The Philippine Guerrilla Notes of Mindanao Island

8/10/2019 The Philippine Guerrilla Notes of Mindanao Island

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THE PHILIPPINE GUERRILLA NOTES OF MINDANAO ISLAND

John E. Sandrock

Japan Invades he Ph!"!pp!nes

The Japanese E#p!re "a$nched !s s$rpr!se a!r aack $pon Pear" Har%or& Ha'a!!

on ( Dece#%er& )*+)& h$s prec!p!a!n, he A#er!can enr- !no or"d ar II. Ten

ho$rs "aer& Japanese /orces sen a!rcra/ o %o#%ard "and!n, s!es !n he Ph!"!pp!ne

Is"ands !n prepara!on /or "and!n,s %- ,ro$nd roops hro$,ho$ he !s"ands. S!nce he

!n!!a" Japanese o%0ec!ve 'as o cap$re he Ph!"!pp!ne cap!a" o/ Man!"a& hese "and!n,s

!n!!a""- ook p"ace on he !s"and o/ L$1on !n he norh.

De/end!n, A#er!can and Ph!"!pp!ne roops 'ere $nder he co##and o/ Genera"

Do$,"as McArh$r& co##ander o/ Un!ed Saes Ar#ed Forces !n he As!a2Pac!/!cRe,!on. A/er "os!n, h!s A!r Force !n he !n!!a" %o#%ard#ens& McArh$r ordered a""

nava" /orces o "eave he !s"ands so ha he- #!,h s$rv!ve o /!,h anoher da-. !ho$

a!r or nava" s$ppor& nor an- #eans '!h 'h!ch o res$pp"- h!s ,ro$nd /orces&

McArh$r3s ar#- and he Ph!"!pp!ne Sco$s& $nder he press$re o/ s$per!or n$#%ers&

'ere /orced o '!hdra' o he 4aaan Pen!ns$"a and o 5orre,!dor Is"and a he enrance

o Man!"a 4a-. Here he- kep $p a va"!an de/ense $n!" 4aaan /e"" !n Apr!" )*+6&

'here$pon he re#a!n!n, roops rans/erred o he !s"and /orress o/ 5orre,!dor 'here

he- con!n$ed he /!,h $n!" Ma-. A/er e7ha$s!n, he!r a##$n!!on he- 'ere

co#pe""ed o s$rrender.

In he #ean!#e he Japanese occ$p!ed Man!"a. To avo!d !s desr$c!on& ! had

%een dec"ared an 8open c!-9 %- Pres!den Man$e" :$e1on& pres!den o/ he Ph!"!pp!ne

5o##on'ea"h. A/er he /a"" o/ 4aaan ;


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M!ndanao Is"and !n he so$hern Ph!"!pp!nes sho'!n, L5OL Fer!,3s ,$err!""a area o/ opera!ons '!h!n

he doed "!nes.


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Japanese I#per!a" Ar#- anks #ov!n, o'ard Man!"a on he da- o/ !s cap$re.

Daed )*6> and )*+) hese 5o##on'ea"h o/ he Ph!"!pp!nes noes are e7a#p"es o/ he c$rrenc-

c!rc$"a!n, a he !#e o/ he Japanese !nvas!on !n Dece#%er )*+)


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G$err!""a Res!sance Or,an!1es

A"ho$,h he Japanese a$hor!!es had pro#!sed he F!"!p!nos !ndependence a/er

occ$pa!on& he- ?$!ck"- rene,ed on he dea"& /or#!n, a 5o$nc!" o/ Sae o ,overn he

Ph!"!pp!nes !nsead. Thro$,h h!s %od-& he Japanese e7erc!sed conro" over c!v!" a//a!rs

!n he !s"ands $n!" Oco%er& )*+@ 'hen an !ndependen rep$%"!c '!h!n he Japanesesphere 'as dec"ared. Th!s p$ppe sae& "ed %- Pres!den Jose La$re"& proved o %e

$npop$"ar. Mos o/ he F!"!p!no $pper c"ass served $nder he Japanese. The- d!d h!s /or

severa" reasons B)C o proec he peop"e /ro# he harshness o/ Japanese r$"e& B6C

proec!on o/ persona" !neress and /a#!"-& and B@C a %e"!e/ ha Ph!"!pp!ne na!ona"!s#

'o$"d %es %e served hro$,h so"!dar!- '!h /e""o' As!ans. No a"" F!"!p!nos a,reed

'!h he Japanese co""a%oraors& ho'ever.

