The plastidic shikimate pathway and its role in the …H. Daniel1 and G. Kulandaivelu 631 Functional...
Transcript of The plastidic shikimate pathway and its role in the …H. Daniel1 and G. Kulandaivelu 631 Functional...
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PHOTOSYNTHESIS Volume V Chloroplast Development
Proceedings of the Fifth International Congress on Photosynthesis September 7-13, 1980, Halkidiki, Greece
Editor
GEORGE AKOYUNOGLOU
1981 Balaban International Science Services Philadelphia
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CONTENTS v i i
VOLUME V- - CHLOROPLAST DEVELOPMENT
P ROTOCHLOROPHYLLIDE PHOTOREDUCTION 1
The p h o t o C h l o r o p h y l l i d e - c h l o r o p h y l l i d e c y c l e as a source of p h o t o s y n t h e t i c a l l y a c t i v e C h l o r o p h y l l s C. S i r o n v a l 3
D i f f e r e n c e a b s o r p t i o n changes i n the v i s i b l e region during and a f t e r photoreduction of p r o t o c h l o r o p h y l l i d e B. Bereza and E. Dujardin 1 5
Fluorescence quenching of p r o t o c h l o r o p h y l l i d e , c h l o r o p h y l l i d e and C h l o r o p h y l l i n e t i o l a t e d , greening and green leaves E. D u j a r d i n 7 M. C o r r e i a and C. S i r o n v a l 21
Long-wavelength-absorbing intermediate pigments of the proto-c h l o r o p h y l l i d e - p r o t e i n System as a c t i v e centres E. Dujardin 31
P r o t o c h l o r o p h y l l ( i d e ) and C h l o r o p h y l l ( i d e ) fluorescence l i f e -time and other p r o p e r t i e s i n e t i o l a t e d and greening leaves J.C. Goedheer and J.C.J.M. van der Cammen 39
Quenching of the c h l o r o p h y l l i d e fluorescence by a s h o r t - l i v e d intermediate i n the photoreduction of p r o t o c h l o r o p h y l l i d e F. Franck 45
Laser induced photoconversion of p r o t o c h l o r o p h y l l i d e to Chlorop h y l l a Y. Inoue, T. Kobayashi, T. Ogawa and K. Shibata 55
The r o l e of NADPH i n C h l o r o p h y l l s y n t h e s i s by p r o t o c h l o r o p h y l l i d e reductase W.T. G r i f f i t h s 65
I d e n t i f i c a t i o n of the Polypeptides of NADPH-protochlorophyllide oxidoreductase R.P. O l i v e r and W.T. G r i f f i t h s 7 3
The i s o l a t i o n and c h a r a c t e r i z a t i o n of the NADPH-protochlorophyll i d e oxidoreductase of b a r l e y (Hordeum vulgare L.) H.J. Santel/ T.E. Redlinger, C. Spr i n g w e i l e r and K. Apel 83
A new method f o r the p u r i f i c a t i o n o f p r o t o c h l o r o p h y l l i d e P. Bombart, E. Dujardin and M. Brouers 87
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VÜi PIGMENT AND L I P I D BIOSYNTHESIS 93
A l t e r n a t i v e routes f o r the synthesis of 5-aminolevulinic a c i d i n greening leaves - Double l a b e l l i n g w i t h 15n- a n d 14c-gluta-mate E. H a r e l , P.J. Lea, E. M e i l e r and E. Ne'eman 95
A-Aminolevulinate synthesis i n greening b a r l e y . 1. Regulation S.P. Gough, C. G i r n t h and C. G. Kannangara 107
A-Aminolevulinate s y n t h e s i s i n greening b a r l e y . 2. P u r i f i c a t i o n of enzymes C G . Kannangara, S.P. Gough and C. G i r n t h 117
A-Aminolevulinate s y n t h e s i s i n greening b a r l e y . 3. C h a r a c t e r i -z a t i o n of r e g u l a t o r y mutants C. G i r n t h , S.P. Gough and C. G. Kannangara 129
The i n f l u e n c e of l i g h t and l e v u l i n i c a c i d on the r e g u l a t i o n of enzymes f o r ALA-biosynthesis i n two pigment mutants of Scenedesmus obliquus A. Kah, D. Dörnemann, D. Rühl and H. Senger 137
The e f f e c t s of l e v u l i n i c a c i d and 4,6-dioxoheptanoic a c i d on 5-aminolevulinic a c i d metabolism i n e t i o l a t e d b a r l e y leaves E. M e i l e r and M.L. Gassman 145
C h l o r o p h y l l formation and ALA b i o s y n t h e s i s v i a two d i f f e r e n t pathways during the c e l l c y c l e of w i l d type c e l l s of Scenedesmus K. Humbeck and H. Senger 161
C h l o r o p h y l l b i o s y n t h e s i s : Mg i n s e r t i o n ; O2 and Fe requirements P.A. C a s t e l f r a n c o 171
C h l o r o p h y l l precursors and p l a s t i d u l t r a s t r u c t u r e i n dark-grown wheat leaves t r e a t e d w i t h 8-hydroxyquinoline and 6 - a m i n o l e v u l i n i c a c i d M. Ryberg and H. Ryberg 177
B i o s y n t h e s i s of c h l o r o p h y l l i d e from A L A - p r o t o c h l o r o p h y l l i d e in v i t r o ; r o l e of NADPH and NADP M. Brouers and M.R. Wolwertz 185
B i o s y n t h e s i s and accumulation of novel C h l o r o p h y l l a. and b. chromo-p h o r i c species i n green p l a n t s C A . Rebeiz, F.C. Belanger, S.A. McCarthy, G. F r e v s s i n e t ,
J.X. Duggan, S-M. Wu and J.R. Mattheis 197
C h l o r o p h y l l s y n t h e s i s i n the dark i n angiosperms H. Adamson and R.G. H i l l e r 213
E x t r a c t i o n and c h a r a c t e r i z a t i o n of a chemically new C h l o r o p h y l l , absorbing at longer wavelengths and a t t r i b u t e d to P-700 D. Dörnemann and H. Senger 223
