The Plant Kingdom
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Transcript of The Plant Kingdom
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The Plant Kingdom
• Origins 500- 475 MYA
• 10 Phyla
• 4 Basic lifecycles
• Green algae that evolved onto land
• Evolved becoming more terrestrial, independent from water
• Then coevolved with pollinators, dispersal
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Tentative Phylogeny Fig 28.8
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An overview of land plant evolution
Bryophytes(nonvascular plants) Seedless vascular plants Seed plants
Vascular plants
Land plants
Origin of seed plants(about 360 mya)
Origin of vascular plants (about 420 mya)
Origin of land plants(about 475 mya)
Ancestralgreen alga
Ch
aro
ph
ycea
ns
Liv
erw
ort
s
Ho
rnw
ort
s
Mo
sse
s
Lyc
op
hyt
es(c
lub
mo
sses
, sp
ike
mo
sses
, q
uil
lwo
rts)
Pte
rop
hyt
e (f
ern
s, h
ors
etai
ls,
wh
isk
fern
)
Gym
no
sper
ms
An
gio
sper
ms
Figure 29.7
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Lab
• Chara Lifecycle
• Moss Lifecycle– Liverworts
• Fern Lifecycle– Lycophytes
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Charophyceans- plant’s green algae ancestor
Chara - 30 Coleochaete- 31Modern examples of charophyceans
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Chara sp. (green algae)
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Chara Slide #30
AntheridiaOogonia
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Chara sp.
Oogonia
Antheridia
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Alternation of Generations• Separate multicellular haploid and diploid
phases – (2n) Sporophyte make spores by meiosis– (n) Gametophyte makes gametes by mitosis
• Sperm and egg (moss & fern)• Pollen and Ovule (gymnosperm & angiosperm)
• The sporophyte and gametophyte are very different in morphology– Vascular tissues only appear in sporophyte phase
• Sporophyte becomes more dominant in new plant groups
• Charophyceans lack sporophyte phase
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Characteristics that Plants share with the green algae group
Charophyceans
• Autotrophic Multicellular Eukaryote• Have cell walls made of cellulose
– Made by rosette cellulose-synthesizing complexes
– 20-26% of wall material, closest match in algae
• Chloroplast similarities– have chlorophyll a & b, use β-carotene as accessory
– Thylakoids stacked in grana
– Chloroplast DNA comparisons
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Characteristics that Plants share with the green algae group
Charophyceans
• Peroxisome enzymes• Cell plate formation by phragmoplast• Nuclear membrane breaks down during
mitosis• Sperm ultrastructure - biflagellate• Gene sequences – rRNA, Cytoskeleton
proteins
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Switch to sporophyte dominance
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What’s new in Mosses?( Derived Traits)
• Spores / sporangia
• Sporophyte phase
• Upright growth on land
• Cuticle
• Multicellular gametangia
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The Bryophytes
• Bryophytes are represented by three phyla:– Division Hepatophyta - liverworts– Division Anthocerophyta - hornworts– Division Bryophyta – mosses
Liverworts and hornworts are believed to be more similar to what early plants were like.
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Bryophyte lifecycle: moss• Haploid dominant• No vascular tissues• Filamentous
protonema stage• Swimming sperm• Disperse by spores• Dependent
sporophyte• Dioecious
gametophytes• No true leaves• Rhizoids, not roots
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Pteridophytes evolved over 400 MYASeedless, Vascular plants (having Xylem &
Phloem). Today represented by two phyla:Pterophyta: Ferns, Horsetails (Equisetum)Lycophyta: Club moss
Cooksonia, an extinct plant over 400 million years old, is the earliest known vascular plant.
