The Potential for Geologic Carbon Sequestration in Indiana
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Transcript of The Potential for Geologic Carbon Sequestration in Indiana
OUTLINE
PART I: GENERALITIES
PART II: CCS IN INDIANA
PART III: FUTURE WORK AND CONCLUSIONS
• Carbon refers to CO2 or carbon dioxide. • Sequestration means removed or isolated from the
atmosphere and stored away for a long time (thousands of years).
• US DOE: “a family of methods for capturing and permanently isolating gases that otherwise could contribute to global climate change”.
WHAT IS CARBON SEQUESTRATION?
• Manmade CO2 emissions are changing the climate, therefore
capturing and storing or sequestering CO2 away from the
atmosphere will help mitigate the effects of these changes.
• Power generation is changing:
•Demand of energy will double by 2030
•Cost of fossil fuel is rising
•Green House Gas (GHG) emissions (and concerns) are rising
WHY SEQUESTER CO2?
From IPCC, 2001
VARIATIONS OF THE EARTH’S SURFACE FOR…
THE GLOBAL CARBON CYCLE
Source: U. S. Department of Energy, Energy Information Administration
COAL REMAINS A DOMINANT PART OF TOMORROW’S US ENERGY MIX
Ocean Sequestration Carbon stored in oceans through direct injection or fertilization.
Terrestrial Sequestration
Carbon can be stored in soils and vegetation, which are our natural carbon sinks. Increasing carbon fixation through photosynthesis, slowing down or reducing decomposition of organic matter, and changing land use practices can enhance carbon uptake in these natural sinks.
Geologic Sequestration
The capture, injection and storage of CO2 into deeply buried saline water-filled reservoirs, depleted oil and gas fields, or coal seams.
TYPES OF SEQUESTRATION
Rick Pardini, Core Energy
Nov 16th
Danilo Dragoni, IU Geography
Sept 28th
Maria Mastalerz,
IGS Dec 7th
This talk!
Jared Ciferno, DOE-NETL*
Oct 26th
CCS TALKS @ THE IGS SEMINAR SERIES
Faye Liu, IU Geology, Dec 14st
Organic Shales
Precipitated Carbonate Minerals
~800 m Confining Layer(s)
Injection Well
Supercritical CO2
Dissolved CO2
CO2 INJECTION AND TRAPPING MECHANISMS
MASS PARTITIONING
• Free phase, as a gas or supercritical fluid
• Trapped in the capillaries • Dissolved in the pore fluids
(brine or oil) • Solid mineral precipitate
Source: Rempel et al., 2011
CO2 INJECTION AND TRAPPING MECHANISMS:
A MORE REALISTIC REPRESENTATION
PHASE DIAGRAM OF CO2
Assuming geothermal and pressure gradients of 0.03 oC/m (1.64 oF/100 ft) and
9.8 MPa/Km (0.435 psi/ft) respectively
Assuming geothermal and pressure gradients of 0.03 oC/m (1.64 oF/100 ft) and
9.8 MPa/Km (0.435 psi/ft) respectively
PHASE DIAGRAM OF CO2
EPA Rule: “an underground source of drinking water (USDW) is defined as an aquifer or a portion of an aquifer that…contains fewer than 10,000 milligrams per liter (mg/L) of total dissolved solids (TDS)
EFFECT OF SALINITY ON SOLUBILITY
From Zerai et al., 2006
PART II:
GEOLOGIC CARBON SEQUESTRATION
IN INDIANA
HOW MUCH IS EMITTED BY INDIANA?
Source: Carbon Sequestration Atlas of the United States and Canada (2010), DOE-NETL
VOLUME – HOW MUCH IN INDIANA?
• Indiana produces ~ 250 million metric tonnes (MMT) of CO2/year (total emissions) • 155 MMT of CO2/year (point source emissions)
• If half of the point sources CO2 emissions are to be captured and stored: • ~78 MMT/year reservoir capacity required.