C h l o r o p h y l l b accumulation i n normal and SAN-9789 grown wheat leaves - L i g h t independency? C. M e l i n , L. Axelsson, H. Ryberg and H. V i r g i n 233
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A f f i n i t y Chromatographie p u r i f i c a t i o n of an enzyme of C h l o r o p h y l l s y n t h e s i s W.R. Richards, J.C.-S. Chan and S.B. H i n c h i g e r i
P h o t o a c t i v i t y of the P695-682 c h l o r o p h y l l i d e form M. Jouy
Studies on c a r o t e n o i d b i o s y n t h e s i s i n r e l a t i o n to development of the p h o t o s y n t h e t i c apparatus: use of a d e u t e r i u m - l a b e l l i n g method G. B r i t t o n
L i p i d and c a r o t e n o i d metabolism during p l a s t i d development i n C a p s i c u m annuum f r u i t B. Camara and J . Brangeon
The f u n e t i o n of carotenoids during c h l o r o p l a s t development. I . E f f e c t s o f the h e r b i c i d e SAN-9789 on C h l o r o p h y l l s y n t h e s i s and p l a s t i d u l t r a s t r u c t u r e B. Klockare, L. Axelsson, H. Ryberg, A.S. Sandelius and K-0. W i d e l l
The f u n e t i o n of carotenoids during c h l o r o p l a s t development. I I . P h o t o s t a b i l i t y and Organization of e a r l y forms of C h l o r o p h y l l (ide) L. Axelsson, B. Klockare, H. Ryberg and A.S. Sandelius
The f u n e t i o n o f carotenoids during c h l o r o p l a s t development. I I I . P r o t e c t i o n of the p r o l a m e l l a r body and the enzymes f o r C h l o r o p h y l l s y n t h e s i s from photodestruetion, s e n s i t i z e d by e a r l y forms of C h l o r o p h y l l H. Ryberg, L. Axelsson, B. Klockare and A.S. Sandelius
The f u n e t i o n o f carotenoids during c h l o r o p l a s t development. IV. P r o t e c t i o n of g a l a c t o l i p i d s from photodecomposition, s e n s i t i z e d by e a r l y forms of C h l o r o p h y l l A.S. Sandelius, L. Axelsson, B. Klockare, H. Ryberg and K-0. W i d e l l
The p l a s t i d i c shikimate pathway and i t s r o l e i n the sy n t h e s i s of plastoquinone-9,a-tocopherol and phylloquinone i n spinach c h l o r o p l a s t s G. S c h u l t z , H. B i c k e l , B. Buchholz and J . S o l l A r a p i d Separation method of l e a f pigments by t h i n l a y e r chromatography on s i l i c a g e l GjlP* Evangelatos and G.A. Akoyunoglou
DEVELOPMENT OF THE PHOTOSYNTHETIC ACTIVITY-BIOGENESIS OF THE THYLAKOID STRUCTURE
Thylakoid membrane formation i n the higher p l a n t c h l o r o p l a s t N.K. Boardman
Ch l o r o p l a s t assembly i n development. Chairman's opening address to Symposium X I I I I . S S t l i k
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Assembly of f u n c t i o n a l components i n c h l o r o p l a s t p h o t o s y n t h e t i c membranes G.A. Akoyunoglou
Development of primary photosynthetic processes i n leaves grown under a d i u r n a l l i g h t regime N.R. Baker and.V. Miranda
C o n t r i b u t i o n of manganese to the mechanism of p h o t o a c t i v a t i o n of the oxygen-evolving System i n dark-grown spruce s e e d l i n g s Y. Lemoine
The development of the photosynthetic apparatus of Gnetum : angiosperm or gymnosperm type? C. Jeske and H. Senger
The development of the photosynthetic apparatus during l e a f opening i n s i l v e r b i r c h (Betula p e n d u l a R o t h ) N. Valanne, T. Valanne, H. Niemi and E.-M. Aro
S p e c t r a l d i s t r i b u t i o n of fluorescence a t 77°K of h e a t - t r e a t e d and developing water-stressed c h l o r o p l a s t s R. Bhardwaj and G.S. Singhai
The c h a r a c t e r i z a t i o n of the developing photosynthetic apparatus i n greening b a r l e y leaves by means of (slow) fluorescence k i n e t i c measurements C. Buschmann
E v o l u t i o n of photosynthetic c a r b o x y l a t i o n pathways during wheat ontogenesis F. Ferron and A. Sauvesty
Development of the photosynthetic apparatus i n e u c a r y o t i c algae H. Senqer
Biochemical aspects of regreening of streptomycin-bleached Chlamydomonas reinhardii sr 3 A. B o s c h e t t i
I s o l a t i o n of c h l o r o p l a s t s from Chlamydomonas r e i n h a r d i i CW 15 mutant L. Mendiola-Morgenthaler and A. B o s c h e t t i
Development of t h y l a k o i d s and photosynthetic a c t i v i t y i n thermo-s e n s i t i v e and light-dependent mutants of Chlorella p y r e n o i d o s a G. G a l l i n g
C h l o r o p h y l l a f l u o r e s c e n c e and O2 e v o l u t i o n of synchronized Chlorella fusca D. Mende, A. Heinze and W. Wiessner
The e f f e c t of t r a n s l a t i o n and t r a n s c r i p t i o n I n h i b i t o r s on the development of the photosynthetic apparatus i n c e l l c y c l e s o f Scenedesmus quadricauda I . S g t l i k , E. S e t l i k o v a , J . Masojidek, V. Zachleder, T. K a i i n a , and P. Mader
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Cytochromes i n orange, c h l o r o p h y l l - d e f i c i e n t c e l l s and during the r e g r e e n i n g of the green alga Chlorella fusoa L.H. Grimme and E. Lorenz
