The Phantom Science

The Phantom ScienceThe Phantom ScienceGeology, the Science that Geology, the Science that Shapes Human HistoryShapes Human History

From the Flint Arrow Heads in the Stone AgeFrom the Flint Arrow Heads in the Stone Agetoto

Gasoline at $15.00 a Gallon in Our LifetimeGasoline at $15.00 a Gallon in Our Lifetime

Senior University Fall 2008Senior University Fall 2008

Session 1: The Stone AgeSession 1: The Stone Age

The mind seems to grow giddy by lookingThe mind seems to grow giddy by looking so far into the abyss of timeso far into the abyss of time Jay Playfair, 1805Jay Playfair, 1805

Science:Science:Natural facts discovered by experimentNatural facts discovered by experiment and the testing of hypothesesand the testing of hypotheses

The Phantom ScienceThe Phantom Science Session 1Session 1From pre-history to the Stone AgeFrom pre-history to the Stone Age

Humans are creatures who comprehendHumans are creatures who comprehend things they cannot see andthings they cannot see and believe in things they can not comprehendbelieve in things they can not comprehend William HowellsWilliam Howells

What will we find today?What will we find today?

Senior University: One Day Geology Field Trip Thursday November. 6, 2008

: Water, Oil, and Coal: Our Amazing Treasures in Williamson Co!

Our Next Field Trip

Our Next Field TripAnyone for Rock Jumping?

From: Ron Blakey, 2000 with permissionFrom: Ron Blakey, 2000 with permissionFrom E. A. Keller, 1996, Environmental GeologyFrom E. A. Keller, 1996, Environmental GeologyFrom: S.M. Stanley,1999, Earth System History From: S.M. Stanley,1999, Earth System History From: Hammond Atlas, 1972From: Hammond Atlas, 1972From: Ron Redfern, 2000, OriginsFrom: Ron Redfern, 2000, OriginsJared Diamond: Collapse: How Societies Jared Diamond: Collapse: How Societies

Choose to Fall or SucceedChoose to Fall or SucceedJared Diamond: Collapse: Guns, Gems, and Steel:Jared Diamond: Collapse: Guns, Gems, and Steel:

Grand Unified Theory of HistoryGrand Unified Theory of HistorySimon Winchester: The Map that Changed the WorldSimon Winchester: The Map that Changed the WorldBill Bryson: A Short History of Nearly EverythingBill Bryson: A Short History of Nearly Everything

ReferencesReferencesReferences

Human History:Human History:What shaped it from the beginning?What shaped it from the beginning?

Today’s Session:Today’s Session:

Geologic conditions encounteredGeologic conditions encountered by Stone Age Humansby Stone Age Humans

Hypothetical Examples fromHypothetical Examples from Central TexasCentral Texas

What shaped human history?What shaped human history?

The 3The 3rdrd Rock from the Sun Rock from the Sun

Human History:Human History:What shaped it from the beginning?What shaped it from the beginning?

EventsEventsGreat LeadersGreat LeadersGeographyGeographyGod(s)God(s)Geology?Geology?

Some recent books on the subjectSome recent books on the subject

Book by Dr. Jared Diamond, geographer, UCLABook by Dr. Jared Diamond, geographer, UCLA

Guns, Germs, and Steel: Grand UnifiedGuns, Germs, and Steel: Grand Unified Theory of HistoryTheory of History

Factors Determining Prevailing SocietiesFactors Determining Prevailing Societies raw materials raw materials (ores)(ores)

cropscrops (soils & rock outcrops)(soils & rock outcrops)climateclimatetrade routestrade routesshore linesshore linesAnother Book by DiamondAnother Book by Diamond

Book by Dr. Jared Diamond, geographer, UCLABook by Dr. Jared Diamond, geographer, UCLA

Collapse: How Societies Choose to FallCollapse: How Societies Choose to Fall or Succeedor Succeed

