The picture above is ______________.The picture above is ______________.

11

Which of the following was NOT a Which of the following was NOT a civilization that strongly influenced civilization that strongly influenced Russia before 1800?Russia before 1800?A. The FrenchA. The French

B. The EnglishB. The English

C. The ByzantinesC. The Byzantines

D. The MongolsD. The Mongols

22

Ivan the Terrible is MOST notable forIvan the Terrible is MOST notable forA. Striving to westernize RussiaA. Striving to westernize Russia

B. Dismantling the leadership of the Orthodox B. Dismantling the leadership of the Orthodox churchchurch

C. Launching a series of colonization efforts in C. Launching a series of colonization efforts in imitation of the Spanishimitation of the Spanish

D. Uniting Russia after the rule of the MongolsD. Uniting Russia after the rule of the Mongols

33

Peter the Great and Catherine the Great are Peter the Great and Catherine the Great are similar in that bothsimilar in that both Developed trading networks with China and JapanDeveloped trading networks with China and Japan Encouraged Protestant as well as Orthodox Encouraged Protestant as well as Orthodox

Christianity in RussiaChristianity in Russia Expanded Russian borders while imitating EuropeExpanded Russian borders while imitating Europe Purged the Russian army of Mongol practices and Purged the Russian army of Mongol practices and

MuslimsMuslims

44

Which of the following did NOT happen Which of the following did NOT happen during the rule of the Golden Horde in during the rule of the Golden Horde in Russia?Russia?A.A. Feudalism began in RussiaFeudalism began in Russia

B.B. Islam spread rapidly through the Russian Islam spread rapidly through the Russian populationpopulation

C.C. Russia became more focused on AsiaRussia became more focused on Asia

D.D. Russian armies adopted Mongol tacticsRussian armies adopted Mongol tactics

55

Who were the Cossacks?Who were the Cossacks? Mongol raiders who remained in control of Mongol raiders who remained in control of

southern Russiasouthern Russia Russian ships which transported good primarily to Russian ships which transported good primarily to

European ports European ports Groups of nobles under Catherine the Great who Groups of nobles under Catherine the Great who

spoke French and embraced Enlightenment spoke French and embraced Enlightenment cultureculture

Peasant soldiers who expanded Russian control Peasant soldiers who expanded Russian control into the eastinto the east

ISLAMIC ISLAMIC GUNPOWDER GUNPOWDER

EMPIRESEMPIRESEARLY MODERN ISLAM EARLY MODERN ISLAM

1450 TO 17501450 TO 1750

Stuff you need to knowStuff you need to know Gunpowder empiresGunpowder empires Mehmed the conquerorMehmed the conqueror Fall of ConstantinopleFall of Constantinople Suleiman the GreatSuleiman the Great JanissariesJanissaries haremsharems BaburBabur AkbarAkbar XenophobiaXenophobia

DYNASTIC STATEDYNASTIC STATE The Ottoman, Safavid, Mughal rulers The Ottoman, Safavid, Mughal rulers

and Islam and Islam All three Islamic empires were military All three Islamic empires were military

creationscreations Called Gunpowder empires as guns were Called Gunpowder empires as guns were

critical to rise of empirecritical to rise of empire Military prowess of rulers, elite units critical Military prowess of rulers, elite units critical

Authority of dynasty derived from Authority of dynasty derived from personal piety personal piety

Devotion to Islam led rulers to extend Devotion to Islam led rulers to extend faith to new landsfaith to new lands

OTTOMANS

MUGHALS

SAFAVIDS

DYNASTIC STATEDYNASTIC STATE Steppe traditions Steppe traditions

All three were Turkish in originAll three were Turkish in origin Autocratic: emperors imposed their will on the state Autocratic: emperors imposed their will on the state Ongoing problems with royal succession Ongoing problems with royal succession Ottoman rulers legally killed brothers after taking the Ottoman rulers legally killed brothers after taking the

thronethrone Royal women often wielded great influence on Royal women often wielded great influence on

politicspolitics Wives, sisters, daughters, aunts, mother of sultan lived in Wives, sisters, daughters, aunts, mother of sultan lived in

haremharem Eunuchs protected women; both eunuchs, women had Eunuchs protected women; both eunuchs, women had

influenceinfluence Children raised in harem; often not allowed out until Children raised in harem; often not allowed out until

teenagerteenager Harem politics: women often influenced policies, Harem politics: women often influenced policies,

selectionsselections

OTTOMAN EMPIRE, 1566OTTOMAN EMPIRE, 1566

RISE OF OTTOMAN EMPIRERISE OF OTTOMAN EMPIRE Mehmed the Conqueror (reigned 1451-1481) Mehmed the Conqueror (reigned 1451-1481)

Captured Constantinople in 1453Captured Constantinople in 1453 Renamed city Istanbul, the Ottoman capital Renamed city Istanbul, the Ottoman capital Absolute monarchy; centralized state Absolute monarchy; centralized state Expanded to Serbia, Greece, AlbaniaExpanded to Serbia, Greece, Albania Attacked ItalyAttacked Italy