I 'as no "on, a/er he !nvas!on ha F!"!p!nos opposed o he Japanese

occ$pa!on %e,an an $nder,ro$nd or,an!1ed res!sance. Th!s ,$err!""a ac!v!- $"!#ae"-

spread across he !s"and arch!pe"a,o $n!" #ore han 6>


5/27

E7a#p"es o/ he /!rs !ss$e o/ Japanese occ$pa!on #one-. These are kno'n as %anana noes& as a""

deno#!na!ons /ro# =< cenavos $p'ard carr!ed a v!,nee o/ a %anana p"ana!on so#e'here !n he!rdes!,n.

Second !ss$e Japanese occ$pa!on noes 'ere kno'n as R!1a" noes& a re/erence o he#on$#en o Jose R!1a" sho'n on he!r o%verse. A"" !nvas!on #one- 'as re/erred o as 8M!cke-

Mo$se #one-9 %- A#er!cans and F!"!p!nos a"!ke.


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had "!"e enh$s!as# /or a ,$err!""a ca#pa!,n& and no 'an!n, o v!o"ae a!n'r!,h3s

orders& d!reced h!s /orces o "a- do'n he!r ar#s.

No a"" A#er!can /orces acceped he order& ho'ever. These #en %e"!eved he-

had a %eer chance o/ s$rv!va" !n he #o$na!ns o/ he !ner!or han !n Japanese pr!son

ca#ps. A#er!cans 'ho re/$sed o s$rrender /aced a #a0or %a"e 0$s o s$rv!ve& "e a"one/or# he#se"ves !no v!a%"e ,$err!""a $n!s. Th!s 'o$"d prove o ake !#e. These

/$,!!ves& !n add!!on o dod,!n, Japanese paro"s& had o cope '!h !nense 0$n,"e hea&

d!sease& a "ack o/ /ood and e?$!p#en as 'e"" as "o' #ora"e. In he!r 'ander!n,s d$r!n,

he!r escape he- o/en /o$nd sanc$ar- deep !n he !ner!or a !so"aed #!n!n, ca#ps and

p"ana!ons. The- 'ere ass!sed !n he!r escape %- /r!end"- F!"!p!nos& 'ho o/en served as

,$!des and sco$s.

The %r$a"!- o/ he Japanese occ$pa!on he"ped o so"!d!/- res!sance a#on, he

F!"!p!nos. A /!rs& he Japanese r!ed o '!n over he na!ve pop$"a!on o he!r ca$se.

The p$ppe ,overn#en even$a""- dec"ared Ph!"!pp!ne 8!ndependence9& !nvok!n,Or!ena" so"!dar!- 'h!"e "ec$r!n, he na!ves on he %ene/!s o/ 0o!n!n, he Greaer Eas

As!a 5o2Prosper!- Sphere& a Japanese do#!naed rade /edera!on. F!"!p!nos 'ere no

/oo"ed ho'ever& ?$!ck"- perce!v!n, ha he a$hor!- o/ he p$ppe ,overn#en

e7ended on"- as /ar as he reach o/ he Japanese ar#- and po"!ce. Pro#!ses o/

prosper!- and %roherhood conrased sharp"- '!h he %r$a" rea"!- o/ Japanese

occ$pa!on 'here Japanese so"d!ers and secre po"!ce ook he!r reven,e %- %$rn!n,

v!""a,es& se!1!n, hosa,es& and or$r!n, and #$rder!n, c!v!"!ans. As F!"!p!no sen!#en

hardened a,a!ns he Japanese& ,$err!""a %ands %e,an o /or# sponaneo$s"-.

Lae !n he 'ar he Ar#- A!r 5orps dropped cap$red occ$pa!on #one- on areas s!"" !n Japanesehands& a/er /!rs overpr!n!n, ! '!h he a%ove #essa,e. The #essa,e 'as !nended o enco$ra,e

F!"!p!nos s!"" !n s-#pah- '!h he Japanese o recons!der he!r a""e,!ance o he Greaer Eas As!a

p"an.