Societies doomed by geography Societies doomed by geography (Geology)(Geology)fragile ecosystemsfragile ecosystemsclimate changeclimate change

hostile neighborshostile neighborsbad decisions bad decisions

Finally: Another Recent BookFinally: Another Recent Book

How Trade Shaped World HistoryHow Trade Shaped World History

In this course I’ll try to convinceIn this course I’ll try to convince you that geology & “geologists”you that geology & “geologists”

are the principal enablers are the principal enablers of human historyof human history

The Scientific MethodThe Scientific Method

The Scientific MethodThe Scientific Method Good Old Common SenseGood Old Common Sense

1. Observe and Record Information1. Observe and Record Information2. Imagine an Explanation(s)2. Imagine an Explanation(s)3. Test our Explanation(s)3. Test our Explanation(s)

Explanation to be tested:Explanation to be tested:1. Geology has been practiced from1. Geology has been practiced from

the beginning of human historythe beginning of human history 2. Geology shapes human history2. Geology shapes human history

4. Peers review our Conclusion(s)4. Peers review our Conclusion(s)Here’s how I propose it worksHere’s how I propose it works

Create a:Create a:EmpireEmpireNationNationStateStateClanClanTribeTribe

Make ToolsMake Tools& Weapons& Weapons

SteelSteelIronIronBronzeBronze

Stone (flintStone (flint))

Smelt MetalsSmelt Metals

SteelSteelIronIronBronzeBronzeStone (flint)Stone (flint)

Gather OreGather Ore& Fuel& Fuel

Iron OreIron OreCoalCoalCopper/tinCopper/tinWoodWoodFlint ObsidianFlint Obsidian

Mine OreMine Ore& Fuel& Fuel

Iron OreIron OreCoalCoalCopper/tinCopper/tinFlint ObsidianFlint Obsidian

Locate the Ore & FuelLocate the Ore & Fuel

““Beg, Borrow, or Steal”Beg, Borrow, or Steal”

Hypothesis: Geology ShapedHypothesis: Geology Shaped““Nations” from the BeginningNations” from the Beginning

Two GeologiesTwo Geologies

1. The Earth’s Conditions & Processes1. The Earth’s Conditions & Processes

2. Our Knowledge of Earth’s2. Our Knowledge of Earth’sConditions & ProcessesConditions & Processes

Unrecorded: before 1785 ADUnrecorded: before 1785 ADWritten: since 1785 ADWritten: since 1785 AD

Geology & Human KnowledgeGeology & Human Knowledge

Physics & Chemistry = Matter & Energy Physics & Chemistry = Matter & Energy

Astronomy = Universe & Solar SystemAstronomy = Universe & Solar System

Geology = 3Geology = 3rdrd Rocky Ball from Sun Rocky Ball from Sun Biology = Living things Biology = Living things

History = Oral & Written Human RecordsHistory = Oral & Written Human Records

Philosophy = Defining RealityPhilosophy = Defining Reality

Art = Representing RealityArt = Representing Reality

Religion = Explaining RealityReligion = Explaining Reality

Now, the 3Now, the 3rdrd Rock Rock from the Sunfrom the Sun

The Earth’s rocky crust & topographyThe Earth’s rocky crust & topography Geological Map of USAGeological Map of USA showing different age rocksshowing different age rocks

Our Hypothesis:Our Hypothesis:Each rock will shape historyEach rock will shape history in a unique way in a unique way

First, let’s First, let’s Review the rock types that makeReview the rock types that make up the Earths rocky crustup the Earths rocky crust

Diam

eter = 4000 miles

The 3rd Rocky Ball from the Sun

CrustCrust

UpperUpperMantleMantle

Earth’s Upper Mantle=coarse grainedEarth’s Upper Mantle=coarse grained Igneous Rock Called GabbroIgneous Rock Called GabbroEarth’s Crust under the oceans=fineEarth’s Crust under the oceans=finegrained Igneous Rock Called Basaltgrained Igneous Rock Called Basalt

Another Representation of our EarthAnother Representation of our Earth

What is an Igneous Rock?What is an Igneous Rock?

