The Phosphorus Problem: Treatment Options and Process Monitoring Solutions | YSI
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Transcript of The Phosphorus Problem: Treatment Options and Process Monitoring Solutions | YSI
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The Phosphorus Problem: Treatment Options and Process Monitoring Solutions YSI WATER RESOURCE RECOVERY WEBINAR
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What is Phosphorus?
• Essential to life – all living organisms require it • No substitutes • Major component of fertilizer • Creates nuisance conditions in excess • Limiting nutrient in fresh water • High quality reserves are depleting
It’s more than just the letter ‘P’
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‘P’ Promotes Growth of Algae
• Human health • Environmental • Economic
Excessive algal growth has many undesirable effects
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How Does ‘P’ Get Into Surface Water?
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Diffuse sources Point sources
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Regulating ‘P’ in Point Source Discharges
• Technology-based limits (TBL) • Typically 1.0 mg/L TP monthly average
• Total Maximum Daily Load (TMDL) • Mass-based limit – as treated water flow ↑ concentration must ↓
• Water quality based emission limits (WQBEL) • Numeric concentration limit to not cause adverse effects
3 types
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Status Of Numeric Nutrient Criteria (WQBEL)
Current
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Status Of Numeric Nutrient Criteria (WQBEL)
2016
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The Wisconsin Example
Adverse effects threshold depends on surface water type
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What Are You Going To Do?
Options for complying with ‘P’ limits
• Variance based on economic feasibility • Water quality trading
• Trade with your neighbor • Adaptive management
• Watershed based • Operational changes / add chemical
• Improve treatment process • Significant upgrades likely if WQBEL
is < 0.6 mg/L • Compliance schedule will extend 5+
years (not more than 9 years)
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Phosphorus Removal Treatment Options
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Terminology
• ‘P’ = phosphorus • TP = total phosphorus = particulate + dissolved phosphorus • Orthophosphate = dissolved phosphorus = PO4
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• (E)BPR = (Enhanced) Biological Phosphorus Removal • Oxic = aerobic = DO • Anoxic = DO; NO3 • Anaerobic = DO; NO3
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How is ‘P’ Removed?
2 ways
1. Biological 2. Chemical
Basic concept: ‘P’ dissolved ‘P’ Particulate
‘P’
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How is ‘P’ Removed?
2 ways
1. Biological 2. Chemical
Basic concept: ‘P’ dissolved ‘P’ Particulate
‘P’
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Effluent TP
Most WRRFs Are Not Designed to Remove ‘P’ Some ‘P’ removal occurs normally
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Soluble - P (Ortho-P)
Particulate P
Influent
Soluble - P
Particulate P
Secondary Effluent
TP
Biological Transformation
WAS
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Bio or Chem P Removal
Most WRRFs Are Not Designed to Remove ‘P’ Some ‘P’ removal occurs normally
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Particulate P
Treated Effluent
Effluent TP
WAS
Soluble - P
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Chemical Removal – How It Works
Addition of ferric or alum to water triggers a complex chain reaction
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Takacs, et al (2011), “Chemical P removal – from lab tests through model understanding to full-scale Demonstration“, Influents, Water Environment Association of Ontario.
