The Presidencies of Thomas Jefferson,

James Madison, James Monroe and the

Market Economy(Unit II, Segment 1 of 3)

■Essential Question:–How did Jefferson’s presidency

change American government, territory, & foreign policy?

■Warm-Up Question:–How will the fact that Jefferson

was a Democratic-Republican influence his policies as America’s third president?

The period of time in U.S. history before the Civil War is known as the

Antebellum Era (1800-1860)–Early Antebellum (1800-1840)

•American nationalism•Age of the “common man” • Industrial revolution, rise of “king cotton,” market economy

–Late Antebellum (1840-1860)•Manifest Destiny into the West•Sectionalism divided North & South

1. George Washington

2. John Adams3. Thomas

Jefferson4. James

Madison5. James

Monroe6. John Q.

Adams7. Andrew

Jackson

Jefferson’s defeat of Adams is often called the

“Revolution of 1800”:–For the first time, a new

political party took the presidency

–Jefferson’s presidency marked the start of nearly 30 years of political dominance by the Democratic-Republicans

Jefferson as President■As a Democratic-Republican,

Jefferson tried to reverse Federalist policies & reduce the size & cost of the national gov’t:–He reduced the size of the

army

Jefferson believed that America should be an “agrarian republic” that protects liberty

The United States in 1800

From 1800 to 1810, the population grew by 2 million people, thousands flooded into the west, & 3 new states were added to the USA

Kentucky (1792)

Ohio (1803)

Tennessee (1796)

In 1800, Napoleon reclaimed Louisiana from Spain, but by 1803, he needed money to fund his European war & offered to sell

Louisiana

The Louisiana Purchase (1803)

In 1803, Jefferson authorized the

Louisiana Purchase from France

for $15 million

Lewis & Clark were sent by Jefferson to map & explore this new territory; Their

findings revealed an abundance of natural resources for America

As a “strict constructionist” Jefferson did not know if he had the Constitutional power to buy Louisiana but he did it

anyway

Jefferson easily won re-election in 1804

Jefferson’s Legacy■ Jefferson came into office trying to

reduce the size & power of the national government, but:–By buying Louisiana, he

expanded government power beyond that of the Constitution

1. George Washington

2. John Adams3. Thomas

Jefferson4. James

Madison5. James

Monroe6. John Q.

Adams7. Andrew

Jackson

James Madison won the presidency in 1808 & 1812

–Madison was the architect of the Constitution, was elected to Congress, & served as Jefferson’s VP

–Madison continued the dominance of the Democratic-Republican Party & tried to continue Jefferson’s policies of limited national gov’t

The War of 1812Unfortunately, the war between England & France continued to cause problems for Americans:–England & France continued to

violate American free trade–The British navy continued to

“impress” American merchants–Many Congressmen, called “War

Hawks” demanded war with Britain to defend U.S. honor

“Free Trade & Sailors' Rights” was a popular battle cry

Patriotism surged as War Hawks claimed the War of 1812 the “Second American Revolution”

Madison eventually gave

in & asked Congress for a declaration of

war in June 1812

The War of 1812 (1812—1814)

• The U.S. was not ready to fight when the war began–Had a weak

navy & poorly trained army

–The war went badly at first

…and laid siege to Baltimore where Francis Scott Key wrote the “Star

Spangled Banner”

The British attacked & burned Washington, DC…

The War of 1812 (1812—1814)

• Even though Britain was winning, they were fighting Napoleon’s army in Europe & wanted to end the war in America quickly

The War of 1812 (1812—1814)

• In 1814, Britain & U.S. signed the Treaty of Ghent ending the war

• Before news arrived, the Americans won the Battle of New Orleans

The Americans were led by

Andrew Jackson who became a national heroThe victory at

New Orleans led many Americans to feel as though they won the war

Treaty of Ghent■ Treaty of Ghent ended the war, but it

did not address trade rights or other causes of the war

■ Effects of the War of 1812:–Americans were united in a sense of

nationalism, believing that they had beaten the British

–America entered an “Era of Good Feelings” with a popular president & booming national economy

1. George Washington

2. John Adams3. Thomas

Jefferson4. James

Madison5. James

Monroe6. John Q.

