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The Physical Factor

Plagiarism Warning

Throughout this power point there are sample answers. Please note that these sample answers are not to be used as your own work they are for reference only. If you fail to comply with this request you will be at risk of failing the course.

Investigate (Testing/observing)

Analyse (Interpret results, pinpoint strengths &

weaknesses) Develop

(Training to develop weaknesses) Evaluate

(Re testing, observing, has training worked?)

Cycle of Analysis (How do we get better at....)

Fitness

Skills

Tactics

The three areas of the physical factor……

Fitness

There are two sections within fitness, these are:

Physical Fitness

Skill Related Fitness

Aspects of Fitness

These are all the aspects of physical fitness, copy them into you jotter.

Aerobic endurance Anaerobic endurance

Speed endurance Flexibility Strength

Muscular endurance Speed Power

Write these in your jotter now!

Physical Fitness

For each aspect of physical fitness create a definition and write it in your jotter. Try to not use the word your are defining in your description.

Once you are finished swap jotters with a partner and mark each others answers.

Individual Task

Aerobic endurance – The ability of the heart lungs and full body to work for an extended period of time.

Anaerobic endurance - A form of endurance characterized by the absence of oxygen, high intensity situations.

Speed Endurance – Maintaining high or above average speed for an extended period of time

Flexibility – The range of movement across a joint Strength – The amount of force a muscle or group of

muscles can exert in one effort. Muscular endurance – The ability of a muscle or group of

muscles to work for a extended period of time. Speed – To cover a distance or a movement in a short

period of time. Power – The combination of speed and strength

Physical fitness definitions

How can I test my Fitness? Standardised fitness tests Time related observation

schedules Digital/Video analysis

Heart rate monitor

Methods of Collecting Data

Time (minutes

)

Aerobic Endurance

Speed Power Flexibility

Strength

0-3

3-6

6-9

Time Related Observation Schedule

• Purpose is to see how fitness deteriorates• Filled out over 3 matches back to back without rest• Opponents to be of similar standard• Skilled / trained assessor to fill in• Broken into time zones to allow greater clarity and

analysis*please note, not all fitness aspects are covered in this (TROS).

Aerobic endurance – Cooper Test, Bleep Test, Yoyo test

Anaerobic endurance - Cunningham & Faulkner Endurance test, (www.brianmac.co.uk/cunandf.htm )

Power – Standing Long jump, vertical jump Muscular endurance – 60sec press-up, sit-up,

plank etc test Speed Endurance – 150m sprint test Flexibility – Sit and Reach test Strength – Handgrip Dynamiter, 1 rep max test Speed – 30m sprint test

Standardised Fitness Tests

The following slide contains pictures of physical fitness tests. As a group decide which picture matches each aspect of

physical fitness. There is however one picture and one aspect of physical fitness missing,

can you work it out?You have 2 minutes…..

Group Task

Which aspect and matching test is missing?

In your jotter write down the name of four fitness tests you know of. Choose one, draw and label a diagram of how

you would conduct this test.Fitness Task 2

Describe what you think the word standardised means, as in standardised fitness tests.

Fitness Task 1

Revise the methods of how you can investigate your physical fitness.

TaskDescribe two methods you used to investigate you physical fitness in detail, including diagrams, and what these methods told you about your physical fitness, eg strengths & weaknesses.

Remember the cooper test is not a method, standardised fitness tests, yes plural, are!!

Physical Fitness Task

Aerobic / Anerobic Endurance – Fartlek training, Interval Training, Continuous Training

http://www.howcast.com/videos/506933-Fartlek-Tempo-and-Hill-Training-Running Muscular Endurance – Circuit Training Speed – Sprints, Weights, Plyometric’s Strength – Weight training Power – Body weight / weight training,

Explosive drills specific to sport demands.