PSI and PSII u n i t growth i n stroma and grana t h y l a k o i d s during c h l o r o p l a s t development i n Fhaseoulus v u l g a r i s : a c r i t i c a l reassessmeht o f the PSII u n i t s i z e i n stacked and unstacked reg i o n s A. C a s t o r i n i s and J.H. Ärgyroudi-Akoyounoglou
Formation and growth of photosystem I and I I u n i t s i n developing t h y l a k o i d s of Fhaseoulus vulgaris S. T s a k i r i s and G. Akoyunoglou
xi
491
Independent growth of the photosystem I and I I u n i t s . The r o l e of the l i g h t - h a r v e t i n g pigment-protein complexes G. Akoyunoglou, S. T s a k i r i s and J.H. Argyroudi-Akoyunoglou 5 2 3
A c r i t i c a l reassessment of the photosystem I I content i n bündle sheath c h l o r o p l a s t s of young leaves of Zea mays J.H. Golbeck, I.F. M a r t i n , B.R. Velthuys and R. Radmer
L i n c o c i n e f f e c t on the development of photosystem I I E. S a r v a r i , P. Simon and F. Lang
S t r u c t u r a l O r g a n i z a t i o n and development of the l i g h t - h a r v e s t i n g pigment p r o t e i n s f o r photosystem I and I I J.E. M u l l e t , K. Leto and C.J. Arntzen
Synthesis of c h l o r o p h y l l - p r o t e i n complexes i n i s o l a t e d c h l o r o p l a s t s of Hkglena W. O r t i z and E. S t u t z
533
547
557
The formation of the pigment-protein complexes i n t h y l a k o i d s of Ihaseolus vulgaris during c h l o r o p l a s t development K. Kaiosakas, J.H. Argyroudi-Akoyunoglou and G. Akoyunoglou 569
The appearance of a new s o l u b l e Polypeptide and the prevention of t h y l a k o i d assembly during i n h i b i t i o n of C h l o r o p h y l l synthesis i n maize leaves* Y. Konis, E. Harel and S. K l e i n 581
591
Calcium i n h i b i t i o n of amino a c i d i n c o r p o r a t i o n by pea c h l o r o p l a s t s and the question of l o s s of a c t i v i t y w i t h age P-Y. Bouthyette and A.T. Jagendorf 599
Monoclonal a n t i b o d i e s : a novel approach to enzyme and p l a s t i d ontogenesis and phylogenesis. R e s u l t s and prospects W. Liedgens, Hj.A.W. Schneider and R. Grützmann 611
New concepts f o r the formation of photosynthetic membranes i n e t i o p l a s t s C. Lütz 619
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xi i Changes i n the photosynthetic apparatus i n ageing Scenedesmus c e l l s H. Daniel1 and G. Kulandaivelu 631
F u n c t i o n a l and s t r u c t u r a l changes of i s o l a t e d c h l o r o p l a s t s during'ageing N. Laasen and W. Urbach
DEVELOPMENT AND DIFFERENTIATION OF THE PHOTOSYNTHETIC PROCARYOTES 653
Or g a n i z a t i o n , l o c a l i z a t i o n and assembly of the pigment-protein complexes i n membranes of the phototrophic bacterium Rhodopseu-domonas capsulata
G. Drews, A.F. G a r c i a , R. D i e r s t e i n and J . Shiozawa 655
Development of the b a c t e r i a l photosynthetic apparatus R.A. Niederman, C.N. Hunter, G.S. Inamine and D.E. Mallon 663 The d i f f e r e n t i a t i o n of the photosynthetic apparatus i n pro-caryotes J . P e l z e , K. Arnheim, I . K a i s e r and E. Post 675
Genetic engineering i n a photosynthetic bacterium B. Marrs, S. Cohen and D. Taylor 687
C o n t r o l of R h o d o p s e u d o m o n a s sphaeroides Y 5-aminolaevulinic acid-synthetase by reduced t h i o r e d o x i n J.D. Clement-Metrai 695
An increased carotenoid s h i f t on transference of R h o d o p s e u d o m o n a s c a p s u l a t a from darkness to l i g h t e i t h e r a e r o b i c a l l y or anaerobic-a l l y E.H. Evans, J . Manwaring and G. B r i t t o n 7 0 1
Photosynthesis and r e s p i r a t i o n i n blue-green algae: e l e c t r o n -t r a n s p o r t i n g funetions of t h y l a k o i d s and plasmamembrane, and occurrence of cytochrome a.a3, i n A n a c y s t i s nidulans G.A. Peschek, G. Schmetterer, W. Lockau and U.B. S l e y t r 707
Re v e r s i b l e degradation of photosynthetic apparatus and t h y l a k o i d s i n the blue-green a l g a Anacystis nidulans G. Schmetterer' and G.A. Peschek 721
The photosynthetic apparatus of v e g e t a t i v e and heteroeystous c e l l s o f the filamentous eyanobacterium N o s t o c muscorium G.C. Papageorgiou and J . Isaakidou 727
Composition and f u n e t i o n of the photosynthetic apparatus of heteroeysts i s o l a t e d from the blue-green a l g a N o s t o c m u s c o r u m H. Almon and H»-Böhme 737
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GENETIC CONTROL OF CHLOROPLAST DEVELOPMENT
C h l o r o p l a s t development: a p e r s p e c t i v e J.W. Bradbeer
R e g u l a t i o n o f r e p l i c a t i o n and t r a n s c r i p t i o n i n the c h l o r o p l a s t R. Hagemann
M e t a b o l i t e r e g u l a t i o n of c h l o r o p l a s t genome expression and of the a c t i v i t y of the photosynthetic apparatus V.E. Semenenko
Comparative s t u d i e s on c h l o r o p l a s t t r a n s f e r RNAs: tRNA sequences and tRNA gene l o c a l i z a t i o n i n the rDNA u n i t s J.H. W e i l , P. Guillemaut, G. Burkard, J . Canaday, M. Mubumbila, M.L. Osorio, M. K e l l e r , R. G l o e c k l e r , A. Steinmetz, G. K e i t h , D. H e i s e r and E.J. Crouse
