Crisis in the Balkans A.Europe’s Powder Keg B.June 28, 1914.
The Powder Keg IgnitesThe Powder Keg Ignites World War I began in Eastern Europe Crisis began with...
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World War I
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The Powder Keg Ignites
World War I began in Eastern Europe
Crisis began with the assassination of Archduke Francis Ferdinand of Austria-Hungary Was visiting Bosnia but also home to many
Serbs and Slavics Serbians were unhappy with the visit Viewed Austrians as foreign oppressors Serbian terrorist group known as the Black Hand
carried out the assassination
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Video of Assassination
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=lbfhH6aK8vI
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Assassination of Archduke
Archduke ignored warnings of anti-Austrian unrest in Sarajevo
June 28, 1914- he and his wife were shot
They were in an open car in Sarajevo
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Austria Strikes Back
Government of Vienna saw assassination as an excuse to crush Serbia
Germany was upset by the assassination
Germany gave Austria the “blank check”- a promise of unconditional support no matter what the cost.
Austria sent Serbia and ultimatum Tried to avoid the war Serbia was supposed to end all anti-Austrian
agitation in punish the Serbians who were involved in the plot
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The Ultimatum
Serbia agreed to most but not all the terms of the ultimatum
July 28, 1914- Austria declared war on Serbia
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The Alliances Kick In
Carefully planned alliances kicked in when conflict arose.
After Austria declared war, Serbia went running to its ally Russia
Nicholas II asked William II to ask Austria to soften the demands, this failed
Russia then began to mobilize- prepared troops for war
August I- Germany responded by declaring war on Russia
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The Alliances Kick In
Russia went to its ally France
France gave same kind of backing Germany did to Austria
Germany demanded France stay out of the conflict
Germany declared war on France
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II. How It Began
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A.The Balkans
(“Powder Keg of Europe”)
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WAR
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Germany Invades Belgium
Italy and Britain remained uncommitted
Italy chose to remain neutral
Neutrality- policy of supporting neither side in a war
Schlieffan Plan Germany’s location presented itself as a two-front
war (France in the west and Russia in the east) Schlieffan Plan was designed to avoid this issue Plan- attack France first because Russia was slow to
industrialize
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Schlieffan Plan
Goal: to surprise attack France by going through Belgian borders
European countries signed a treaty to keep Belgium neutral
Idea was to encircle and crush France’s army
Germany invaded Belgium on August 3rd
When Germany went through Belgium, Britain declared war on Germany on August 4th
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Section 2: A New Kind of War
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Information about the Great War
Great War was the largest conflict in history up to that time
France mobilized 8.5 million men, Britain nearly 9 million, Russia 12 million, and Germany 11 million
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Stalemate on the Western Front
German forces fought their way through Belgium toward Paris
Belgium tried to resist but German power was much too powerful
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The Schlieffan Plan Failed
Russia mobilized faster
Russia won small victories over Germany
Germany had to then fight a two front war (France and Russia)
Battle of the Marne- ended Germany’s hope of a quick victory on the Western Front
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The Stalemate
Both sides dug deeper trenches to protect their armies
Stalemate- a deadlock in which neither side is able to defeat the other
Battle lines in France remained unchanged for 4 years
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New Technology
Machine guns
Artillery gun
Poison Gas
Trench Warfare
Tanks
Airplanes
Submarines
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1. Goals
2. Conditions
3. Success
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German “U” Boats
Damaged the Allied side
Sank many ships going to Britain
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The Eastern Front
Battle of Tannenburg (August of 1914)
Central Powers crush Russians (Poor supplies and leadership) who never were a threat again
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War Around the World
Ottoman Empire had a strategic location
Ottomans joined the Central Powers
Turkey cuts off Russia from the Dardanelles- a vital strait connecting the Black Sea ad the Mediterranean
Turkey fought Russia
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3 Front War
3rd Front- Middle East
1916- Arab nationalists led by Husayn ibn Ali declared a revolt against Ottoman Rule British sent T.E. Lawrence- Lawrence of Arabia-
to support the Arab revolt
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Section 3: Winning the War
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Waging Total War
Nations realized that a modern mechanized war required the channeling of a nation’s entire resources- total war
To achieve total war- government took a stronger role
Both sides set up systems to recruit, arm, transport, and supply armies that numbered in the millions
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Conscription
Britain imposed conscription- “the draft”- required all young men to be ready for military or other service
Government raised taxes and borrowed huge among of money to pay the costs of war
Countries rationed food and other products such as boots and gasoline