THE PROGRESSIVE ERA American History Honors January, 2015 Ms. Costas.
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Transcript of THE PROGRESSIVE ERA American History Honors January, 2015 Ms. Costas.
THE PROGRESSIVE
ERAAmerican History Honors
January, 2015Ms. Costas
ESSENTIAL QUESTIONS■How did the problems of industrialization lead to the
Progressive Movement?
■What were the primary goals of the Progressive Movement?
■How did the progressive presidents influence government?
■What were the political, economic, and social effects of the Progressive Movement?
ORIGINS OF PROGRESSIVISM■Progressivism = common desire to improve life in the
industrial age Diverse goals united under common label
■Mainly urban middle class
■Committed to democratic values To improve the human condition
o Honest governmento Just laws
What were the problems that needed fixing in the Gilded Age?
ORIGINS OF PROGRESSIVISM
■Five major goals of Progressivism
1. Government regulation of Big Business
2. Improving workers’ plight
3. Addressing the problems caused by urbanization
4. Minority rights
5. Improve democracy/government for people
MUCKRAKERS■Journalists who exposed “dirty” realities of party
politics “Raked the mud of society and never looked up”
■Used magazines and books
■Declined after 1910 Couldn’t top the last story Increased pressure from banks to tone down politics Corporations cleaned up
WELL KNOWN MUCKRAKERS■Ida Tarbell
The History of the Standard Oil Company
■Lincoln Steffens Tweed Days in St. Louis
■Jacob Riis How the Other Half Lives
■Upton Sinclair The Jungle
POLITICAL REFORM■Major goal was government reform
Push for primarily Democratic State
■Believed in honest gov’t when given the chance
■Reform in 3 areas: Voter participation Municipal reform State reform
VOTER PARTICIPATION■Goal = increased voter participation
Secret ballot Direct primaries Direct election of senators Initiative, referendum, and recall Social welfare
MUNICIPAL REFORM
■Target city bosses and corrupt alliances
■Provide service to citizens
■Controlled public utilities Private Public
■Top down management Elected heads of city depts. Hired “expert managers”
STATE REFORM■Laws passed to regulate RR, mines, mills, and
other big business
■State reforms included Limited business in gov’t Graduated income tax
o 16th Amendment
Child labor laws Limited working hours Temperance and Prohibition
PROGRESSIVE PRESIDENTS
■Progressive governors and mayors battled at the state and local levels
■Three presidents broadened reform at the national level
Theodore Roosevelt
William Howard Taft
Woodrow Wilson
THEODORE ROOSEVELT (1901 – 1909)■“Square Deal” for labor
■Trust Buster
■Legislation: Newlands Reclamation Act of 1902 Dept. of Commerce and Labor (1903) Elkins Act (1903) Hepburn Act (1906) Pure Food & Drug Act (1906) Meat Inspection Act (1906) National Conservation Commission (1908)
WILLIAM HOWARD TAFT (1909 – 1913)■Legislation
Payne-Aldrich Tariff (1909) Mann-Elkins Act (1910) Department of Labor (1912)
RISE OF THE SOCIALIST PARTY■3rd party in favor of working class
■Party’s leader/founder: Eugene Debs Runs for president 5 times
o Peaks in 1912 with 6% of vote
■Shared commonalities with Progressives Radical vs. mild reform
ELECTION OF 1912■ Campaign dominated by reform efforts
■ Candidates: Taft (R) Roosevelt (B-M) Wilson (D) Debs (S)
■ Results: Wilson* (435) Roosevelt (88) Taft (8) Debs (0)
WOODROW WILSON (1913 – 1921)■ Commitment to “New Freedom”
■ Attacked “Triple Wall of Privilege” Tariffs, Banking, Trusts
■ Legislation Federal Reserve Act (1913) Underwood-Simmons Tariff (1913) 16th Amendment (1913) 17th Amendment (1913) Federal Trade Commission Act (1914) Clayton Anti-Trust Act (1914) Adamson Act (1916) Keating-Owen Act (1916) Workman’s Compensation Act (1916) 18th Amendment (1919) 19th Amendment (1920)
AFRICAN AMERICANS IN THE PROGRESSIVE ERA■Most Progressives focused solely on whites
■Status declined since Reconstruction Plessy v. Ferguson (1896) Jim Crow
■Most Progressives did not fight for race relations because: Shared prejudice of the time Other reforms were deemed more important
■Reform movements led by African Americans
WASHINGTON & DU BOIS
■Economic progress vs. Civil rights
■Booker T. Washington Need for economic progress through education
o Rest will follow
■W.E.B. Du Bois Political and social rights are prerequisite for economic
independence
URBAN MIGRATION
■In 1900 90% of African Americans lived in the south
■Ratio Shift
■Motivation: Poor race relations Destruction of their cotton crops Job opportunities in urban cities
■Many still faced discrimination in northern states
CIVIL RIGHTS ORGANIZATIONS■Niagara Movement
■NAACP National Association for the Advancement of Colored
People
■National Urban League “Not Alms But Opportunity”
CHANGING ROLES OF WOMEN■“Rights” were granted to white males
■Industrialization changed women’s roles in society 1 in 5 held jobs by 1900 Many require education
■Bigger part of society = demand for broader rights
WOMEN LEAD REFORM■Women’s clubs gained popularity
■Vassar College = 1st female university
■Seneca Falls Convention (1848) NACW (1896) – National Association of Colored Women NAWSA (1890) – National American Woman’s Suffrage
Association
■3 part strategy for suffrage Convince state legislature for the right to vote Pursued court cases to test 14th Amendment Pushed for Constitutional Amendment
CAMPAIGN FOR WOMEN’S SUFFRAGE■Most Progressives do not support suffrage
movement
■Militant suffragists National Women’s Party
■19th Amendment Grants American women the right to vote
■Other reforms: Education equality, marriage and divorce laws,
reduced discrimination in the workforce, women’s right to own property
CausesGrowth of CitiesGrowth of
Industry
The Progressive Movement
• Party Primaries• Split in Republican
Party, 1912• Decline of machine
politics• Votes for women
• Laws protecting workers
• Settlement houses and social work
• Birth control for women• Beginning of civil rights
movement for African Americans
• Conservation of land and water
• Regulation of business• Lower tariffs• Reformed banking
system• Federal income tax
POLITICAL SOCIAL ECONOMIC
Effects