The e f f e c t o f a high non-permissive temperature on c h l o r o p l a s t development i n barley D. A l l s o p , Y.E. Atkinson and J.W. Bradbeer
C h l o r o p l a s t development i n normal and mutant l i n e s of b a r l e y Y.E. A t k i n s o n , D. A l l s o p and J.W. Bradbeer
P h o t o r e g u l a t i o n of the synthesis of r i b u l o s e bisphosphate carbo-x y l a s e and l o c a t i o n of the gene f o r i t s l a r g e subunit on a spec i f i c Eiglena c h l o r o p l a s t DNA r e s t r i c t i o n fragment G. F r e y s s i n e t , T. Gallagher, R. E i c h h o l z , E.A. Wurtz, M. F r e y s s i n e t and D.E. Buetow
Nuclear gene mutation e f f e c t s on the p l a s t i d s t r u c t u r e and RUBP-Case p r o p e r t i e s i n N i c o t i a n a tabacum (CV XANTHI) A. Nato, J . Brangeon and H. D u l i e u
Evidence f o r p o s t - t r a n s l a t i o n a l processing i n the c h l o r o p l a s t by p r o t e i n s synthesized i n the cytoplasm E. M. Reardon and C A . P r i c e
In v i t r o t r a n s l a t i o n o f exogenous messengers w i t h i s o l a t e d c h l o r o p l a s t s of spinach A. Gnanam, T. Mariappan and J.D. Manjula Devi
Biochemical and u l t r a s t r u c t u r a l a n a l y s i s of the e f f e c t of nuclear genome d u p l i c a t i o n on c h l o r o p l a s t development and b i o s y n t h e t i c a c t i v i t y i n e uploid Ricinus c e l l s .. M.P. Timko, R.E. Triemer and A.C. Vasconcelos
Evidence f o r a t r a n s l a t i o n a l c o n t r o l mechanism i n the s y n t h e s i s of the major t h y l a k o i d Polypeptides i n Chlamydomonas r e i n h a r d t i i J.K. Hoober
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Xiv CONTROL OF CHLOROPLAST DEVELOPMENT (PHOTO, ENVIRONMENTAL, ETC.) 8 6 7
C o n t r o l of c h l o r o p l a s t development by l i g h t - Some recent aspects H. Mohr 869
The e f f e c t of blue and red l i g h t on the development of the p h o t o s y n t h e t i c u n i t s during greening of e t i o l a t e d bean leaves H. Anni and G. Akoyunoglou 889
Development of the s t r u c t u r e of dimorphic c h l o r o p l a s t s of Zea mays i n the presence of blue and red l i g h t D. M i l i v o j e v i c 395
E f f e c t s of blue l i g h t on r e s p i r a t i o n and enzyme a c t i v i t y i n a y e l l o w C h l o r e l l a mutant G. Ruyters 905
The e f f e c t of continuous i r r a d i a t i o n on C h l o r o p h y l l accumulation i n s e e d l i n g s of Pinus sylvestris H. . Kasemir and H. Mohr 915
Two steps i n i n i t i a l phytochrome a c t i o n on C h l o r o p h y l l s y n t h e s i s H. Oelze-Karow and H. Mohr 923
Synergism between red l i g h t and yellow-green l i g h t w i t h respect to C h l o r o p h y l l synthesis i n Rtglena L.S. Kaufman and H. Lyman 933
D i f f e r e n c e s i n u l t r a s t r u c t u r e and composition of c h l o r o p l a s t s from r a d i s h seedlings grown i n strong l i g h t , weak l i g h t and under the i n f l u e n c e of bentazon D. Meier and H.K. L i c h t e n t h a l e r 939
L i g h t r e g u l a t i o n of the s y n t h e s i s of two major nuclear-coded c h l o r o p l a s t Polypeptides i n Lenma gibba E. M. Tobin , . ' 949
I n t e r a c t i o n between p l a s t i d s , mitochondria and cytoplasm d u r i n g c h l o r o p l a s t development A.R. Wellburn and R. Hampp 961
Adenylate pools, energy C h a r g e , and phosphorylation p o t e n t i a l of p l a s t i d s , mitochondria and cytoplasm during development of photos y n t h e t i c c a p a c i t y R. Hampp and M. R i e h l 9 6 9
C o n t r i b u t i o n of photosynthesis to the growth and d i f f e r e n t i a t i o n o f c u l t u r e d tobacco c e l l s . The r e g u l a t o r y r o l e of i n o r g a n i c phosphate M. Miginiac-Maslow, Y. Mathieu, A. Nato and A. Hoarau 977
Comparison of c h l o r o p l a s t u l t r a s t r u c t u r e and s y n t h e t i c Performance i n A c e t a b u l a r i a t r e a t e d w i t h auxin and w i t h a n t i - a u x i n T. Vanden Driessche, M. Geuskens, M. Glory and E. Cerf 985
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The content of p h y t o l i n the green alga Chlorella f u s c a and the e f f e c t of the pyridazinone h e r b i c i d e SAN H 6706 on p h y t o l b i o s y n t h e s i s M.M. Tantawy and L.H. Grimme
C h l o r o p h y l l b accumulation and grana formation i n normal and SAN-9789 grown wheat see d l i n g s i n low i n t e n s i t i e s of red l i g h t H. V i r g i n , L. Axelsson, H. Ryberg and K-0. W i d e l l
E f f e c t of cadmium on l i g h t r e a c t i o n s of i s o l a t e d p l a s t i d s from greening b a r l e y seedlings F. Roynet, R. Lannoye and J . Barber
INDICES TO VOLUMES I - VI
Author index I - 1 P l a n t index 1-11 Subject index 1-15
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Photosynthesis V. Chloroplast Development Edited by George Akoyunoglou © ]981 Balaban International Science Services, Philadelphia, Pa.
