THE PHARMACOLOGICAL EVALUATION OF FOENICULUM VULGARE MILLER FOR ANTIANXIETY.pdf

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Imperial J. Pharmacology & Toxicology 1(1):June 2011 ISSN: 2248 9746

Available online on: www.imperialpharmajournals.com 16

Imperial Journal of Pharmacology & Toxicology

www.imperialpharmajournals.com--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

THE PHARMACOLOGICAL EVALUATION OF FOENICULUMVULGAREMILLER FOR ANTI-

ANXIETY

Archana Divekar*1, Rajesh J. Oswal

2,

Yogita R. Bagul1, Rishikesh V. Antre

2

1Department of Pharmacology, JSPMS Charak college of Pharmacy and Research, Wagholi, Pune, MH, India

2

Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, JSPMS Charak college of Pharmacy and Research, Wagholi, Pune,MH, India

ABSTRACT

Foeniculum vulgare Miller is commonly used in India as flavouring

agent for food preparation. The crude ethanolic extract of

Foeniculum vulgare Miller containsAnisic acid, Anisic aldehyde, D-

pinene, Fenchone, organic Phellandrine, Volatile oils (50-60%)

Anethole. Since the crude extract of Foeniculum vulgare Miller

contains aromatic oil as revealed by phytochemical assay. Here it

was decided to explore the anxiolytic activity on lab animal. The

crude ethanolic extract of Foeniculum vulgare Miller has been

explored for its anxiolytic activity on albino mice by Elevated plus-

maze model. The results were very encouraging. The extract at

doses of 200 mg/kg and 400 mg/kg has been found to possess

significant anti-anxiety activity on the tested experimental models.

The extract (400 mg/kg) exhibited maximum anti-anxiety effect. At

a higher dose the extract (400 mg/kg) showed increase number of

entries and time spent in open arm of Elevated plus-maze model.

The effect produced by the extract was comparable to that ofDiazepam, a prototype of Anxiolytic agent.

Correspondence to Author

Ms. Archana Divekar

Department of Pharmacology,

JSPMS Charak college of

Pharmacy and Research,

Wagholi, Pune, MH, India

Key Words

Foeniculum vulgare Miller,

Anti-anxiety activity, Elevated

plus-maze model, Diazepam.

Email

[email protected]

[Research Article]


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INTRODUCTION

It has many biological activities like antibacterial,

anti-inflammatory, antispasmodic and stimulatingactivity. It was found that the aromatic oil is the main

constituent responsible for stimulant effect. Anxiety is

a psychological and physiological state characterized

by cognitive, somatic, emotional, and behavioral

components1. These components combine to create

an unpleasant feeling that is typically associated with

uneasiness, fear, or worry.

Types of anxiety disorder are as follows

1. Panic disorder.

2. Panic disorder with agoraphobia

3. Generalized anxiety disorder.

4. Social anxiety disorder/social phobia.

5. Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD).

An anxiolytic (also antipanic or antianxiety agent2) is a

drug used for the treatment of symptoms of anxiety.

Anxiolytics have been shown to be useful in the

treatment of anxiety disorders. Anxiolytics are also

known as "minor tranquilizers3" though their use and

effects are by no means minor; this term is less

common in modern.

Types of Anxiolytics1. Benzodiazepines

2. Azapirones

3. Barbiturates

4. Hydroxyzine

5. Herbal treatments

Types of behavioural model for anxiolytic agents

a) Exteroceptive stimuli models

b) Interoceptive stimuli models

a) Exteroceptive stimuli models

1) Response-independent presentation of stimuli.

Open field test.

Y-maze model.

Elevated plus-maze model.

Head dipping test.

Black and white test box.

2) Response-contingent presentation of stimuli.

Geller-seifters test.

Vogel conflicts test.

Quinteros punished bar pressing.

Social interaction test.

b) Interoceptive stimuli models

Electrical stimulation of brain.

Pharmacological manipulation (drugdiscrimination tests)

a) FG-7142-induced anxiety.

b) Caffeine induced anxiety.

c) Yohimbine-induced anxiety.

d) Flumazenil-induced anxiety.

e) Amphetamine-induced anxiety.

Aggression / anxiogenesis

a) Foot shock-induced Aggression.

b) Drug-induced Aggression.

c) Isolation-induced Aggression.

We are selected elevated plus maze model because, it is

simple and less time consuming procedure, does not

involve any sophisticated equipment nor prior training

nor noxious stimuli. Based on spontaneous behavior of

the animal, the test provides a valid and reliable

measure of anxiety in animals and for testing of anti-

anxiety drugs4.