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Protonema
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Protonema - #32
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Moss Antheridia
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Antheridia on stalk
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Moss Antheridia # 33
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Moss Archegonia
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Moss Archegonia #34
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Moss Archegonia #34
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Moss Sporangia
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Moss Sporangia- 35
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Moss Sporangia- # 35
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An overview of land plant evolution
Bryophytes(nonvascular plants) Seedless vascular plants Seed plants
Vascular plants
Land plants
Origin of seed plants(about 360 mya)
Origin of vascular plants (about 420 mya)
Origin of land plants(about 475 mya)
Ancestralgreen alga
Ch
aro
ph
ycea
ns
Liv
erw
ort
s
Ho
rnw
ort
s
Mo
sse
s
Lyc
op
hyt
es(c
lub
mo
sses
, sp
ike
mo
sses
, q
uil
lwo
rts)
Pte
rop
hyt
e (f
ern
s, h
ors
etai
ls,
wh
isk
fern
)
Gym
no
sper
ms
An
gio
sper
ms
Figure 29.7
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WALLED SPORES PRODUCED IN SPORANGIA
MULTICELLULAR GAMETANGIA
MULTICELLULAR, DEPENDENT EMBRYOS
SporesSporangium
Longitudinal section ofSphagnum sporangium (LM)
SporophyteGametophyte
Sporophyte and sporangium of Sphagnum (a moss)
Female gametophyteArchegoniumwith egg
Antheridiumwith sperm
Malegametophyte
Archegonia and antheridia of Marchantia (a liverwort)
EmbryoMaternal tissue
2 µm
Wall ingrowthsPlacental transfer cell
10 µm
Embryo and placental transfer cell of Marchantia
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Liverwort Gametophyte
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Female Gametophyte
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Liverwort Antheridia
• Antheridia are on the upper surface of the “umbrellas”
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Liverwort Antheridia
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Liverwort Archegonia
• Archegonia are on the undersides of the “umbrellas”
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Liverwort Archegonia
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Liverwort Archegonia - egg
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Liverwort Sporangia
• On undersides- develop from archegonia
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Gemmae & cups
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Gemmae & cup
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An overview of land plant evolution
Bryophytes(nonvascular plants) Seedless vascular plants Seed plants
Vascular plants
Land plants
Origin of seed plants(about 360 mya)
Origin of vascular plants (about 420 mya)
Origin of land plants(about 475 mya)
Ancestralgreen alga
Ch
aro
ph
ycea
ns
Liv
erw
ort
s
Ho
rnw
ort
s
Mo
sse
s
Lyc
op
hyt
es(c
lub
mo
sses
, sp
ike
mo
sses
, q
uil
lwo
rts)
Pte
rop
hyt
e (f
ern
s, h
ors
etai
ls,
wh
isk
fern
)
Gym
no
sper
ms
An
gio
sper
ms
Figure 29.7
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Vascular tissue
• Allows plants to grow taller
• More support by lignified xylem tracheids
• Can pull water up from soil– Can tolerate soil that is drier on the surface
• Form parts of true leaves and roots.
• Only found in diploid tissue– Lead to sporophyte dominance?
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Fern Lifecycle
• Diploid dominate• Gametophyte still independent, short lived,
– monoecious in fern (Pteridophyta)– dioecious in club “moss” (Lycophyta)
• Spores disperse plant• Sporophyte perennial
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Pteridophytes evolved over 400 MYA
Seedless, Vascular plants (having Xylem & Phloem). Today represented by two divisions:
Pterophyta: Ferns, Horsetails (Equisetum)Lycophyta: Club moss
Cooksonia, an extinct plant over 400 million years old, is the earliest known vascular plant.
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LYCOPHYTES (PHYLUM LYCOPHYTA)
PTEROPHYTES (PHYLUM PTEROPHYTA)
WHISK FERNS AND RELATIVES HORSETAILS FERNS
Isoetesgunnii,a quillwort
Selaginella apoda,a spike moss
Diphasiastrum tristachyum, a club moss
Strobili(clusters ofsporophylls)
Psilotumnudum,a whiskfern
Equisetumarvense,fieldhorsetail
Vegetative stem
Strobilus onfertile stem
Athyrium filix-femina, lady fern
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Carboniferous forest based on fossil evidence
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Fern Gametophyte # 37
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Fern Gametophyte # 37
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Young Sporophyte
#38
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Vascular tissues in young frond
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Fern Antheridia
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Fern Arcghegonia
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Fern Sporangia - Sori
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Sporangium
Annulus
Indusium
# 40
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Whisk Ferns (formerly separate phylum: Psilophyta)
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Figure 29.13 Hypotheses for the evolution of leaves
Vascular tissue
Microphylls, such as those of lycophytes, may have originated as small stem outgrowths supported by single, unbranched strands of vascular tissue.
(a) Megaphylls, which have branched vascular systems, may have evolved by the fusion of branched stems.
(b)
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Horsetails – Equisetum sp.(formerly separate phylum: Sphenophyta)
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LYCOPHYTES (PHYLUM LYCOPHYTA)
PTEROPHYTES (PHYLUM PTEROPHYTA)
WHISK FERNS AND RELATIVES HORSETAILS FERNS
Isoetesgunnii,a quillwort
Selaginella apoda,a spike moss
Diphasiastrum tristachyum, a club moss
Strobili(clusters ofsporophylls)
Psilotumnudum,a whiskfern
Equisetumarvense,fieldhorsetail
Vegetative stem
Strobilus onfertile stem
Athyrium filix-femina, lady fern
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LycophytaClub “Moss”
• Not a moss !!! ( a common name)
• Heterosporous– Meagsporania & Microsporangium– Form Strobili (cones)
Strobilus
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Selaginella – strobilus #41Megasporangium
4 megaspores
Microsporangium
Many microspores
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Megaspore - gametophyte
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Switch to sporophyte dominance