• Most are from coal-fired generation plants
• e.g. Gibson Station emits ~20 MMT/3100 Mw/year
• e.g. Edwardsport emits ~ 4.5 MMT/630 Mw/year
• To date, the largest CCS projects store ~1 [MMT/year] • Sleipner and Snøhvit (Norway), Weyburn (Canada), and In Salah (Algeria)
• If 10% (7.8 MMT/yr) of the emissions are to be stored,
• Will require eight - 1 MMT/year projects
GEOLOGIC SEQUESTRATION – A DECADE OF PROGRESS
US Department of Energy and the RCSPs
From Validation Phase (20+ projects under Regional Partnerships) to Development Phase (multiple commercial-scale injection/storage)
Development Phase 2008-2018
Source: Carbon Sequestration Atlas of the United States and Canada (2010), DOE-NETL
GEOLOGIC BACKGROUND
A
B
Measured Depth = 2500 ft
ILLUSTRATIVE CROSS SECTION (A-A’)
Mount Simon Sandstone
Maquoketa Shale
Knox Supergroup
Trenton Limestone
Eau Claire Formation
St. Peter SS
CAMBRO-ORDOVICIAN ROCKS IN INDIANA
MOUNT SIMON SANDSTONE: MEASURED DEPTH
Source: http://igs.indiana.edu/Sequestration/CO2Storage.cfm
MOUNT SIMON SANDSTONE: THICKNESS
Source: http://igs.indiana.edu/Sequestration/CO2Storage.cfm
• Base of the sealing interval ≥2500 ft Sufficient lithostatic pressure to ensure CO2 remains in a supercritical state at ≥1070 psi and 88°F • Sufficient sealing strata overlying the storage zone to mitigate the
possibility of leakage to shallower intervals and the surface
• Porous and permeable storage zone Greater porosity and permeability at shallower depths will allow us to decrease the injection pressure (and therefore costs) • Remote from geologic features that might compromise the integrity of
the storage reservoir Faults and fractured intervals
CO2 INJECTION: MINIMUM CRITERIA
∅(d) = 16.36 ∗ e−0.00012∗d
r2=0.41
0
2000
4000
6000
8000
10000
12000
14000
16000
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45
Dept
h (fe
et)
Porosity (%)
Geophysical Logs
Core Analysis
2,500 ft. burial
Interpolated
7%
7,000
Medina et al., 2011
DEPTH VERSUS POROSITY
y = 0.7583e0.283x r² = 0.25
0.0010
0.0100
0.1000
1.0000
10.0000
100.0000
1000.0000
10000.0000
0 5 10 15 20 25
Perm
eabi
lity (
miliD
arcy
s)
Porosity (%)
Medina et al., 2011
PERMEABILITY – POROSITY RELATIONSHIP
From Wilkens (Personal Communication, 2010)
DEPOSITIONAL ENVIRONMENTS FOR THE MOUNT
SIMON SANDSTONE
GEOLOGIC HETEROGENEITIES
Source: Ochoa (2010) (left) and Patterson (2011) (right)
Capacity = (ρCO2 · t · a · φ · E) / 2200 ρCO2: density of supercritical CO2 (47.92 lbs/ft3) t: Reservoir Thickness (ft.) a: Reservoir Area (ft.2) φ: Porosity as a percent E: CO2 storage efficiency factor that reflects a fraction of the total pore volume that is filled
by CO2 (0.01-0.05) New NETL capacity calculations:
“1-5 % of available pore space present is useable”
conversion factor for pounds to metric tonnes
Source: Carbon Sequestration ATLAS of the United States and Canada (DOE, 2010)
STORAGE CAPACITY IN INDIANA:
VOLUMETRIC CALCULATIONS
STORAGE CAPACITY OF THE MOUNT SIMON
SANDSTONE
Source: Medina, 2011 (http://igs.indiana.edu/Sequestration/CO2Storage.cfm)
STORAGE CAPACITY
(YEARS OF PRESENT EMISSIONS)
PART III:
MOVING FORWARD AND CONCLUSIONS
• The project is designed to build a geologic model for Mt. Simon Sandstone along the Arches province and develop advanced reservoir simulations to determine the infrastructure necessary to implement large-scale CO2 storage.