TURKISH SOCIAL STRUCTURETURKISH SOCIAL STRUCTURE Four social groupings in settled, urban environmentFour social groupings in settled, urban environment

The men of the penThe men of the pen Judges, imams (prayer leaders), other intellectualsJudges, imams (prayer leaders), other intellectuals Under Suleyman, became the empire’s bureaucratsUnder Suleyman, became the empire’s bureaucrats Later split into men of the pen and men of religionLater split into men of the pen and men of religion

Men of the sword: militaryMen of the sword: military Men of negotiations, such as merchantsMen of negotiations, such as merchants Men of husbandry: farmers, livestock raisersMen of husbandry: farmers, livestock raisers

GHULAMGHULAM A ghulam was a slave A ghulam was a slave

An old Muslim traditionAn old Muslim tradition By definition, the slave was a non-MuslimBy definition, the slave was a non-Muslim Educated and trained for state serviceEducated and trained for state service Similar to the Mameluk systemSimilar to the Mameluk system

Ottomans modified the ghulam system by the infamous Ottomans modified the ghulam system by the infamous devshirmedevshirme Young Christian males between the ages of 8 and 15 Young Christian males between the ages of 8 and 15 Were removed from villages in the Balkans to be trained for state Were removed from villages in the Balkans to be trained for state

serviceservice Youths were brought before the sultanYouths were brought before the sultan Became sultan’s elite infantry: Janissaries.Became sultan’s elite infantry: Janissaries.

SULEYMAN THE SULEYMAN THE MAGNIFICENTMAGNIFICENT

Empire at its height under SuleymanEmpire at its height under Suleyman Reigned 1520-1566 Reigned 1520-1566

Son of Sultan Selim the GrimSon of Sultan Selim the Grim Mother was ChristianMother was Christian Came to power through murder of brothersCame to power through murder of brothers

Conquered lands in Europe, Asia, AfricaConquered lands in Europe, Asia, Africa Siege of Vienna in 1529 failedSiege of Vienna in 1529 failed Built powerful navy to rule MediterraneanBuilt powerful navy to rule Mediterranean Conquered Rhodes from Knights of St. JohnConquered Rhodes from Knights of St. John

Encouraged development of artsEncouraged development of arts Beautified Constantinople with mosquesBeautified Constantinople with mosques

Empire began a slow decline after SuleymanEmpire began a slow decline after Suleyman

WarmupWarmupWhich empire is this c. 1600?Which empire is this c. 1600?

The Sched The Sched (ule)(ule)

MondayMonday Mughals and JapanMughals and Japan TuesdayTuesday Survey in and Review Survey in and Review

11stst period – B111, period – B111,

All others A206All others A206 WednesdayWednesday Test: Russia, Gunpowder Test: Russia, Gunpowder

Empires, JapanEmpires, Japan

Stuff you need to knowStuff you need to know Gunpowder empiresGunpowder empires Mehmed the conquerorMehmed the conqueror Fall of ConstantinopleFall of Constantinople Suleiman the GreatSuleiman the Great JanissariesJanissaries haremsharems BaburBabur AkbarAkbar XenophobiaXenophobia

Stuff you need to knowStuff you need to know Gunpowder empiresGunpowder empires Mehmed the conquerorMehmed the conqueror Fall of ConstantinopleFall of Constantinople Suleiman the GreatSuleiman the Great JanissariesJanissaries haremsharems BaburBabur AkbarAkbar XenophobiaXenophobia

Patterns to NoticePatterns to Notice

If they have “the Great” or something If they have “the Great” or something similar after their name, they expanded similar after their name, they expanded the empirethe empire

If they give you two leaders for a If they give you two leaders for a civilization, usuallycivilization, usually One is the conqueror guyOne is the conqueror guy One is the Golden Age guyOne is the Golden Age guy

MAP OF THE MUGHAL STATEMAP OF THE MUGHAL STATE

MUGHAL EMPIREMUGHAL EMPIRE Tamerlame was direct predecessorTamerlame was direct predecessor Babur (1523-1530)Babur (1523-1530)

Founder of Mughal ("Mongol") dynasty in India Founder of Mughal ("Mongol") dynasty in India Central Asian Turk invaded India in 1523Central Asian Turk invaded India in 1523 Seized Delhi in 1526 Seized Delhi in 1526 By 1530, Mughal empire embraced most of IndiaBy 1530, Mughal empire embraced most of India

Akbar (reigned 1556-1605)Akbar (reigned 1556-1605) A brilliant charismatic ruler A brilliant charismatic ruler Created centralized, absolutist government Created centralized, absolutist government Expanded to Gujurat, Bengal, S. India Expanded to Gujurat, Bengal, S. India Encouraged religious tolerance Encouraged religious tolerance

Between Muslims and HindusBetween Muslims and Hindus Employed Hindus in his government Employed Hindus in his government

Developed a syncretic religion called "divine faith“Developed a syncretic religion called "divine faith“ Eliminated head tax on Hindus, banned satiEliminated head tax on Hindus, banned sati