Common Igneous Rocks Common Igneous Rocks

Granite: formed melted continental crust

Rhyolite: formed melted continental crust

Basalt: formed melted oceanic crust

Gabbro: formed melted oceanic crust

Cool Slowly=Light color & “weight”, Cool Slowly=Light color & “weight”, crystalscrystals

Cool Quickly=Light color & “weight”, Cool Quickly=Light color & “weight”, no crystalsno crystals

Cool Quickly=Dark color, “heavy”, Cool Quickly=Dark color, “heavy”, no crystalsno crystals

Cool Slowly=Dark color, “heavy”, Cool Slowly=Dark color, “heavy”, crystallinecrystalline

Igneous Rock Occurrences

• Volcanoes: yield basalts or rhyolites• Quick cooling = no visible mineral

crystals

• Deep Crust: granites & gabbros• Slow cooling = visible mineral crystals

Back to the Earth’s RocksBack to the Earth’s Rocks

Rocks of the Earth’s CrustRocks of the Earth’s Crust

Dark Blue=BasaltDark Blue=Basalt

Under the Deep Oceans isUnder the Deep Oceans isFine Grained Black BasaltFine Grained Black Basalt

What do these rocks look like?What do these rocks look like?

Rock of the Oceanic Crust Shield Volcanoes & Flows

Rock in Earth’sMantel: belowthe Earth’s Crust

Quiz Time:Quiz Time:What do we call these rocks thatWhat do we call these rocks thathave cooled from molten “rock”?have cooled from molten “rock”?


Igneous RocksIgneous Rocks: : Rocks that have been melted & cooledRocks that have been melted & cooled..

What other igneous rocks are thereWhat other igneous rocks are there in addition to gabbros & basalts ofin addition to gabbros & basalts of rocky Oceanic Crust?rocky Oceanic Crust?

Igneous Rocks make up mostIgneous Rocks make up most of the Continental Crustof the Continental Crust

Oceanic Crust

Continental CrustContinental Crust

The Rocky Crust of the EarthThe Rocky Crust of the Earth A dbeau Cross SectionA dbeau Cross Section

GraniteGranite

Definition: Granite, coarse grainedDefinition: Granite, coarse grained igneous rock making up most ofigneous rock making up most of the continental crustthe continental crust

Most granites were formed fourMost granites were formed four billion years ago when the earthbillion years ago when the earth was formed from hot gas & dustwas formed from hot gas & dustWhat other types of rocks are thereWhat other types of rocks are there

in addition to igneous rocks?in addition to igneous rocks?


Three Rock Types:Three Rock Types:SedimentarySedimentaryMetamorphicMetamorphicIgneousIgneous

Sedimentary RocksSedimentary Rocks

Three Sedimentary RocksThree Sedimentary Rocks

Limestones: made from sea shellsLimestones: made from sea shells

Sandstones: made from beach sandsSandstones: made from beach sands

Shales: made from mud and siltShales: made from mud and silt

Where are they formed?Where are they formed?

Sedimentary Rocks 1. Formed in layers 2. Majority formed in oceans at the margins of continents 3. Composed of debris from pre-existing rocks 4. brought to ocean by rivers

How do sands, muds, and shellsHow do sands, muds, and shells become solid rocks?become solid rocks?

How are Solid Rocks Formed?Example: Limestones in Williamson County

Edwards started out as a “shell” layer 400 feet thick

What happened next?

Burial, compaction and dewatering.

Layer after layer of sediment deposited on top of Edwards “shell” layer

Continued burial to depths as deep as 10,000 feet and deeper

Edwards shells recrystalize to

limestone with fossils

What’s next?

Many more layers of sedimentMany more layers of sediment deposited on top of Edwardsdeposited on top of Edwards

Deeply buried Edwards Limestone layerUplifted, Weathered, and Eroded

Uplift brings to the surfaceUplift brings to the surface natural resources created atnatural resources created at great depth: e.g. metals, coal,etcgreat depth: e.g. metals, coal,etc

Sun City &LakeGeorgetown

Erosion in Williamson County TodayErosion in Williamson County Today

What’s below these Rocks?What’s below these Rocks?

More rock erodedMore rock eroded than remain!than remain!

Igneous and Metamorphic Rocks

Igneous and Metamorphic Rocks

What is a Metamorphic Rock?What is a Metamorphic Rock?

