The Physical Geography of North Africa, Southwest Asia, and Central Asia
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Transcript of The Physical Geography of North Africa, Southwest Asia, and Central Asia
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THE PHYSICAL GEOGRAPHY OF NORTH AFRICA, SOUTHWEST
ASIA, AND CENTRAL ASIAChapter 17
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The LandSection 1
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Seas and Peninsulas Red Sea Gulf of Aden Arabian Peninsula Persian Gulf Arabian Sea Sinai Peninsula
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Dead Sea Black Sea Caspian Sea Aral Sea
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Rivers Jordan River Nile River Tigris River Euphrates River
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Major Rivers: Cradles of Civilization
Nile Delta 90% of Egypt pop located on 3% of land Alluvial Soil
Mesopotamia – “land between two rivers” Euphrates and Tigris Supported farming for 7,000 YEARS!
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Stream Beds Wadis – streambeds that remain dry until
a heavy rain.
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Plains, Plateaus, and Mountains
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Coastal Plains Fertile land along Mediterranean Sea
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Highlands Atlas Mountains – Africa’s longest
mountain range Rain on Northern side Produce barley, wheat, oats Droughts hurt economy
Hejaz and Asir mountain ranges Caucasus Mountains – Mount Ararat Zagros Mountains
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Earthquakes Red Sea constantly expanding Turkey and surrounding areas always
experiencing earthquakes
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Natural Resources 70% of world’s oil reserves and 33 % of
natural gas is in this area. Economies are dependent on oil!
Minerals Phosphate, chromium, gold, lead, etc.
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Climate and VegetationSection 2
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Water: A Precious Resource
South Caspian Sea gets 78 inches! In other places, evaporation exceeds
rainfall
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Desert Climate Hot and Dry Sahara Desert – largest Desert
Growing! Freezing to mild winters… HOT summers Cold nights Ergs – sandy, dune-covered areas Regs - stony plains with “desert pavement” Hamada – flat, sandstone plateau Oasis – place in desert where underground
water surfaces
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Steppe Climate Short grasses to support sheep, goats,
camels Pastoralism – raising and grazing of
livestock
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Climate Variations Exports and Tourists
Citrus fruits, olives, grapes in Morocco, Tunisia, and Syria
Tourism in Morocco
Rainfall
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The Cultural Geography of the RegionChapter 18
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POPULATION PATTERNS
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Many Peoples Crossroads for Asia, Africa, and Europe TONS of ethnic diversity – differences
among groups based on their languages, customs, and beliefs
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ARABS Most people (275 Million) Most are Muslim – followers of Islam Speak Arabic Mostly came from Arabian Peninsula…but
have spread out
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Israelis 6 Million living in Israel 82% are Jews Others are Muslim or Christian Jews trace heritage to Israelites in the land of
Canaan Privileged by God…but moved because of
persecution. 1948 – Israel founded as a Jewish state
Jews and Muslims fought 4 years over this Still fighting to this day, especially for custody
of Jerusalem.
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Turks Turkic people migrated around 1000 AD from
central Asia Built Ottoman Empire and ruled eastern
Mediterranean 600 years Most are Islam and speak Turkish
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Iranians 66.6 Million in Iran (Persia) Speak Farsi 90% say they are Shiite Muslims
Afghans Practice Islam Speak many languages Mixed backgrounds
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Caucasian Peoples 50 different ethnic groups, mostly Armenians
and Georgians Armenia gained independence in 1991. AD 300..most accept Christianity 1915, 1 mill Armenians killed by Ottoman
Turks Republic of Georgia independent in 1991 300 AD…most Georgians also became
Christian
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Turkic Peoples Speak Turkic languages and are Muslim Uzbecks are largest Turkic group
Kazakha in Kazakhstan are increasing b/c of birthrate and non-Kazakhs moving out
Tajiks
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Kurds Muslim No country of their own Want self-rule, but Turkish and Arab rulers
won’t allow
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Population and Resources Water usually determines where people
settle
Control of Vital Resources Border disputed between Israel and Syria over
water
Population Growth Turkey, Egypt, Iran are most populated All populations are growing rapidly Many people have to move to find work
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Urbanization Cairo, Egypt Istanbul, Turkey Baghdad, Iraq
All of these places dominate social and cultural life
Many places are growing too fast, no homes, work, etc
Infrastructure – basic urban necessities like streets and utilities
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History and GovernmentChapter 18, Section 2
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Prehistoric Peoples Hunters and Gatherers Farming developed by around 6,000 BC
along Nile and Mediterranean Sea Domesticated the land
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Early Civilizations Mesopotamia
Cultural Hearth – centers where cultures developed and from which ideas and traditions spread outward.
Fertile Crescent Sumerians lived there, had food, cities, etc.