Development Approaches

Fartlek Training Example 20 minutes continuously jogging around the track, in the sprint zone’s 100% speed must be used. The sprint zone’s are marked with lines. After 20 minutes they will get 5 minutes rest then repeat this 3 times.

Easily adapted to suit your facility and set up.

Easily progress to make more complex or easier if needed.

Includes realistic high intensity bursts similar to your activity eg, Football, Badminton, Rugby Etc.

Will dramatically improve aerobic and anaerobic endurance.

Challenging mentally and physically.

Why use Fartlek?

1 minute per exercise, 1 minute rest between exercises. Complete all exercises in order 3 times.

Circuit training Example

1.

2.

3.

4.

Exercises can be adapted to suit needs

Fun and challenging Will develop muscular endurance greatly

Can be done with team mates or on own

Easy to set up and execute

Why use Circuit Training?

The video you are about to watch shows a basic exercise to develop power in the legs which helps jumping & kicking.

http://www.stack.com/video/84638804001/develop-jumping-power-with-texas-am-track-and-field/

What exercises could you use to develop upper body power?

Power Example

Will really improve power in specific areas of body

Fun and challenging Can be easy to set up Targets and scores can be easily made to

set targets Will have minor benefits to strength

anaerobic endurance

Why use plyometrics/body weight exercises?

In order for training to be effective and relevant you need to apply the Principles of Training: Specificity – Weakness, sport, role in sport. Progressive Overload – Gradually making

training more complex, can be done by (F.I.D) Frequency – how many times you train Intensity – how hard you train Duration – how long you train for Reversibility - adapting training various

reasons, injury, lack of facility etc.

Principles of Training

For you to improve at anything within sport you must gradually make your training more difficult or else you will just plateau!

Remember…….

In your jotter, draw a 3 week training programme. The programme must develop one aspect of physical fitness only and it must show progressive overload. You must have 3 fitness training sessions per week with the first session lasting 20 minutes.

Fitness Task

Discuss why you chose your selected method of training to develop your weakness. (4)

Describe the decisions you had to make after the first week of training? (2)

Fitness Task 2

These are the aspects of Skill Related Fitness, write them down in your jotter:

Agility Balance

Core stability Reaction time Coordination

Skill Related Fitness

AGILITY– Is the ability to move the body quickly and precisely.

BALANCE - Is the ability to maintain the centre of gravity above the base of support. Static balances require You HOLD a position. Dynamic balance requires you to maintain balance in ever changing circumstances

CORE STABILITY – Strength in the mid region of your body allowing balanced movement

REACTION TIME – Is the time taken between the recognition of a signal and the start of your movement.

CO-ORDINATION - Is the ability to control movements smoothly and fluently. Groups of muscles must work in sequence to produce an effective performance.

Skill Related Fitness Defined

Select three aspects of Skill Related Fitness, write a paragraph in your jotter as to why you need a high degree of ability within these aspects to perform successfully from any sport you wish. Make reference to particular skills from you chosen sport where these aspects of skill related fitness are needed greatly.

Extension taskUsing the three aspects of Skill related fitness you spoke about in your previous answer, draw and describe a training drill or practice that would develop your ability in all three aspects from your chosen sport.

Personal Task

Training DiaryResults from matches

Video analysisObservation schedules

Coach feedback

Monitoring Tools

To check it is effective, relevant to development needs, long term targets.

Make sure short term targets are met, progress is being made.

Provide motivation to further improve. Make adaptations to training if necessary.

Ensure strengths are maintained while weaknesses improved.

Why monitor training?

Skills

What are Skills & Techniques?

A skill tells you the purpose of the movement, E.g. “passing”.

A technique is the way of performing a skill, E.g. push pass, hit or reverse pass in Hockey. The technique tells you “how” a pass was made.

Task 1In your jotter write down two skills from the following activities andtwo different techniques for each skill.

Easy and Complex Skills

Which one of these skills is easier to perform?

A back flip is more difficult (complex)than balancing on one leg (easy).