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These ,ro$ps& scaered a%o$ he coas and !ner!or va""e-s& /aced near"-

!ns$r#o$na%"e s$pp"- and co##$n!ca!on pro%"e#s. In he!r ?$es /or or,an!1a!on

#an- ,ro$ps $rned /or "eadersh!p o he A#er!can so"d!ers and c!v!"!ans 'ho had

#ana,ed o escape he Japanese. LT5OL Fer!,& 'ho had escaped o M!ndanao a/er

he /a"" o/ 5orre!,!dor& 'as one o/ he #os !n/"$en!a" o/ hese "eaders.

ende"" Fer!, 'as a #!n!n, en,!neer %- rade& '!h no /or#a" #!"!ar-

%ack,ro$nd. He 'as serv!n, as a reserve 5apa!n !n he U.S. Ar#- 5orps o/ En,!neers

'hen or"d ar II co##enced. 4e/ore he /a"" o/ 5orre,!dor Fer!, 'as sen o

M!ndanao %- Genera" Ed'ard !n, o ass!s Genera" Sharp !n or,an!1!n, res!sance on

ha !s"and. A/er Genera" Sharp s$rrendered& L5OL Fer!, dec!ded o carr- on he /!,h.

Over he /o""o'!n, severa" -ears he creaed and co##anded he Un!ed Saes Forces !n

he Ph!"!pp!nes BUSFIPC. H!s /!rs ac!on 'as o recr$! he ec"ec!c ,ro$p o/ A#er!cans 2

re,$"ar ar#- escapees and c!v!"!ans& escaped POs& F!"!p!no na!ves& r!va" ,$err!""a

,ro$ps and ohers 'ho had re/$sed o s$rrender. Reco,n!1!n, ha he 'o$"dn3 %e aken

ser!o$s"- %- he recr$!s o h!s sr$,,"e $n"ess he he"d a h!,her rank& he pro#oedh!#se"/ o he rank o/ 4r!,ad!er Genera"& #$ch o he anno-ance o/ Genera" McArh$r

and h!s sa//. Lack!n, he s$!a%"e !ns!,n!a o/ a s!n,"e sar /or h!s ne' 8rank9& he had a

Moro s!"vers#!h /ash!on one /ro# a Ph!"!pp!ne peso co!n. Fro# h$#%"e %e,!nn!n,s

USFIP %eca#e one o/ he %es e?$!pped and e//ec!ve !rre,$"ar $n!s o operae d$r!n,

or"d ar II.

G$err!""a Opera!ons on M!ndanao Is"and

On M!ndanao LT5OL Fer!, $sed ,eo,raph- and re"a!ve"- ear"- conac '!hMcArh$r3s head?$arers !n A$sra"!a o %$!"d a s$ccess/$" or,an!1a!on. The (&


8/27

rank o/ L!e$enan B0$n!or ,radeC !n he nav- reserve. Hear!n, o/ he presence o/ hese

%ands& Fer!, as sen!or o//!cer presen& had he# asse#%"e !n a re#oe "oca!on !n Lanao

prov!nce on he norhern s!de o/ he !s"and. M!ndanao3s "ar,e area& "ack o/ roads and

r$,,ed erra!n #ade cenra"!1ed co##and d!//!c$". A he sa#e !#e& ho'ever& hese

/acors ha#pered Japanese ae#ps o carr- o$ p$n!!ve opera!ons a,a!ns he

,$err!""as. 4- he !#e he Japanese ,o aro$nd o occ$p-!n, he !s"and !n J$ne)*+6&Fer!,3s /orces 'ere 'e"" enrenched. A/er 5apa!n L$!s Mor,an& anoher ,$err!""a ch!e/

on M!ndanao 'ho had %een a /or#er F!"!p!no po"!ce o//!cer& o//ered h!s co##and o

Fer!,& he ,$err!""as /e" s$//!c!en"- sron, o #ove he!r %ase o M!sa#!s Occ!dena"

prov!nce on he norhern coas. The /ac ha M!sa#!s Occ!dena" had %een $nda#a,ed

!n he 'ar and had #aer!a" ava!"a%"e o/ $se o Fer!,3s co##and& #ade ! an !dea" %ase

o/ opera!ons. Here Fer!, conso"!daed and e7panded h!s conro" over he #ove#en.

!h he ass!sance o/ he na!ve Moros he recr$!ed and ra!ned an ar#- o/ !rre,$"ars

ha even !nc"$ded an en,!neer!n, corps& co##ando schoo" and #akesh!/ nav-. Mos

!#poran"- he !nsa""ed a c!v!"!an ,overn#en& %$!" a co##$n!ca!ons ne'ork and

dra/ed "oca" F!"!p!nos "a%orers. hen he Japanese ,enera"& Mor!#oo& !ne7p"!ca%"-/a!"ed o aack h!s %ase a M!sa#!s Occ!dena" d$r!n, he spr!n, o/ )*+6& Fer!,

conso"!daed h!s ho"d on he re#oe coasa" and #o$na!no$s pars o/ M!ndanao.