Created Cuneiform Egyptians
Located along Nile River Floods to irrigation Developed hieroglyphics
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Empires and Trade Phoenician civilization
Alphabet 500 BC – Persian Empire
Developed qanats – underground canals 100 BC – Silk Road – trade route
connecting China and Mediterranean
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Three major ReligionsMonotheism – belief in one God
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Judaism Oldest Traced back to ancient Israelites Jerusalem is their capital and religious
center Scattered Long history displayed in Scriptures
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Christianity 30 AD – Jesus preaching Believers follow Christ and believe he is
alive Includes Hebrew Bible and New
Testament
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Islam Major religion of the region AD 610, revelations of God came to
Muhammad in Mecca He was the last in the line of prophets
(including Abraham and Jesus) 800s – spreading
Worship in mosques Today, 1/5 of world follows Islam
Quran – their holy book
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5 pillars of Islam faith: 1.) professing faith in God and the prophet
Muhammad 2.) praying 5 times a day 3.) Helping the poor and needy 4.) Fasting during the 9th month of the Islamic
calendar 5.) Making a pilgrimage to Mecca
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The Modern EraCrusades and Mongol Invasions
Land didn’t have many usable resources in the 1800s, Western World had much control
1800s, well educated middle class began developing nationalism
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Independence WWI and WWII, Europe lost control of
region More won their freedom in 1991
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Arab- Israeli Conflict Israel is not Arab or Muslim Jews persecuted in 1800s and began
going back to Palestine…but under Arab and Ottoman Turk rule
WWI – Britain gained control of Palestine, thus giving it to Jews, but Arabs are mad.
After WWII – Un separates Palestine into sections
Fighting continues ever since
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Israelis and Palestinians Since disputes, Palestinian Arabs became
refugees Arabs want West Bank and Gaza Strip 1993 agreement states Palestinians gain
limited self-rule in recognition of Israel’s right to exist as a nation
By 2002, Palestinians staged bombings, and Israeli forces reoccupied West Bank
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War in Afghanistan 1990s, radical Muslims took over
Afghanistan October 2001, British and American war
planes begin bombing
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Border Conflicts 1990, Iraq invades Kuwait, thus world
passes embargo on Iraq 1991, US forced Iraq out Kurds want a country of their own
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Today’s governments Some say they are republics, some have
Presidents, some have monachys, etc.
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Cultures and LifestylesChapter 18 section 3
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Religion Unifies and Divides people Most say they are Sunni Islam – believe
leadership should be in hands for Islamic community.
Iran and Iraq have Shia/Shiite Muslims – believe only Muhammad’s descendants should lead the Islamic community.
Jews in Israel Christians in Armenia and Georgia
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Languages Arabic is the Muslim language…thus most
non-Arab Muslims willing to learn Hebrew in Israel Turkish in Turkey Several others
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The Arts Art and Architecture
Ziggurats in Mesopotamia Pyramids in Egypt Palaces in Persia Mosques and palaces express Islamic
architecture Refuse to depict life, so they use shapes
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Literature Epics and poetry Very nationalistic Sometimes portrays life
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Everyday Life Increased population Close to 1/3 of population is under 15 People moving to cities Bedouins – desert nomads Beginning to travel, have internet, etc.
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Home and Community Live in high-rise apartments or in old stone
buildings Families are very close and share midday
meal (their main meal) Bazaar – traditional marketplace
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Standards of Living Oil producing countries have a high standard
of living Developing countries such as Egypt and
Afghanistan have poverty.
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Education and Health Care Primary school is free Most finish primary and secondary school Some go to college 18 of 28 countries have literacy over 75% 1979, 50% of Iranians could read and write,
but now 79% Health Care much better, but don’t have many
doctors
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Celebrations and Leisure Time Muezzin calls for prayer from a minaret 5
times each day
Ramadan (Islam) – holy month of fasting from dawn to dusk
Yom Kippur (Jewish) – solemn holy day with feasting and prayer
Passover, Hanukkah Christmas and Easter
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North Africa, Southwest Asia, and Central AsiaChapter 19
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Living in the RegionSection 1
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Meeting Food Needs Saudi Arabia – purchase food with oil
money Afghanistan – grow, but not dependable Israel – grow food for export
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Agriculture Arable – suitable for farming
Not much arable land, but many people in farming
Less agriculture in countries with oil Some places along Mediterranean have
good crops, others don’t
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Fishing Very important, sardines and mackerel Israel raise fish Size of fish are shrinking because of
overfishing
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Industrial Growth Oil products are commodities – economic
goods Holds 70% of world’s oil 33% of world’s natural gas Crude oil, natural gas, petrochemical Helps improve standard of living Coal and copper production
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Service Industries Banking, real estate, insurance, etc. 60% of Bahrain’s Gross Domestic Product
(GDP) Tourism is big because of religious and
historical value
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Transportation and Communication
Roads, Railroads, and Airlines Many roads connect oil producing cities Roads can be costly in some areas Now using railway and subways
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Waterways and pipelines Water transportation Seuz Canal allows ships to go from Med.
To Red Sea
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Communications Government has control in many areas Desert affects communication Wireless internet and cell phones more
popular
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Two New Silk Roads 1998, world’s longest
telecommunications highway 16,767 miles that follows silk road. Goes through 20 countries
The Transport Corridor Europe-Caucasus- Asia (TRACECA) – Moldova to Mongolia
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Interdependence