‘baby’ ferric hydroxide floc
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Fe:P ratio (moles)
Dis
solv
ed P
targ
et, m
g/L Model Prediction
Plant Data
Surface complexation + Co-Precipitation + Other competing reactions Increased sludge production & alkalinity consumption
Relationship Between Dosage and Ortho P
Surface complexation
Lower sludge production & alkalinity consumption
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Chemical P Removal
Control strategies • Pre-precipitation
Fe/ Al
‘P’
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Chemical P Removal
Control strategies • Simultaneous
precipitation Fe / Al Fe / Al
‘P’
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Chemical P Removal
Control strategies
• Post precipitation
‘P’
Fe / Al
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Chemical P Removal
Control strategies
• Multiple dosing points
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Why EBPR works? Energy Released by PHB oxidation is 24-36 times energy required for PHB storage
EBPR (Enhanced Biological Phosphorus Removal) Mechanism
Aerobic Anaerobic
Waste Sludge Loaded with P
BOD (VFA) uptake & C (PHB) Storage P release
Feed condition Battery charging
Ortho- P
• PHB Oxidized
• Excess P Uptake
Starved condition Battery discharging
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Anaerobic/Oxic (A/O) Process Configuration
RAS
Anaerobic Aerobic
Net P Removal
Ortho-P ≥3 x Infl. Ortho-P
BOD PHB Storage
BOD Oxidized
Concentrations in Bioreactor
Location in Bioreactor
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Biological Phosphorus Removal
1. Excess phosphorus 2. Readily degradable carbon 3. Cyclic anaerobic/oxic conditions
3 requirements
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Phosphorus Removal Monitoring Solutions
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Orthophosphate Cabinet Analyzers
Chemical or biological removal
• Wet chemistry • 4 main components:
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• Electronics • Photometer & tubing • Sample transport • Reagent & solutions
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Features of an Online Analyzer
• Low reagent consumption • Suitable for outdoors • Automatic calibration • Integrated permeate pump • Filter module
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Monitoring for Chemical P Removal
• Effluent monitoring
P 700 IQ
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Monitoring for Chemical P Removal
• Feedback control • Pre-precipitation
P 700 IQ
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Monitoring for Chemical P Removal
• Feedback control
• Simultaneous precipitation
P 700 IQ
P 700 IQ
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Monitoring for Chemical P Removal
• Feedback control
• Post precipitation
P 700 IQ
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Monitoring for Chemical P Removal
• Feed forward control
P 700 IQ
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Watertown, WI Simultaneous precipitation
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Chemical Cost Reduction
Analyzer installed in 2012
$0
$20,000
$40,000
$60,000
$80,000
$100,000
2011 2012 2013 2014 todate
Ferric chloride costs
Annual expense
• 3.0 mgd • Limit = 1.0 mg TP /L
(for now) • Paid for itself in 1 year
+ other benefits • Decreased sludge
production
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EBPR Monitoring
• COD/BOD • DO • Nitrate • TSS • ORP • Blanket depth
Everything is important!
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Biological ‘P’ Removal
Orthophosphate release and uptake • ‘P’ - release / anaerobic
• Adjust mixing • Activate swing
zone
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P 700 IQ
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Biological ‘P’ Removal
Orthophosphate release and uptake
• ‘P’ – uptake / oxic
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P 700 IQ
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0.0
2.0
4.0
6.0
8.0
10.0
0.0% 20.0% 40.0% 60.0% 80.0% 100.0%
Aeration Volume (% of Total Aeration Vol.)
Ort
ho-P
, mg/
L
10-Sep-07
11-Sep-07
12-Sep-07
Courtesy City of Xenia
Dissolved Oxygen
‘P’ uptake is rapid when conditions are right
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‘P’ Uptake in Oxic Zone
Too low DO concentration limits performance
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Anaerobic Aerobic
‘P’ Release
Infl. TP
Ortho-P
Location Along Bioreactor
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‘P’ Uptake in Oxic Zone
Too low DO concentration limits performance
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Anaerobic Aerobic
‘P’ Release
Infl. TP
Ortho-P
Location Along Bioreactor
~55%
~30%
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EBPR Monitoring
ORP
Reproduced G Olsson, M Nielsen, Z Yuan, A Lynggaard-Jensen, J-P Steyer (2005) Science & Technical Report No. 15, Instrumentation, Control, and Automation in Wastewater Systems, with permission from the copyright holders, IWA Publishing
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ORP Control of Intermittent Aeration
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Biological ‘P’ Removal
• Too low – not enough time for PAO’s • Too high
• Secondary release • Competition • Settleability
The role of SRT
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‘P’ Removal and Sludge Settleability
Don’t let the ‘P’ get away!
10% P
6% P
8% P
4% P
2% P
Effluent TP = Dissolved P + Particulate P
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Process Control Strategy for Achieving the Lowest Effluent TSS SRT control and sludge blanket control
45 Wahlberg, E. “What makes secondary clarifiers work”, WEFTEC 2013
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Further reading
• Neethling, et al, Factors influencing the reliability of enhanced biological phosphorus removal, WERF report 01-CTS-3ASP, 2005.
• Jeyanayagam, S. and Husband, J., Chain Reaction: How chemical phosphorus removal really works, Water Environment & Technology, 2009.
• USEPA, Phosphorus Removal Design Manual (purple book), EPA/625/1-87/001, 1987.
• Narayanan, B. et al, Critical role of aerobic uptake in biological phosphorus removal, WEFTEC proceedings, 2006.
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