Once !n conro" o/ he %ack2co$nr-& Fer!, sen paro"s o ,aher $p ever- scrap o/

'rapp!n, paper /or he prod$c!on o/ %ank noes and schoo" %ooks. He reasoned ha he

F!"!p!nos 'o$"d he"p !/ he- co$"d %e pa!d. The Moros& on he oher hand& adoped a 8no

pa-& no 'ork9 a!$de. To co#p"!cae he pro%"e#& 5h!nese #erchans 'o$"d no accep

he Japanese occ$pa!on #one-& 'h!ch here/erred o as 8M!cke- Mo$se #one-9&

de#and!n, !nsead s!"ver 'h!ch 'as ne7 o !#poss!%"e o o%a!n. A so"$!on o he#one- cr!s!s 'as /o$nd 'hen Fer!, handed ! over o h!s d$"- e"eced c!v!"!an

,overn#en. J$d,e Sa,$!n& 'hose na#e appears on #an- M!ndanao noes& 'as ,!ven

he ask o/ pres!d!n, over he ,overn#en ha pa!d he ar#-& pr!ned sa#ps and

#one-& and conro""ed pr!ces 'h!"e re,$"a!n, co##erce and !ner2!s"and rade. Fer!,3s

ph!"osoph- 'as o "eave a"" c!v!" ,overn#en o he F!"!p!nos& #ake!n, s$re ha ,ood

#en 'ere !n he 0o% and o "eave he# a"one o do !.

Sa# !"son& he Man!"a #!""!ona!re& had s$//ered a ,rea dea" 'h!"e escap!n,

/ro# he Japanese. H!s '!/e and sons 'ere !n a Japanese pr!son ca#p. H!s hear!n, 'as

/a$"- and h!s e-es 'ere /a!"!n,. Neverhe"ess Fer!, p"eaded '!h h!# o ake over herespons!%!"!- o/ pr!n!n, and acco$n!n, /or he ,$err!""a #one-. To ?$oe They Fought

Alone& he sor- o/ Fer!,3s ca#pa!,n& ende"" sa!d 'h!"e con/ron!n, a re"$can

!"son 84$ Sa#& -o$3re 0$s he #an 'e need. A"" -o$r "!/e -o$3ve #ade #one-& and I

'an -o$ o #ake so#e #ore. o$ kno' pr!n!n,& and -o$ kno' /!nance& and ha

#akes -o$ 3The One3. I need -o$ o ake char,e o/ pr!n!n, o$r #one- and acco$n!n,

/or !.9 Sa# proved o %e a #e!c$"o$s 'orkhorse. The #ore he r!ed o "ose h!#se"/ !n

h!s 'ork& he #ore Fer!, /o$nd /or h!# o do.


9/27

The ,enera"3s ne7 ask 'as o se $p e"e,raph "!nes so ha o$"-!n, ,$err!""as

co$"d re#a!n !n conac '!h head?$arers. L!e$enan 4e"" 'as p$ !n char,e o/ h!s

ask. In,en$!- 'as he order o/ he da-. The e"e,raph po"es 'ere des!,ned so ha he-

co$"d %e co""apsed on an !nsan3s no!ce and #oved o a ne' "oca!on. Lack!n,

!ns$"aors& he en,!neers $sed o"d coke %o"es. !re /ro# o"d /ar# /ences rep"aced hec$so#ar- copper '!re. hen h!s o"d over2'orn r$ck %aer!es 'ore o$& so#e ,en!$s

d!scovered ha !/ -o$ soaked he# overn!,h !n he na!ve $%a %eer& so#eho' he-

#!rac$"o$s"- rechar,ed he#se"ves. Soap 'as #ade /ro# cocon$ o!" and 'ood ashes.

S$rp"$s soap 'as raded '!h he near%- !s"and o/ Ne,ros /or s$,ar. The s$,ar& !n $rn&

'as $sed o #ake a"coho" 'h!ch 'as $sed as /$e" !n he r$ck en,!nes !n 5apa!n

Hed,es3 #oor poo".

Ne7 Fer!, $rned h!s aen!on o he cr!!ca" 0o% o/ esa%"!sh!n, rad!o conac

'!h McArh$r3s head?$arers !n A$sra"!a. A/er repeaed e7per!#ena!on and /a!"$re !