Easy Skills Complex SkillsFew judgements to be made Many judgementsUndemanding DemandingLittle co-ordination needed Co-ordination vitalSimple movements Complicated movementsEasy environment (no opposition) Difficult environment

Task Match the pictures of the Easy and Complex skills together from each activity.

For each activity, name the complex skill and the simple skill. Write these in your jotter.

Odd one out……….Spot the two complex skills in amongst the simple skills………………....

Why are the Volley in Tennis & Spike/Smash in Volleyball the complex skills?

Open and closed skillsSkills are classed as ‘open’ if they are performed in unpredictable situations, such as dribbling the ball in Basketball or heading the ball in Football.

Skills are classed as closed if they are performed in controlled situations, such as the Tee off shot in Golf or a serving in Badminton.

Stages of Skill Learning

There are 3 important stages when learning and developing skills

These are:

Cognitive stage

Associative stage

Autonomous stage

The Cognitive StageThe performer needs to:

Get a mental picture of the skill or technique to aid learningUnderstand the basics of what is to be learnedBreak the skill down, prep, act, recoveryReceive information in small chunks, this will aid information processingReceive corrective feedback

The Associative StageThe performer can:

Understand what is expected in performing the skillFocus on improving the basics learnt Handle more specific informationAttempt to recognise and correct their own errors (kinaesthetic awareness)Make better sense of external feedback given, due to an enhanced knowledge of the skill’s sub routines.

The Autonomous Stage

The performer can now:Select and apply skills without conscious thoughtPerform skills to a consistently high degreeDetect own errors and adapt/refine performance accordinglyConcentrate more on tactics and strategies

What stage of learning are you at?

Pick a skill/technique from an activity of your choice.Describe a practice/training drill that you could do for each stage of learning for the same skill.Use the example below to help you:

Basketball – Dribbling• Cognitive Stage Practice – Walking/light jog dribbling the ball through a slalom of cones.•Associative Stage Practice – Dribbling at pace through the cones, under pressure eg. A race against another person or a passive defender trying to chase you down.•Autonomous Stage Practice – Dribbling through cones against an active defender.

How can I investigate my skills?

Games skills analysisVideo analysis

Skills testsCoach feedback

Methods of investigation

Try to think about the importance of both of these methods of investigating as you watch the video. How could you carry out these methods? Why are they good to use? What makes them reliable as a source of investigation?

http://www.bbc.co.uk/education/clips/zs74q6f

Coach Feedback and Video analysis

Skill Successful Unsuccessful Total

Shooting

Dribbling

Passing

Re Bounding

Games Skills AnalysisHere is an example of a basic Games Skills Observation Schedule. You would need a skilled assessor to fill this out for you as they can identify each skill easily.

At the end of the game you would total each skill to find what is your strength and weakness.

In your jotter draw a games skills analysis observation sheet that you could use for a sport of your choice. Make sure this includes the major

skills of the game alongside success criteria. Remember this is another form of observation schedule but

focusses on skills, not fitness.

Skills Task

Describe one method you used to investigate your performance within the physical factor (skills)? (4)

As a group or with a partner, write an answer to this question, remember it is worth 4 marks.

A simple Question…….

Shadowing

Pressure Drills

Gradual Build Up

Training Approaches (Skills)

Repetition Drills

Conditioned Games

Training Approaches (Skills)

Select a skill from your chosen Sport. Use one of the training approaches and create a drill or practice that will result in the performer getting better at that skill.

Skills Training Task

Training Approach – Repetition DrillSkill – ShootingTechnique – Lay –up

Drill – I would perform 10 lay up’s with my right hand beginning my run up from the same spot each time. There is no defender. After each set of 10 Lay Up’s I will record how many l get in in my training diary. I will do 5 sets in total. To make this drill more complex I could add in a passive defender or set myself targets to achieve.

