The Post-Classical World: The Post-Classical World: Byzantium, Medieval Europe, Pre-Byzantium, Medieval Europe, Pre-

Columbian AmericasColumbian Americas

Mr. Bartula

AP World History

Conditions At The End Of The Conditions At The End Of The Classical Period: ca 500-800 CEClassical Period: ca 500-800 CE

• Civilizations became vastly larger and geographically redistributed due to three elements:

The Growth of Islam

The Growth of China

The Growth of Europe

Conditions At The End Of The Conditions At The End Of The Classical Period: ca 500-800 CEClassical Period: ca 500-800 CE

• Immigration by Germanic peoples flooded Western Europe

• Epidemic disease outbreaks decimated populations in Europe, the Middle East, and Asia

• Population growth caused Viking migrations to Iceland and Greenland, Asian invasions of China, and Chinese migrations to southern China.

Conditions At The End Of The Conditions At The End Of The Classical Period: ca 500-800 CEClassical Period: ca 500-800 CE

• Iron plows and other tools caused an increase in agricultural production in Africa, Asia, and Europe.

• Development of new trade networks led to European revival and a new medieval culture.

• China’s internal development continued to lead the world

The Post-Classical World: Top to The Post-Classical World: Top to BottomBottom

1. China: magnificent civilization spreading its influence throughout East Asia

2. India: great religious center, important commercial and trading region

3. Dar al’Islam: vigorous trading and cultural center

The Post-Classical World: Top to The Post-Classical World: Top to BottomBottom

4. American civilizations: separate, but making important cultural advances

5. Sub-Saharan Africa: new societies with Asian trading connections

6. Europe: backwards, the least developed area

Social ConversionSocial Conversion

The syncretic process by which people adopt or adapt foreign cultural traditions

1. Conversion through voluntary association

2. Conversion by pressure

3. Conversion by assimilation

The Byzantine EmpireThe Byzantine Empire

ConstantinopleConstantinople

Greek FireGreek Fire

The Hippodrome ArenaThe Hippodrome Arena

Constantine IConstantine I

Part of Constantinople’s WallsPart of Constantinople’s Walls

More Walls of ConstantinopleMore Walls of Constantinople

Byzantine GovernmentByzantine Government

• Efficient bureaucracy

• “byzantine” politics: intrigue, espionage, etc.

• Well-trained and organized armies

• Emperors held all political power

• Emperors also held religious authority (caesaropapism)

Byzantine CultureByzantine Culture

• Highly religious

• Center of trade routes

• Wealth and luxury

• Volatile and violent population

• Preserved much classical culture

Mosaic of Emperor Leo IVMosaic of Emperor Leo IV

An Emperor and Empress With An Emperor and Empress With The Virgin MaryThe Virgin Mary

The Eastern Orthodox ChurchThe Eastern Orthodox Church

• Formal separation from Roman Catholicism in 1054

• Led by Patriarchs (bishops of major cities)

• No priestly celibacy• No instrumental

music• icons

An IconostasisAn Iconostasis

Emperor Justinian I 527-565Emperor Justinian I 527-565

• The greatest Byzantine Emperor

• Reconquered much of the western Roman Empire

• Established the Corpus Juris Civilis

• Built Hagia Sophia

Hagia SophiaHagia Sophia

Eastern OrthodoxyEastern Orthodoxy

• Great Schism of 1054

• Led by Patriarchs and the Byzantine Emperors

• Became dominant Christianity in Eastern Europe and Russia

St. Cyril and St. Methodius, St. Cyril and St. Methodius, Missionaries to RussiaMissionaries to Russia

The Fourth Crusade, 1204The Fourth Crusade, 1204• The Crusading army

attacked Constantinople and looted the city.

• Constantinople was under Western European control for approximately 50 years

• The city and the Byzantine Empire never fully recovered.

The Byzantines and IslamThe Byzantines and Islam• The Muslims were the most

persistent enemies of the Byzantines

• In 1071 the Battle of Manzikert allowed the Seljuk Turks to gain control over much of the Middle East

• Over the next four hundred years the Muslims gradually conquered the rest of the Byzantine Empire

• In 1453 Constantinople was captured and renamed Istanbul.

Western Europe’s Medieval EraWestern Europe’s Medieval Era

• Ca 476 to 1453• “Dark Ages” ca 500-800• “Medieval Warm

Period” ca 800-1300• Collapse of the Roman

Empire• Invasions of the

“Barbarians”• Influence of Roman

Catholic Christianity

The FranksThe Franks

• Gaul• 481: King Clovis

converted to Roman Catholic Christianity, anointed by the Pope

• Merovingian Dynasty established

• Later Merovingian Kings called “Do-Nothings”

• Real power in hands of the Mayors of the Palace.

Charles Martel and Pepin the ShortCharles Martel and Pepin the Short

• Charles Martel: greatest Mayor of the Palace

• 732, defeated Muslims at the Battle of Tours

• His son Pepin the Short overthrew the Merovingians and became King.

Charlemagne 768-814Charlemagne 768-814

• Greatest King of the Franks• Ruled all of France and

Germany• Capital Aachen (Aix-la-

Chapelle)• Encouraged education• Reestablished law and order• Crowned Holy Roman

Emperor Dec 25, 800

Charlemagne’s EmpireCharlemagne’s EmpireCharlemagne’s EmpireCharlemagne’s Empire

Treaty of Verdun 843Treaty of Verdun 843• Charlemagne’s

grandsons divided his empire

• West Frankland: France• East Frankland:

Germany• The Middle Kingdom:

contested region.• More conflict led to

breakdown of law and order, and the rise of . . .