'as dec!ded ha he rad!o s!,na" 'as oo 'eak o reach A$sra"!a. Neverhe"ess h!s #enkep r-!n,& and one n!,h o he!r a#a1e#en rece!ved a re$rn s!,na" ask!n, /or he!r

"oca!on. The ,$err!""a s!,na" had %een p!cked $p %- he nav- a Pear" Har%or& no %-

A$sra"!a. In h!s 'a-& one -ear a/er he 'ar %e,an& he o$s!de 'or"d "earned ha here

'ere s!"" A#er!cans !n res!sance o Japanese /orces !n he Ph!"!pp!nes. ord 'as

!##ed!ae"- /or'arded o McArh$r3s head?$arers.

Fer!, hen rad!oed he ar Depar#en sa!n, ha he had ass$#ed co##and as

4r!,ad!er Genera" o/ a"" U.S. Forces on he !s"and o/ M!ndanao& ha he had esa%"!shed a

c!v!"!an ,overn#en !n he hands o/ d$"- e"eced 5o##on'ea"h o//!c!a"s& and ha#one- 'as %e!n, pr!ned %- he# /or "oan o USFIP /or he cond$c o/ he 'ar. In rep"-

he ar Depar#en p"aced Fer!, !n char,e o/ a"" A#er!can /orces on M!ndanao and

aached h!# o McArh$r3s co##and as he )


10/27

rans#!ss!on o/ !ne""!,ence 'ere sressed as e?$a""- !#poran o%0ec!ves. To conve-

h!s !ne""!,ence a co#p"e7 rad!o ne'ork 'as deve"oped $nder he ver- noses o/ he

Japanese.

hen McArh$r3s Head?$arers asked Fer!, 'ha he needed %- 'a- o/ s$pp"!es&

he rep"!ed '!h a "on, "a$ndr- "!s o/ ever-h!n, he re?$!red 2 never e7pec!n, o see an-o/ !. To h!s a#a1e#en he Narawal, a nav- s$%#ar!ne& 'as d!spached /ro# A$sra"!a

as soon as ever-h!n, co$"d %e asse#%"ed. The /!rs o/ Narawal's'o re"!e/ r!ps arr!ved

a/er a ense ca and #o$se ,a#e o/ dod,!n, he Japanese coasa" paro"s. The

s$%#ar!ners 'ere a#a1ed o %e 'e"co#ed a"on,s!de he M!sa#!s Occ!dena" p!er %-

Fer!!,3s #akesh!/ %and p"a-!n, The Stars and Stripes Forever. Sec$re !n he ,$err!""a

sron,ho"d& he sa!"ors 'aned o kno' 8here are a"" he Japs9 A oa" o/ *6 ons o/

car,o 'as $n"oaded a n!,h !n /o$r ho$rs. Ever-one p!ched !n o he"p $n"oad so ha he

s$% co$"d depar %e/ore da-"!,h. hen he haches 'ere opened& o$ ca#e cases o/

car%!nes& r!/"e a##$n!!on& s$%#ach!ne ,$ns and rocke "a$nchers. Foods$//s cons!sed

o/ D ra!ons& choco"ae %ars& Spa# and cheese. Oher craes cona!ned #a,a1!nes& %ooks&ne'spapers& #ed!c!nes& 0$n,"e %oos& ca#o$/"a,e s$!s and #!""!ons o/ pesos !n

co$ner/e! Japanese !nvas!on #one-.

The USSNarawal& he s$%#ar!ne Genera" McArh$r d!spached o he Ph!"!pp!nes '!h re"!e/

s$pp"!es once rad!o conac 'as esa%"!shed& and ! 'as "earned ha a Un!ed Saes /!,h!n, /orce s!""

re#a!ned on M!ndanao.

4- ear"- )*++ Genera" McArh$r des!red o send !n so#e o/ h!s o'n peop"e o

or,an!1e he ar#-3s e7peced re$rn o he Ph!"!pp!nes. Th!s 'o$"d necess!ae anoher

ro$nd r!p /orNarawhal. Th!s !#e Fer!,3s "!s cona!ned a re?$es ha he M!ndanao

E#er,enc- 5$rrenc- 4oard noes %e pr!ned !n A$sra"!a o re"!eve Sa# !"son o/ he

pr!n!n, and acco$n!n, /or noes "oca""-. Insead& head?$arers sen a se o/ pr!n!n,

p"aes and eno$,h paper o con!n$e #an$/ac$r!n, "e,a" ,$err!""a c$rrenc- "oca""-.