THE PLASTIDIC SHI Kl MATE PATHWAY AND ITS ROLE IN THE SYNTHESIS OF PLASTO-
QUINONE-9, « - T 0 C 0 P H E R 0 L AND PHYLLOQUINONE IN SPINACH CHLOROPLASTS
Schul t z , G., B i c k e l , H. , Buchholz, B. and S o l l , J .
In s t i t u t f ür T i e r e r n ä h r u n g , Arbeitsgruppe f ür Phytochemie und Futtermit
telkunde, T i e r ä r z t l i c h e Hochschule, D 3000 Hannover 1 (FRG)
ABSTRACT
The p l a s t i d i c SkA pathway is operative in the synthesis of aromatic amino
acids and of the prenylquinones PQ -9, c*T and phyl loquinone. Neither exo-genous Substrates nor coenzymes are needed under photosynthetic c o n d i t i o n s .
However, ad d i t i o n of PEP - and for Trp formation Gin and Ser - enhances
the rates of synthe s i s . The pathway e x h i b i t s a s p e c i f i c feedback: Trp in-
h i b i t s the pathway at the Steps between SkA and chorismate and not at the
KDAHP-step as in some microorganisms, whereas Phe and Tyr only i n h i b i t
t h e i r cwn syn t h e s i s .
The introductory step in PQ-9 and c*T-synthes i s is the oxidation of p-hydro-
xypheny1pyruvate to homogentisate / ! / . It is prenylated to the methyl - 6 -prenylquinol by the corresponding prenyl-PP under simultaneous e l i m i n a t i o n
of the ca rboxy lgroup of homogent i sate. The only s i t e of c*T synthesis is the envelope membrane of the c h l o r o p l a s t , whereas that of PQ-9 synthesis is the envelope and the thylakoid membrane too. The sequence in ocT synthesis in spinach is ( F i g . 3 . ) :
Homogentisate Phytyl-PP^ Me-6-PQH2 2,3-Me
2-PQH
2
C
yc l i z a t i o n
.
_ SAM _ _A , . .
u Solanesyl-PP
yj a
T ; for the PQ-9 biosynthesis i t i s : Homogent i sate 1
+~
Me-6-SQH2 PQH
2.
Abbreviations: E^P - erythrose-^-P; GGPP - gerany1gerany1-PP; HPP - p-hydro-xyphenylpyruvate; KDAHP - 2-keto -3"deoxyarabinoheptonic acid - 7-P; Me-6-GGQH - 2-methyl - 6-geranylgeranylquinol; Me-6-PQH and isomers - 2-methyl -6-phy-t y l q u i n o l and isomers; 2,3-Me
2-PQH
2 - 2 , 3-dimethyl - 5-phytylquinol; M e ^ - P Q H «
- t r i m e t h y l p h y t y l q u i n o l ; Me-6-SQH2 - 2-methyl - 6-solanesyIquinol; PGA ^ 3"D-
phosphoglycerate; PQ-9*" plastoquinone - 9 ; PQH« - p l a s t o q u i n o l - 9 ; PEP -
phosphoenolpyruvate; SkA - shikimate; PRPP - 5-P-ribosyl - 1-PP; SAM - S-ade-
nosylmethionine; ocT, ß T , j/T, <5T - e r , ß - , p-, 5-tocopherol.
311
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312 Schultz et al.
From i s o t o p i c studies using CO^ /2/,SkA /3/ and o-benzoy1succinate /k/ i t
has been proved that higher plants are able to synthesize phylloquinone
(2-methyl-3~phytylnaphthoquinone vitamin K1) . The envelope membrane is the
s i t e o f prenylation of 1 .k-d\hydroxy -2-naphthoateto form 2-methyl-naphtho-quinol which is methylated by SAM to y i e l d p h y l l o q u i n o l . Consequent1y, the
sequence in i t s biosynthesis seems to correspond with that in microorgan-
isms / 5 , 6, I I : S k A ( C h o r i smate Succinylsemialdehyde-TPP^ } q
_S u c
.
cinylbenzoate Pr e n
Y^ 2-Preny1naphthoquinol —SAM^ 2-Methy1~3~preny1-naphthoquinol. In plants phytyl-PP is preferred as prenylCompound.