Taj Mahal - 1653Taj Mahal - 1653

RELIGIOUS AFFAIRSRELIGIOUS AFFAIRS Religious diversity Religious diversity

Created challenges to rule of empiresCreated challenges to rule of empires Uniformity hard with religious differences Uniformity hard with religious differences

Religious minorities Religious minorities Generally tolerated in Islamic states Generally tolerated in Islamic states In Ottoman empireIn Ottoman empire

Conquered peoples protected, granted religious, civil Conquered peoples protected, granted religious, civil autonomyautonomy

Organized into quasi-legal millets to regulate own affairsOrganized into quasi-legal millets to regulate own affairs Much of population was Christian, JewishMuch of population was Christian, Jewish Each communities had own millet which handled judicial Each communities had own millet which handled judicial

affairsaffairs In IndiaIn India

Majority of population was HinduMajority of population was Hindu Early Muslim rulers closely cooperated with Hindu majority Early Muslim rulers closely cooperated with Hindu majority Under Aurangzeb: Islam proclaimed state religion, Under Aurangzeb: Islam proclaimed state religion,

nonbelievers taxednonbelievers taxed In PersiaIn Persia

Shia were fanaticalShia were fanatical Enforced articles of faithEnforced articles of faith

DETERIORATIONDETERIORATION Dynastic decline Dynastic decline

Caused by negligent rulers, factionsCaused by negligent rulers, factions Constant competition between factions within Constant competition between factions within

governmentgovernment Former elite military units often became Former elite military units often became

threatsthreats Government corruptionGovernment corruption

Bribery became way of doing businessBribery became way of doing business Many officials pocketed taxes, overtaxed, etc.Many officials pocketed taxes, overtaxed, etc.

Harem politics Harem politics Rulers raised in harems let sex carry them Rulers raised in harems let sex carry them

awayaway Rulers took to drinking, partying too muchRulers took to drinking, partying too much Rulers’ mothers, wives jockeyed for position, Rulers’ mothers, wives jockeyed for position,

sonssons

DETERIORATIONDETERIORATION Tensions increased Tensions increased

Religious conservatives abandoned tolerance Religious conservatives abandoned tolerance Ottoman conservatives Ottoman conservatives

Resisted innovations like the telescope, printing pressResisted innovations like the telescope, printing press Resisted western military innovations, industrializationResisted western military innovations, industrialization Discouraged merchants, commercialism Discouraged merchants, commercialism

Safavid EmpireSafavid Empire Shiite leaders urged shahs to persecute Sunnis, SufisShiite leaders urged shahs to persecute Sunnis, Sufis Non-Muslims lost many protections Non-Muslims lost many protections

Mughal IndiaMughal India Aurangzeb's policies provoked deep animosity of HindusAurangzeb's policies provoked deep animosity of Hindus Rise of SikhsRise of Sikhs Rise of Christians with coming of EuropeansRise of Christians with coming of Europeans

CULTURAL INSULARITYCULTURAL INSULARITY Cultural conservatism Cultural conservatism

Muslims seldom traveled to the West, confident of Muslims seldom traveled to the West, confident of their superiority their superiority

Science, technology ignored as it is western, threatScience, technology ignored as it is western, threat Ignorant of European technological developmentsIgnorant of European technological developments Hostile to European, Christian inventions, Hostile to European, Christian inventions,

institutionsinstitutions Social conservatismSocial conservatism

Middle classes failed to develop in Muslim statesMiddle classes failed to develop in Muslim states Growing gap between ruling elite, peasants/slavesGrowing gap between ruling elite, peasants/slaves Growing antagonism between religious elites, ruling Growing antagonism between religious elites, ruling

elites elites

CULTURAL INSULARITYCULTURAL INSULARITY Resistance to printing press Resistance to printing press

Introduced by Jewish, late fifteenth century Introduced by Jewish, late fifteenth century At first, Ottomans banned printing in Turkish, Arabic At first, Ottomans banned printing in Turkish, Arabic Ban lifted in 1729; conservatives closed Turkish press in 1742 Ban lifted in 1729; conservatives closed Turkish press in 1742 In India, Mughals showed little interest in printing technologyIn India, Mughals showed little interest in printing technology

Xenophobia becomes a cultural trait of IslamXenophobia becomes a cultural trait of Islam Foreign cultural innovations seen as a threat to political Foreign cultural innovations seen as a threat to political

stabilitystability Inability to grasp aspects of modern politics, state structuresInability to grasp aspects of modern politics, state structures Muslims cannot believe what is happening to themMuslims cannot believe what is happening to them More irritating that it is the Christian Europeans who are rulingMore irritating that it is the Christian Europeans who are ruling

True of All Three EmpiresTrue of All Three Empires Gunpowder EmpiresGunpowder Empires All were TurksAll were Turks Harem cultureHarem culture All Muslim, but with great religious diversityAll Muslim, but with great religious diversity All declined as they became less religiously All declined as they became less religiously

toleranttolerant All had violent disputes over successionAll had violent disputes over succession All resisted westernizationAll resisted westernization

QuestionQuestion

How were the gunpowder empires similar How were the gunpowder empires similar to Ming and Qing China?to Ming and Qing China?