Metamorphic RocksMetamorphic Rocks

Partially Melted Rocks:Partially Melted Rocks:Limestone=MarbleLimestone=MarbleSandstone=QuartziteSandstone=QuartziteShale=Slate=SchistShale=Slate=SchistSandstone & Shale=GneissSandstone & Shale=Gneiss

The Rock CycleThe Rock Cycle

The Rock CycleThe Rock Cycle

Metamorphic Metamorphic RocksRocks

Igneous R

ocks

Igneous R

ocks

LavaLava

MagmaMagma

MeltingMelting

Sedimentary Sedimentary RocksRocks

SedimentsSediments

Partial MeltingPartial Melting

Where are these Rocks Found?Where are these Rocks Found?

Oceanic Crust



GraniteGranite

Most granites were formed fourMost granites were formed four billion years ago when the earthbillion years ago when the earth was formed from hot gas & dustwas formed from hot gas & dust

What other types of rocks are thereWhat other types of rocks are there in addition to igneous rocks?in addition to igneous rocks?

SedimentarySedimentaryRocksRocks

MetamorphicMetamorphicRocksRocks

Where are the Earth’s NaturalWhere are the Earth’s NaturalResources formed and Found?Resources formed and Found?

Oceanic Crust



GraniteGranite

Most granites were formed fourMost granites were formed four billion years ago when the earthbillion years ago when the earth was formed from hot gas & dustwas formed from hot gas & dust

SedimentarySedimentaryRocksRocks

MetamorphicMetamorphicRocksRocks

Oil &Oil &GasGas

Metal OresMetal Ores

CoalCoal

A Quick SummaryA Quick Summary

Summary: Origin of RocksSummary: Origin of Rocks

Oldest: Igneous rocks formed Oldest: Igneous rocks formed by the cooling of molten rock.by the cooling of molten rock.

Old: Metamorphic rocks: formed by Old: Metamorphic rocks: formed by the cooling of partially molten rockthe cooling of partially molten rock

Youngest: Sedimentary rocks formedYoungest: Sedimentary rocks formed by the accumulation of rock debrisby the accumulation of rock debris

Now the Fate of all Rocks:Now the Fate of all Rocks:WeatheringWeatheringErosionErosion

The Fate of All Rocks at the Earth’sThe Fate of All Rocks at the Earth’s Surface: Surface:

Destruction by Weathering & ErosionDestruction by Weathering & Erosion

Weathering of: Weathering of: Igneous Rocks=Clays & SandIgneous Rocks=Clays & Sand

Metamorphic Rocks=Clays & SandMetamorphic Rocks=Clays & Sand

Sedimentary Rocks=Clays, Sand, &Sedimentary Rocks=Clays, Sand, &Calcium SolutionsCalcium Solutions

The Fate of All Rocks at the Earth’sThe Fate of All Rocks at the Earth’s Surface: Surface:

Destruction by Weathering & ErosionDestruction by Weathering & Erosion

Erosion: Erosion: Moving Weathered Debris to theMoving Weathered Debris to the Oceans at Continental Margins:Oceans at Continental Margins: Clays, Sand and Calcium SolutionsClays, Sand and Calcium Solutions

Why does Rock Why does Rock Weathering and ErosionWeathering and Erosion Shape Human History?Shape Human History?

Because they determine:Because they determine:Soils Soils rock types & weatheringrock types & weatheringLandscapes Landscapes differential erosiondifferential erosionNatural resources Natural resources rock contentrock content

exposed by erosionexposed by erosion

An Example from Central TexasAn Example from Central Texas

Natural Resources and RocksNatural Resources and Rocks of Central Texasof Central Texas

Wat

erW

ater

Far

min

g S

oils

Far

min

g S

oils

Co

alC

oal

Oil

& G

as

Oil

& G

as

Wat

erW

ater

Flin

tFl

int

IronIronCopperCopper

ZincZinc

LeadLeadSilverSilver

San

dsto

nes

San

dsto

nes

Sha

les

Sha

les

Lim

esto

nes

Lim

esto

nes

Granite (igneous),Granite (igneous), Gneiss, & SchistGneiss, & Schist(metamorphic)(metamorphic)

