

logi

es c

an h

ave

deep

im

pact

s on

soc

iety

and

the

envi

ronm

ent,

incl

udin

g so

me

that

wer

e no

t ant

icip

ated

.

• A

naly

sis

of c

osts

and

ben

efits

is a

crit

ical

as

pect

of d

ecis

ions

abo

ut te

chno

logy

.


Willa

rdThe

NSTA

Quic

k-Refe

renc

e G

uide

to the

NG

SSEle

me

ntary

Scho

ol

ElementarySchool

Grades K–5

PB354X1ISBN: 978-1-941316-11-5

The Quick-Reference Guide to the

NGSSSince the release of the first draft of the Next Generation Science Standards (NGSS), NSTA has been at the forefront in promoting the standards and helping science educators become familiar with and learn to navigate this exciting but complex document. Later, when the final version was released and states began adopting the standards, NSTA started to develop resources that would assist educators with their implementation.

Along the way, NSTA learned that even the simplest of resources, like a one-page cheat sheet, can be extremely useful. Many of those tools are collected here, including

• a two-page cheat sheet that describes the practices, core ideas, and cross-cutting concepts that make up the three dimensions described in A Frame-work for K–12 Science Education;

• an “Inside the NGSS Box” graphic that spells out all of the individual sec-tions of text that appear on a page of the NGSS;

• a Venn diagram comparing the practices in NGSS with Common Core State Standards in English language arts and mathematics; and

• matrixes showing how the NGSS are organized by topic and disciplinary core idea.

This guide also highlights the appropriate performance expectations; disciplinary core ideas; practices; crosscutting concepts; connections to engineering, technology, and applications of science; and connections to nature of science. It is designed to be used with the NGSS.

The book’s emphasis is on easy. Find the parts of the standards most relevant to you, acquaint yourself with the format, and find out what each of the different parts means. The NSTA Quick-Reference Guides to the NGSS are also available in other grade-specific versions—one each for middle and high school—plus a comprehensive K–12 edition. The four Quick-Reference Guides are indispens-able to science teachers at all levels, as well as to administrators, curriculum developers, and teacher educators.

http://ngss.nsta.org


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