Adams7. Andrew

Jackson

James Monroe was elected president in 1816 & 1820 with a clear set of goals:–To promote national unity –To promote America’s

power in the world• Monroe was a Democratic-

Republican, but by 1816 the Federalists were so weak that the Republicans could do almost anything

The Era of Good Feelings■ After the War of 1812, America

experienced an “Era of Good Feelings” from 1815 to 1825:–Monroe & the Democratic -

Republicans in Congress used this time to promote American nationalism

–Nationalism—the interests of the USA should be placed ahead of regional interests

American Nationalism■Monroe & the Democratic -

Republicans in Congress promoted nationalism & American unity through the –Economy: Encourage industry &

build better transportation to link the South, North, & West

The American System■In 1816, Congressman Henry Clay

proposed the American System to unify the economies of the North, South, & West–Created a tariff to promote U.S.

industry & limit the importation of British manufactured goods

–A nat’l system of roads & canals

The Market Revolution■ From 1800 to 1840, the U.S.

developed a “national” economy:–New technologies allowed the

North (industry), South (cotton), & West (commercial farming) to develop specialized economies

–Improved transportation reduced travel time & cost to ship goods which helped connect the country

The National Economy: The North

Technology:By 1840, Eli Whitney’s

interchangeable parts & other textile technology led to an Industrial Revolution

in the North

Eli Whitney’s Other Major Invention:Interchangeable Parts

Samuel Slater:Father of the American Factory System

Spinning Mule

Power LoomSewing Machine

The National Economy: The North

Specialized Regional Economy: By 1840, Northern factories mass produced textiles, farm

equipment, other finished goodsThe growth of factories in

the North led to an increase in cities (urbanization)

Textile Production Before the Industrial Revolution

The Lowell Mill in Massachusetts was the most famous textile mill

Lowell managers hired young, single girls to work & live

at the factory

Textile Production During the Industrial

Revolution

American Population Centers in 1820

American Population Centers in 1860

The National Economy: The West

Technology:Cyrus McCormick’s reaper &

John Deere’s steel plow allowed western farmers to

grow enough food to sell

Cyrus McCormick & the Mechanical Reaper

John Deere & the Steel Plow

The National Economy: The West

Specialized Regional Economy: The West became a network of cash-crop farms producing

wheat, corn, hogs, & cattle

Commercial Farming in the West

The National Economy: The South

Technology:In 1793, Eli Whitney invented the cotton gin making cotton

easy to refine & very profitable

The Cotton Gin

The National Economy: The South

Specialized Regional Economy: By 1820, cotton became the dominant cash crop

of the Deep South

The spread of cotton increased slavery &

plantation agriculture in the

South

The Rise of “King Cotton”■ Southern cotton was so important

to the antebellum economy that it was known as “King Cotton”–The South provided 75% of

world’s cotton–Southern cotton stimulated the

growth of Northern textile industry, shipping, & marketing

Slave Population, 1820Slave Population, 1860

Connecting Regional Economies Into

a National Market Economy

The Market Revolution■ During the antebellum era, these

3 regional economies became connected as a result of: –Henry Clay’s American System

(tariff on foreign manufacturing, & national funding for transportation)

–A transportation revolution of roads, canals, & early railroads that built America’s infrastructure

Transportation Revolution 1820-1860

Rivers, Roads, Canals, & Railroads

Steamboats & Canals■ Canals & steamboats helped

connect the West & East:–Western farmers could now get

industrial farm equipment–Canals & Robert Fulton’s

steamboat helped cut shipping costs by 90% for farmers

–As a result, western farmers could produce more food & make more profits

Major Canals by 1840

Because the Erie Canal brought so much trade down the Hudson River, New York City became the commercial capital of the U.S.

The most important canal was the Erie Canal (1825) because it

provided the 1st major link between the East & West

Robert Fulton’s The Clermont, the 1st steamboat

Inland Freight Rates

Railroads• In the 1830s,

railroad construction first began

• By 1860, railroads had become the greatest transportation network in America

Immigration■ In the 1840s, millions of Irish & Germans

immigrated to the U.S.– Immigrants filled low-paying jobs in

Northern factories or moved west (Swedes and Norwegians to MN) to become farmers

– Immigrants, especially Catholics, faced prejudice from native-born Americans (this was called Nativism)

– The Know-Nothing Party was formed to limit immigration & keep immigrant men from voting

Immigration to the US 1820-1860

Where did antebellum immigrants go?

Industrial workers

Farmers

Propaganda from the Know-Nothing Party attacking German & Irish immigrants

Closure■Chart:

–Big picture—where do we go from here?

–Map background—what’s keeping the country together (nationalism?)

–What is going to start breaking the country apart (sectionalism?)