The SkA pathway operates in the synthesis of aromatic amino acids in plants.
It is a l s o involved in the synthesis of prenylquinones by synthesizing the
aromatic moiety. The prenyl sidechain o r i g i n a t e s from the p l a s t i d i c meva-
lonate pathway /8/. These prenylquinones operate in d i f f e r e n t ways in the
photosynthetic t i s s u e : PQ-9 acts in the photosynthetic e l e c t r o n transport
/9/> c*T i n a c t i v a t e s e n e r g e t i s i z e d oxygen species formed by l i g h t (by sca-
venging r a d i c a l s and a l s o by quenching 0^ / 1 0 , 11/). a J is a l s o an im-
portant membrane co n s t i t u e n t . The funetion of phylloquinone in plants is
not yet c l e a r . The f i r s t problem was to study the compartmentation of the
SkA pathway involved in these syntheses.
I d e n t i f i c a t i o n of a p l a s t i d i c SkA pathway
Biosynthesis of aromatic amino acids in spinach c h l o r o p l a s t s under pho
tosynthetic conditions: The findings that isoenzymes of SkA dehydrogenase
/12, 13/ and enzymes of Tryp synthesis / 1 V are enriched in c h l o r o p l a s t
f r a c t i o n s , strongly indicate the occurence of enzymes of SkA pathway in
t h i s o r g a n e i l e . To prove the funetion of t h i s pathway, p u r i f i e d i n t a c t chlo-
14
roplasts were illuminated under photosynthetic conditions with CO^ and
the label in the expected aromatic amino acids and prenylquinones was de-
termined / 15 , 16, 17/ (see F i g . 1). In a l l experiments c h l o r o p l a s t s suspen-
sions with at least 1 mg chlorophy11/ml were used; t = 30 min; control
expt. disproved microbial contamination / 1 6 / . The p u r i t y of the chloro
plasts i s o l a t e d acc. to /18/ was tested for marker enzymes / 1 9 , 20/.
PEP PEP GluNH2 PRPP Ser
co2 •
Choris- Y Anthra- Y Indol- V T
nil - ' ' ~ 1
Prephenate
? \ e Ty
PEP v • . ^ c u - f c - J W w l u ' l i _ ^ . n i i m i ' a - m i i i u u i - ^ -r
Photosynthetic^ E 4 p
mate nilate glycerpl-P p
C-f1xation i I i \^ Prephenate
CHLOROPLASTS
E4P SkA Chorismate Anthranilate
F i g . 1. SkA pathway in spinach c h l o r o p l a s t s and Substrates tested 1 2 h l
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Schultz et al. 313
i J, T a b l e 1. C - I n c o r p o r a t i o n from CO^ i n t o amino a c i d s o f i l l u m i n a t e d
i n t a c t s p i n a c h c h l o r o p l a s t s o f d i f f e r e n t p u r i t y /21/.
P u r i f i e d Non p u r i f i e d
c h l o r o p l a s t s c h l o r o p l a s t s
% ~ o f p h o t o s y n t h e t i c a l l y f i x e d CO,,
Sum o f amino a c i d s o . l k O.kk
% o f l a b e l i n amino a c i d s
Asn+ A s p + G i n + G l u 16.6 1.8
Ser + G l y 38.9 79-9
A l a "40.3 12.9
Phe + T y r + T r p 10.2 5-^
Increasing the p u r i t y of the c h l o r o p l a s t s , the label of Gly and Ser decrea-
sed, whereas that of the aromatic amino acids (and of Ala) increased /21/.
Decrease of Gly and Ser synthesis is due to the e l i m i n a t i o n of the peroxy-
somes and mitochondria /21/ (Table 1).
As pointed out by /22/ at the onset of i l l u m i n a t i o n the exchange of d i -
hydroxyacetonephosphate from the ch l o r o p l a s t s versus P. of the Suspension
medium by the phosphate translocator /23/ of the envelope membranes resul t s
in a l a g p h a s e o f photosynthetic carbon f i x a t i o n . This is caused by a lack
of PGA which is needed by the Ca 1 v i n - c y c l e . The same should be v a l i d to
metabolic pathways adjacent to the C a l v i n - c y c l e , e.g. the SkA pathway in-
vestigated here. Experiments with and without P. in the medium proved t h i s
assumption / 1 7 / : Omission of P. of the medium e f f e c t s in a manifold i n -14
1
corporation from CO^ into aromatic acids (Table 2 ) .
Requirement of exogenous Substrates: As shown above, the SkA pathway
operates under conditions of photosynthetic carbon f i x a t i o n by intact
c h l o r o p l a s t s at considerable rates. In additional studies the ~inf1uence
of exogenously added Substrates on the p l a s t i d i c SkA pathway was determi-
ned 1 2 h / . To narrow the study, the metabolic flow of the SkA pathway was
di r e c t e d only to the Trp branch by i n h i b i t i n g the other two branches by
\ k \k
T a b l e 2. C - I n c o r p o r a t i o n from CO- i n t o a r o m a t i c amino a c i d s and p r e n y l
q u i n o n e s o f i l l u m i n a t e d i n t a c t Spinaen c h l o r o p l a s t s a d d i n g and o m i t t i n g P.
t o the S u s p e n s i o n medium .