Arches Province
ARCHES PROVINCE SIMULATION PROJECT
• Geocellular model will be the basis of the numerical simulations. • Geologic cross sections, stratigraphy, structure maps, deep well injection data,
geotechnical test data, geophysical data, geostatistics, mineralogy, geomechanical information, reservoir test data, and other geologic data.
GEOCELLULAR MODEL DEVELOPMENT
• Data evaluation process was developed to assign model parameters and integrate operational, geotechnical, geophysical, and geological information.
Geological Model • Structure • Dep. Setting • Facies
Geophysical Log Data • Porosity Logs • Gamma Logs
Geotechnical Data • Permeability • Porosity • Mineralogy
Injection Data ▪ Permeability ▪ Storage ▪ Pressure
Geotechnical Data
Log Data
Geology
Geostatistical Analysis
Numerical Model 3D Grid of Critical Model Parameters
GEOCELLULAR MODEL DEVELOPMENT
• Geocellular model is being developed using Petrel Software. • Model includes permeability and porosity distribution for Mt. Simon and Eau Claire,
corrected at Mt. Simon deep well injection sites.
GEOCELLULAR MODEL DEVELOPMENT
Geophysical porosity logs from 176 wells that penetrate Eau Claire or deeper were compiled into a 3D database.
Database contains a total of ~960,000 data points from Knox, Eau Claire, Mt. Simon, and Precambrian interval.
GEOCELLULAR MODEL DEVELOPMENT
GEOCELLULAR MODEL DEVELOPMENT
GEOCELLULAR MODEL DEVELOPMENT (CONT.)
• Currently, numerical simulations are being developed based on the geocellular model and initial conditions.
• Initial variable density flow simulations and scoping-level simulations are being run to assign model grid, boundary conditions, and solution parameters.
• Basin-scale, multi-phase model will be developed based on initial model results.
NUMERICAL SIMULATIONS
• There are 52 point sources in the area with emissions greater than 1,000,000 metric tons CO2 per year. These source have total emissions of 262,000,000 metric tons CO2 per year.
• To reduce greenhouse gas emissions in the Arches Province 25-50%, CO2 storage projects with total storage rates of 65-130 million metric tons CO2 per year would be necessary, suggesting regional storage fields.
• MIT CO2 Pipeline Transport and Cost Model was used to determine potential CO2 storage field location in the Arches Province based on intersection of optimum pipeline routes to favorable sink locations.
REGIONAL STORAGE FIELD SIMULATIONS
Source: MIT pipeline transport and cost module (http://e40-hjh-server1.mit.edu/energylab/wikka.php?wakka=MIT)
• Preliminary flow simulations have been completed to examine pressure buildup due to large scale injection in the Mt. Simon SS.
• Model results help determine boundary conditions, grid spacing, and solution parameters.
Delta Pressure- 7 X 2.0 million metric tons/y per well (14 Mt/yr total injection)
PRELIMINARY VARIABLE DENSITY SIMULATIONS
Source: Battelle, 2011 (Pers. Comm.)
• The work will represent the “next step” in simulation of CO2 storage — the widespread application along a major, regional geologic structure in an area of the country with a dense concentration of large CO2 sources.
• As such, it will help answer technical and infrastructure questions related to simulation methods and also contribute to research on monitoring options and risk assessment.
ARCHES PROVINCE SIMULATION PROJECT
Time
Dept
h
Time
Dept
h
1. The last decade has seen tremendous progress in our knowledge of sequestration potential in the Midwest: The regional geologic and terrestrial frameworks are generally well understood, major sinks have been identified.
2. Studying the relationship of porosity, permeability, and depth helps us to understand the reservoir characteristics in terms of storage capacity and efficiency for CO2 sequestration.
3. Storage capacity estimations suggest that Indiana has a high geologic potential for the injection of CO2.
CONCLUSIONS
4. The static models of storage capacity need to be validated with injection of CO2 into the targeted reservoirs, which will provide insight on the suitability for injection of bigger quantities of CO2.
5. Numerical simulations will help us understand the distribution of the CO2 plume within the injection interval.
CONCLUSIONS (CONT.)
QUESTIONS?