Skill Training Example

So that your practice is of the best quality each time you should incorporate the principles of effective practice, These will stop training from becoming boring, too easy or difficult or not make any real progress in getting better. The principles are: Progression Work to rest ratio SMARTER target setting

Principles of Effective practice

Principles of Effective Practice SMARTER – Goal Target Setting

S – Specific, to stage of learning, activity or task M – Measurable, this helps the performer assess their

progress and set comparisons to model performers A – Agreed, usually between coach and performer to

ensure appropriate methods of practice have been selected

R – Realistic, challenging targets, not too hard or easy

T – Time-phased, a set time to reach a goal or certain level of performance

E – Exciting, keeps the performer motivated, use of variety and challenge needed here

R – Recorded – ensures commitment to practice and to skill development. Clear feedback.

Training DiaryResults from matches

Video analysisObservation schedules

Coach feedback

Monitoring Tools

Tactics

There are two main areas within tactics, these are:

Performance considerationsPrinciples of play

Tactics

This basically means the things you need to think about before your performance in order to select and apply a suitable tactic.Things to think of: Your own strengths & weaknesses Your team’s strengths & weaknesses The type of surface you using The weather Previous performance’s, matches against

opponent etc.

Performance Considerations

These are things to think about during and before the game, they are more technical than performance considerations. Principles of play are:

Width Depth Delay

Principles of Play

Choose one of the following tactics from Football:

The Offside trapShort direct passing

The Long ballMan to man marking

Zone DefenceFor your chosen tactic which form of gathering data (testing) would be most effective for you to use, explain your answer in detail.

Tactics Task

How can I test my tactics?Match tactics Ob Schedule

Video analysisCoach feedback

Knowledge of results

Methods of Collecting Data

Passive / active defenders as opponents

Walk / jog / run through drills

Conditioned Games

Development Approaches

Training DiaryResults from matches

Video analysisObservation schedules

Coach feedback

Monitoring Tools

There are many methods you can use to investigate your performance within the physical factor these could be:

Standardised fitness tests Time related observation schedules Games skills analysis Observation schedule Tactics observation schedule Video analysis Coach feedback

Investigating in the physical factor

Describe one method you used to investigate your performance within the physical factor? (4)

As a group or with a partner, write an answer to this question, remember it is worth 4 marks.

A simple Question…….

One method I chose to investigate my performance within the physical factor was a Time Related Observation Schedule. I played three 9 minute matches back to back without rest, I wanted to really push and test my fitness. (1) I also played opponents of similar ability to me so that they were not tired and so that the games would be challenging.(1)Firstly l got my coach to fill out the sheet as they know what to look for. The sheet was filled with fitness criteria such as speed, power, flexibility & aerobic endurance. When my coach saw a skill linked to the aspect of fitness played well they would place a tick in the appropriate column and if it was done poorly it would be a cross.(1) To add to this I inserted rows related to the times of the match. This allowed me to see how my fitness deteriorated as the games went on.(1)

A simple answer………..

Describe why you chose your method of investigating within the physical factor? (4)

As a group or with a partner write an answer to this question, remember it is worth 4 marks

Another simple question……..

I chose a time related observation schedule because l knew my coach would be reliable to fill it in accurately as they know the fitness demands of Badminton. Secondly I knew that I would clearly be able to identify my strengths and weaknesses at the end of the process allowing me to then formulate a training programme.I also knew that it would be fairly easy to set up and also to retest after I complete my training programme.Moreover, l knew that it would give me motivation to improve as l recently lost some matches due to being tired, this means my fitness is poor and needing improvement.

Another simple answer…..

1. What is a complex skill?2. Name 3 aspects of physical fitness and a test for

each.3. Give three reasons why it is important to

monitor training?4. Describe for four marks, how you carried out a

(TROS).5. Name two development methods for improving

skills?6. Describe your strengths within the physical

factor.7. Detail your development needs within the

physical factor.

Revision