P. added P. o m i t t e d ' « I i .
TO * % o f p h o t o s y n t h e t i c a l l y f i x e d C02
Phe 35 66
T y r 0.*»5
T r p 2.3 h PQ-9 0.^2 1.3
« T 0.73 1.3
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314 Schultz et al.
T a b l e 3. C - l n c o r p o r a t i o n from XO* o r / I , 6 - C/-SkA i n t o a r o m a t i c
amino a c i d s o f i l l u m i n a t e d i n t a c t s p i n a c h c h l o r o p l a s t s i n the p r e s e n c e o f
Phe, T y r and T r p , r e s p e c t i v e l y /25/.
+ Phe + T y r + T r p
- each 5 mM - f
% o f c o n t r o
T y r
T r p
82 386 5 5
163 25
212
18 37 12
+ / i t 6 - 7-SkA
5 1*7 120
152 8A
208
7 10 38
Phe
T y r
T r p
w i t h o u t a d d i t i o n o f a r o m a t i c amino a c i d s
adding Phe and Tyr (see below). An addition of PEP, Gin and Ser increased
14 the incorporation from CO^ into Trp. The optimal concentrations were
(without added Substrate = 1.0): ca 3-5 f o l d increase at 5 x 10 ^ M PEP;
-6 14 ca 2.5 f o l d increase at 10 M Gin and Ser, resp. . Furthermore, /1- C/-
PEP is incorporated into aromatic amino acids of c h l o r o p l a s t s in consider-
able y i e l d s /24/. When E4P, SkA, chorismate and anthrani1ate, r e s p e c t i v e l y ,
14
were applied in C0^ experiments in increasing concentrations, the label
in the aromatic amino acids more or less decreased /24/. This might be cau-
sed by i s o t o p i c d i l u t i o n of endogenous intermediates and/or regulatory phe-
nomena.
14
Feedback control by endproducts: From C ü ^ - e x p e r iments in the presen
ce of Phe, Tyr or Trp (each 5 mM) i t could be revealed that the SkA path
way is subject to feedback control by endproducts /25/ (Table 3). Phe and
Tyr exert feedback control over t h e i r own rates of s y n t h e s i s , whereas Trp
co n t r o l s the rate of synthesis of a l l three aromatic amino a c i d s . To deter-
14
mine a point of attack more e x a c t l y , /1.6- C/-SkA was fed as a more d i r e c t
precursor (Table 3) • These r e s u l t s indicate thatTrp attacs a Step between
the synthesis of SkA and chorismate ( F i g . 2) and not the KDAHP Step as in
some microorganisms (for survey see /26/).
Co ^ KDAHP SkA +*• Chorismate 2
V ^Tr p
Prephenate
F i g . 2. Feedback control of SkA pathway by Phe and Tyr and Trp in spinach
c h l o r o p l a s t s /25/.
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Schultz et al. 315
Transfer of aroroatic amino acids across the envelope membranes: Feeding
/ 1 . 6 - C/-SkA to spinach c h l o r o p l a s t s , the main portion of label in the
aromatic amino acids was found in the Suspension medium a f t e r a period of
30 min / 1 6 / . This f i n d i n g as well as the considerable incorporation of
14
/ß- C/-Tyr applied to endosperm, into PQ and flavonoids of leaves of bar
ley seedlings 1 2 1 / indicates a r e l a t i v e l y rapid transfer of aromatic amino
acids across the envelope membranes in v i t r o and in v i v o .
Oxidation of HPP to homogentisate: This step which is a p r e r e q u i s i t e
for the synthesis of PQ and a l was shown in the thylakoid f r a c t i o n of Lem-14
na gibba / 2 8 / . Furthermore, from the incorporation of C l a b e l l e d CO^,
SkA and Tyr into PQ and oflT, i t could be conclouded that the HPP oxidation
takes place in the c h l o r o p l a s t s / 16 , 17/.
Biosynthesis of <a-tocophero1 and plastoqu 1 none -9
The aromatic moiety of both derives from homogentisate /!/ which is f o r
me d by an oxydase System from HPP /28/.
ot-Tocopherol biosynthesis: The only s i t e of c*T biosynthesis in spinach
c h l o r o p l a s t s is the envelope membrane / 2 9 , 3 0 / . Homogentisate is s o l e l y
prenylated with phytyl-PP to form Me-6-PQH2 / 3 0 / . There i.s no Stimulation
by other c h l o r o p l a s t f r a c t i o n s l i k e thylakoid membranes or stroma / 3 0 / . The
prenyltransferase in spinach shows a strong s p e c i f i c i t y for phytyl-PP
(26 pmol/h mg envelope p r o t e i n ) ; GGPP is i n a c t i v e in t h i s System / 3 0 / . From
the possible p o s i t i o n s isomers only Me-6-PQH^ is formed; Neither Me-5" nor
Me-3"PQH2 could be found / 3 0 / .Consequently,the pathway is strongly d i r e c t e d
at this step. A kinase which forms phytyl-PP from phytol plus ATP is loca-
l i z e d in the stroma / 3 0 / . Phytol and i t s pyrophosphate a r i s e s by reduction
from GGPP / 3 1 / which is synthesized by a recombinated System of epvelope
or thylakoid membranes plus stroma protein / 3 2 / .