Elevated Plus-Maze Model (EPM)

The elevated plus maze (EPM) is a rodent model of

anxiety that is used as a screening test for putativeanxiolytic compounds and as a general research tool in

neurobiological anxiety research.

The test setting consists of a plus-shaped apparatus

with two open and two enclosed arms, each with an


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open roof, elevated 4070 cm from the floor5. The

model is based on rodents' aversion of open spaces.

This aversion leads to the behavior termed

thigmotaxis, which involves avoidance of open areasby confining movements to enclosed spaces or to the

edges of a bounded space. In EPM this translates into

a restriction of movement to the enclosed arms.

Anxiety reduction in the plus-maze is indicated by an

increase in the proportion of time spent in the open

arms (time in open arms/total time in open or closed

arms), and an increase in the proportion of entries

into the open arms (entries into open arms/total

entries into open or closed arms). Total number of

arm entries and number of closed-arm entries are

usually employed as measures of general activity.

While EPM is the most commonly employed

behavioral animal anxiety model, there are several

issues concerning the validity of the model. Classical

clinical anxiolytics, such as benzodiazepines (e.g.,

Valium), do reduce measures of anxiety in EPM.

However, more novel compounds, such as 5-HT1A

agonists (e.g., Buspar) give mixed results. Selective

serotonin reuptake inhibitors and tricyclic

antidepressants, which are commonly employed in

clinical settings to treat anxiety disorders, also do notlead to a stable anxiolytic effect on EPM. This raises

the possibility that EPM is a suitable model for testing

GABA-related compounds, such as benzodiazepines or

direct GABAA agonists, but not for other drugs.

Despite this, the model is commonly employed for

screening putative anxiolytics and for general

research into the brain mechanisms of anxiety,

because of the ease of employment and the vast

number of studies already in the literature6,7

.

Material and Method

Plant Material

The plant was collected in November 2009 from the

Wagholi, Pune district of Maharashtra, India. The

plant was taxonomically identified by the Botanical

Survey of India, as Foeniculum vulgare Miller. The

fruits were dried under shade with occasional shifting

then powdered with a mechanical grinder and stored

in an airtight container.

Preparation of extract

The powder obtained was subjected to successive

soxhlet extraction with the solvents with increasing

order of polarity i.e. Ethanol. Extraction were carry out

for 72-80 hrs by standard Soxhlet apparatus methodand the extracts were evaporate to determine the

percentage yield and Phytochemical screening of plant.

Animal

Male Albino mice (Swiss strain) weighing 25-30g, were

be house under standard laboratory condition, in a

group of six each. The animals were having free access

to food and water at liabdum as per norms ethical

committee and CPCSEA norms of the institute approved

the protocol of the study. For this study we used

Diazepam as standard drug.

Method

Swiss albino mice weighed (25-30 g) and numbered the

animal. Divided them into four groups each consisting

of 6 mice:

a) Group 1. As a normal control (saline water).b) Group 2. Received standard drug (Dose: 2 mg/kg

by I.P.)

c) Group 3. Received dose of extract (Dose: 200mg/kg by orally)

d) Group 4. Received dose of extract (Dose: 400mg/kg by orally)

Placed the animal individually in the centre of the maze,

head facing towards open arms and start the stop

watch and note following parameters for five minutes:

a) First preference of mouse to open or enclosedarm.

b) Number of entries in open arm and enclosedarm (an arm entry defined as the entry of four

paws into the arm).

c) Average time each animal spends in each arm(average time =total duration in the arm /

number of entries).

Inject diazepam to the standard group. After 30 min

place the animal individually in the centre of the maze

and note the all parameters open and closed arm

entries and time spend in open and closed arm.

Compare the preference of the animal to open

/enclosed arm, average time spent in open arm number

of entries and average time spent by the mouse in the

open arm.


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Results

1)2) Table no.1: Phytochemical screening ofFoeniculum Vulgare Miller

Acute toxicities study

The lethal dose (LD50) has been found in the selected

extract of Foeniculum vulgare Miller plant on the

selected albino mice. We got the of LD50 range 2000mg/kg body weight. As per the Lethal dose (LD50) we

have selected effective dose (ED50) 200mg/kg lower

dose and 400mg/kg higher dose of ethanolic crude

extract ofFoeniculum vulgare Miller.

Anti-anxiety

Diazepam (2 mg/kg) treated mice showed a significant

increases in the number of open arm entries and time

spend in open arms. And they showed reduction in time

spend in the closed arms. An ethanolic extract of F.

Treated mice exhibited significant increases in number

of open arm entries, time spend in open arms andpercentile ratio of open arms to total arm entries at

both selected dose. (200 & 400 mg/kg) The result was

significant of higher dose of ethanolic extract at **p

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