11/27

hen hear!n, h!s Fer!, re#arked 8Don3 he- kno' 'e don3 have o//!ces here /$"" o/

-pe'r!ers A"" 'e have !s Sa# '!h a penc!"9 As ! $rned o$ %oh -pes o/ p"aes

'ere $sed !n pr!n!n, he noes& prov!d!n, n$#!s#a!ss '!h a var!e- o/ )*++ !ss$e

noes. The c!v!"!an ,overn#en /$nc!oned 'here and ho' ! co$"d& con!n$!n, o pr!n

and acco$n /or he pesos ha pa!d he ar#- and prod$ced he!r /ood and c"oh!n,.

!h he )*++ pr!n!n,s& so#e s$%"e d!//erences crep !no he des!,n o/ M!ndanao ,$er!""a noes.

These 'ere ca$sed %- he !nrod$c!on o/ pr!n!n, p"aes prepared !n A$sra"!a and sen %- s$%#ar!ne o

he Ph!"!pp!nes. The noe on he "e/ 'as -p!ca" o/ !s"and2#ade = peso noes& cona!n!n, 'o and a ha"/ro$nde"s !n !s r!,h %order des!,n& 'hereas he A$sra"!an p"ae has hree.

D$r!n, he occ$pa!on Fer!,3s ,$err!""as harassed Japanese paro"s& sa%oa,ed

ene#- s$pp"- and a##$n!!on depos and d!sr$ped co##$n!ca!ons as %es he- co$"d.

Japanese paro"s operaed hro$,ho$ he coasa" area. La$nches sopped and searched

/!sh!n, %oas 'h!"e r$cks paro""ed he h!,h'a-s and co#pan- s!1e $n!s peneraed he

0$n,"e !ner!or !n search o/ ,$err!""as. The ,$err!""a srae,- 'as o s$rpr!se and

o$n$#%er he ene#-& and o k!"" he ene#- 'herever he- p!cked he ,ro$nd. I/ he-

co$"dn3 de/end he erra!n& hen he- 'ere o r$n a'a-.

4- ear"- )*++ he USFIP had ,ro'n o @;&


12/27

The )*+6 Iss$es o/ Lanao and M!sa#!s Occ!dene Prov!nces

5$ o// /ro# he!r head o//!ce a/er he /a"" o/ Man!"a& "oca" prov!nc!a" a$hor!!es

dec!ded o pr!n he!r o'n Ph!"!pp!ne Na!ona" 4ank !ss$es. T'o s$ch !ss$es 'ere

re"eased on he !s"and o/ M!ndanao& one /or Lanao prov!nce& he oher /or M!sa#!s

Occ!dena" prov!nce. These noes %ear he dae )*+6 and 'ere !ss$ed !n ver- s#a""n$#%ers conse?$en"- he- are rare and ver- d!//!c$" o "ocae oda-.

Lanao prov!nce& "ocaed !n he norh'esern par o/ M!ndanao !s"and& served as a

%ase o/ opera!ons /or Fer!,3s /orces on severa" occas!ons d$r!n, he 'ar. The Lanao

prov!nc!a" !ss$e re"eased ear"- !n )*+6 'as shor2"!ved and conse?$en"- /e' noes 'ere

pr!ned& #ak!n, h!s one o/ he r$"- rare Ph!"!pp!ne ,$err!""a e#!ss!ons. The Lanao !ss$e

o/ /o$r noes re"eased %- he Lanao 5$rrenc- 5o##!ee cona!ns deno#!na!ons o/ 6@& J.4. L!pp!nco

5o#pan-

Pere1& G!"%er S. ar!o$s Ar!c"es& The N$#!s#a!s& )*=& The

A#er!can N$#!s#a!cs Assoc!a!on&

Sha/er& Ne!" Ph!"!pp!ne E#er,enc- and G$err!""a 5$rrenc- o/ or"d

ar II& Rac!ne& !scons!n& )*(+& esern P$%"!sh!n,

5o#pan-

S"a%a$,h& Ar"!e Japanese Invas!on Mone-& 5h!ca,o& )*>(& He'! 4rohers

To-& Ra-#ond S. and or"d ar II A7!s M!"!ar- 5$rrenc-& )*>(

The Philippine Guerrilla Notes of Mindanao Island

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