FeudalismFeudalismFeudalismFeudalismA political, economic, and social system based on loyalty and military service.

Parts of a Medieval CastleParts of a Medieval CastleParts of a Medieval CastleParts of a Medieval Castle

Carcassonne: A Medieval Carcassonne: A Medieval CastleCastle

Carcassonne: A Medieval Carcassonne: A Medieval CastleCastle

Arundel CastleArundel Castle

Alnwick CastleAlnwick Castle

St. Donat’s CastleSt. Donat’s Castle

Raby CastleRaby Castle

The Medieval ManorThe Medieval ManorThe Medieval ManorThe Medieval Manor

Life on the Medieval ManorLife on the Medieval ManorLife on the Medieval ManorLife on the Medieval Manor

SerfsSerfs at work at work

Christian Crusades: East and Christian Crusades: East and WestWest

Christian Crusades: East and Christian Crusades: East and WestWest

Later Middle AgesLater Middle Ages

• Revival of Trade• Rebirth of Towns and

Cities• Rise of the

Bourgeoisie: “City Air is Free Air”

Medieval TradeMedieval TradeMedieval TradeMedieval Trade

Medieval GuildsMedieval GuildsMedieval GuildsMedieval Guilds

The Champagne Trade FairsThe Champagne Trade Fairs

• Troyes and the surrounding region

• Roman road network

• Counts of Champagne

• Jewish population

FlandersFlanders

• Woolen cloth manufacturing

• Bruges, Ghent, Antwerp

• North Sea and English Channel trade

Genoa and VeniceGenoa and Venice

• Link between Europe, Mediterranean, Middle East

• Investment banking encouraged by city governments.

• New sailing technology invented and adapted by Italian sailors.

Romanesque ArchitectureRomanesque Architecture

Romanesque ArchitectureRomanesque Architecture

Gothic ArchitectureGothic Architecture

Gothic ArchitectureGothic Architecture

Chartres CathedralChartres Cathedral

Gothic ArchitectureGothic Architecture

Winchester CathedralWinchester Cathedral

Pre-Columbian Civilizations in the Pre-Columbian Civilizations in the AmericasAmericas

• Diverse, heterogeneous cultures• Hunter-gatherers, sedentary agricultural,

pastoral peoples• Kinship-based societies• Less social stratification (not wealth based)• Little technology (no wheel until after 1492)• Important roles for women• Reciprocity

The Great Serpent MoundThe Great Serpent Mound

Etowah Indian MoundsEtowah Indian Mounds

Etowah Indian MoundsEtowah Indian Mounds

TeotihuacanTeotihuacan

The ToltecsThe Toltecs

• Teotihuacan declined after 700 CE

• From ca 950 to ca 1200 the Toltecs dominated Mesoamerica from Tula

• Warlike but conservative

• Toltecs: Craftsmen

• Chichimecs: Wildmen

• Transmitted Teotihuacan culture and religion, cultural mixing with Maya

Quetzalcoatl: Sovereign Plumed Quetzalcoatl: Sovereign Plumed SerpentSerpent

The AztecsThe Aztecs

• More accurately called Mexica or Tenochca• Often called themselves Toltecs• Migrated from the north and settled in central

Mexico ca 1168• Adopted Toltec culture, whom they deeply

admired as bringers of civilization.• As they gained strength, Aztec society became

stratified, with a centralized government ruling most of central Mexico

Huitzilopochtli: The Hummingbird Huitzilopochtli: The Hummingbird WizardWizard

Other Aztec gods and religious Other Aztec gods and religious practicespractices

• Tezcatlipoca: Smoking Mirror

• Tlaloc: Rain god

• Chalchihuitlicue: god of Growth

• Xipe: “The Flayed One”

• Cyclical pattern of repeated destructions and creations.

• Human sacrifice and blood letting

TenochtitlanTenochtitlan

The Aztec EconomyThe Aztec Economy

• Market economy with large merchant class

• Tribute from conquered peoples also played a role

• Women subordinate, but had some legal rights

Aztec Writing System: RebusAztec Writing System: Rebus

The Andes MountainsThe Andes Mountains

The IncasThe Incas

• Contemporary with the Aztecs• Inca Empire developed after the decline of Tihuanaco,

Huari, and Chimor• The Incas needed to expand due to the policy of split

inheritance• By 1438 the Incas ruled an empire throughout the Andes

Mountains, capital: Cuzco• The Incas ruled by “proxy” (using local rulers) and were

less centralized than the Aztecs• The Incas were polytheistic, and also worshiped their

ruler The Inca, The Son of the Sun. They differed from the Aztec in not practicing human sacrifice

ViracochaViracocha

CuzcoCuzco

Machu PicchuMachu Picchu

Terrace Farming in the AndesTerrace Farming in the Andes

Inca RoadsInca Roads

Intihuatani: Hitching Post of the Intihuatani: Hitching Post of the SunSun

The Inca EconomyThe Inca Economy

• The Inca ruler and royal family held absolute power.

• Economy based on cooperation and community: “Inca socialism”

• Little long distance trade, no market economy

• Primary crops: corn and potatoes, llamas and alpacas

QuipusQuipus