The following methylation Steps with SAM as methyl-group donor to form
cxT from Me-6-PQH2 are a l s o performed by enzyme Systems l o c a l i z e d in the
envelope membranes / 2 9 / (see F i g . 3 ) . The quinol is the Substrate of the
methylation and not the quinone. Comparison of the methylation rates to
y i e l d the corresponding dimethyl-Compound shows that Me-6-PQH2 is not only
s t r o n g l y preferred to i t s isomers Me -5- and Me-3-PQH^ but a l s o t o i t s chromanol
stage S T ( r a t i o s are 100 : 10 : 5 : 5) / 3 3 / - Thus, the raain product is
2,3-Me2~PQH
2 which undergoes ringclosure to y l and further methylation by
SAM to « T . The chromanol stage is the p r e r e q u i s i t e for the second methyl
a t i o n , no Me^-PQH2 occurs / 3 3 , 3 4 / . y l is preferred to ßT to y i e l d ocT
(100 : 35) / 3 3 / . In marked contrast to the prenylation enzyme, the t r a n s f e r -
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316 Schultz et al.
ase for the f i r s t methylation step e x h i b i t s a preference for Me-6-GGQH2
(2 nmol/h mg envelope protein) in comparison to Me-6-PQH^ (0.7 nmol mg
envelope protein) / 2 9 , 3 4 / .
The ring closure of the dimethy1prenylquinol to the corresponding chro
manol (in t h i s case 2.3 M e2~ P Q H
2y T ) takes place only in int a c t chloro
p l a s t s / 3 3 , 34/ but not in i s o l a t e d envelope membranes. The concentrations
of PQ-9 and o<T in the envelope are: PQ 0.53 ug/mg envelope protein (7.1 x
10_ i* M) , c*T 1.03 ug/mg envelope p r ö t e i n (2.4 x 10~^ M) ( S o l l , Douce unpbl.).
Plastoquinone - 9 biosynthesis: PQ-9 b i o s y n t h e s i s , both prenylation and
methylation, is not only performed by the envelope membranes (1.2 pmol/h mg
protein and 10 pmol/h mg p r o t e i n , respectively) but a l s o at low rates by
the thylakoid membranes (0.013 pmol/h mg protein and 0.35 pmol/h mg protein,
respectively) / 3 0 7 . However, i f one takes into account the rate of t h y l a
koid protein to that of envelope protein per mg C h l o r o p h y l l , the y i e l d s in
total are not as d i f f e r e n t as they are ca l c u l a t e d on the basis of prot e i n
i t s e l f . The sequence of reactions involved in PQ-9 biosynthesis is s i m i l a r
to ocT. Solanesyl-PP (Cj^) serves as prenyl Compound in the prenylation re-
action to form Me-6-SQH2 with homogentisate. In the following steps Me -6-
SQH2 is methylated with SAM to y i e l d PQ-9-
Shikimate pathway Prenyl-PP-synthesis
env + str + thyl
Tyr -*^p-riydroxyphenyl pyruvate y
' (HPP)
'ipL
Geranylgeranyl-PP (GGPP)
str
oh Homogentisate
ch 2-cooh Phytyl -PP I Phytol Sol anesyl -PP
thyl
Me-6-Phytylquinol (Me-6-PQH
2)
| SAM env
2,3-Me9-Phytylquinol ^(2,3-Me
2PQH
2)
| Cyclization
y-Tocopherol {yl)
SAM env
a-Tocopherol {al)
~~| env t
Me-6-Solanesylquinol (Me-6-SQH
2)
SAM env thyl
Plastoquinol-9 (PQH
2)
str Stroma
env Envelope
thyl Thylakoids
F i g . 3. Biosynthesis of &1 and PQ in spinach c h l o r o p l a s t s / 2 9 , 30, 33, 34/
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Schultz et al. 317
M III IV
Fig . k. Proposed scheme for the biosynthesis of phylloquinone in spinach
c h l o r o p l a s t s . I - o-succinylbencoic acid; II - 1 ,4-dihydroxy-2-naphthoic
aci d ; III - 2-phytyl-l,4-naphthoquinol; IV - 2-methyl-3-phyty1-1,4-naph-
thoqu i nol
Phylloquinone biosynthesis
As mentioned above, biosynthesis of phylloquinone in plants could be detec-
ted by feeding some S u b s t r a t e s including SkA by the group of T h r e l f a l l /3,
k l . In studies on spinach c h l o r o p l a s t (Schultz and E l l e r b r o c k , unpublished
data), 1 ,4-dihydroxy-2-naphthoateis prenylated by phytol plus ATP to form
2- phytylnaphthoquinol (60 pmol/h mg C h l o r o p h y l l ) . (For the biosynthesis
of phytyl-PP by c h l o r o p l a s t s see /307). The quinol is methylated by SAM to
y i e l d phylloquinol (6 pmol/h mg C h l o r o p h y l l ) . There is a strong s p e c i f i c i t y
of the sequence of both r e a c t i o n s . 2-Phyty1naphthoquinol is preferred to
i t s GG-and f a r n e s y l - homologue. The s i t e of prenylation is the envelope
membrane; thylakoid membranes as well as stroma protein seems to be inac-
t i v e . Both reactions need Mg (2.5 mM); l i g h t i s not required.
CONCLUSIONS
The p l a s t i d i c SkA pathway is involved in the biosynthesis of aromatic amino
acids as well as of prenylquinones of algae and higher plants (for d i s t r i -
bution /35/) but how i t is combined with the generally occuring secon-
dary metabolism of aromatics in plants is not c l e a r /36/.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
Financial support by the Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft and the Centre
Nationale de la Recherche S c i e n t i f i q u e (ERA 847 to Prof. Dr. R. Douce, Bio
lo g i e Vegetale, CENG and USM-G, Grenoble, France) are g r e a t f u l l y acknow-
ledged.
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318 Schultz et al.
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