Wat

erW

ater

How does Erosion expose these How does Erosion expose these Natural resources of the Earth’s Natural resources of the Earth’s Crust at the surface of the EarthCrust at the surface of the Earth

Carving Landscapes (topography)Destruction of the Continental Crust

Geologic ProcessesWeathering & Erosion

Destruction of rocks which creates soil & rock debris

Berry Creek

Berry CreekTributary streams

Tributary streams

Williams Drive

Williams Drive

Berry Creek Drainage System Responsible for the erosion that produced the hills & valleys of Sun City

Carving a Landscape

Now let’s look at Erosion affectingNow let’s look at Erosion affecting Williamson County & Central TexasWilliamson County & Central Texas

BalconesFault

EdwardsLimestoneBlue

Glen RoseLimestoneGreen

Sun City

Erosion in Williamson County

Geological Map shows Rocks at the surface

AustinLimestoneBlue

TaylorLimestone

WilcoxSandstone

Every Rock on this map erodesEvery Rock on this map erodes exposing at the surface uniqueexposing at the surface unique Natural Resources; e.g. flint, copperNatural Resources; e.g. flint, copper tin, iron, etc.tin, iron, etc.

Each Rock on this map weathersEach Rock on this map weathers to a unique Soilto a unique SoilLet’s see if a cross section willLet’s see if a cross section will help visualize this situationhelp visualize this situation

Cross Section:Williamson Co. Erosion

Eroded RocksEroded Rocks

City ofGeorgetown

Sun City &LakeGeorgetown

Large Scale Erosion: Large Scale Erosion: USA Landscapes (topography)USA Landscapes (topography)

Geologic Map TexasGeologic Map TexasSurface Rocks: Age & TypeSurface Rocks: Age & Type

Each “color” producesEach “color” producesa unique soil & Landscapea unique soil & Landscape

Geologic Provinces of TexasGeologic Provinces of TexasEach could produce a differentEach could produce a differentStone Age Clan or TribeStone Age Clan or Tribe

A Stone Age Nation hereA Stone Age Nation here would have metallic oreswould have metallic ores to make weapons of conquestto make weapons of conquest

Integrating soil and topographyIntegrating soil and topography produces these unique provincesproduces these unique provinces

A Stone Age Nation HereA Stone Age Nation Here would have early farmingwould have early farming

Native American Tribal LandsNative American Tribal Lands

Rivers of the USA:Rivers of the USA:Moving debris to the continental marginMoving debris to the continental marginCreating unique landscapes by Rock TypeCreating unique landscapes by Rock Type

Rivers of the USA:Rivers of the USA:Moving debris to the continental marginMoving debris to the continental marginCreating unique landscapes by Rock TypeCreating unique landscapes by Rock Type

River Erosion creates our LandscapeRiver Erosion creates our Landscape

Rocks & Their Natural ResourcesRocks & Their Natural ResourcesExposed at the Surface by ErosionExposed at the Surface by Erosion

Erosion: Hemisphere ScaleErosion: Hemisphere Scale

CopperCopper

IronIron

IronIron

CoalCoalCoalCoal

CoalCoal

OilOil

CopperCopper

LeadLead

Erosion creating the LandscapeErosion creating the Landscape and Exposing the Natural Resourcesand Exposing the Natural Resources of the Western Hemisphereof the Western Hemisphere

Erosion takes Erosion takes VAST Periods of TIMEVAST Periods of TIME

GeologicGeologicTimeTimeDiagramDiagram

4.8 Billion 4.8 Billion YearsYears Age of EarthAge of Earth

.6 Billion.6 BillionYearsYears

Humans

Now, The Last Million YearsNow, The Last Million Years

The Human FamilyThe Human Family

One MillionOne MillionYears AgoYears Ago NowNow

The Last Million Years:The Last Million Years: A Geologic Time Line A Geologic Time Line aka Recent Geologic Timeaka Recent Geologic Time

100,000

100,000YearsYears

1,000,000

1,000,000

YearsYears

500,000

500,000

YearsYears

Homo

erec

tus

Homo

sapi

ens

Neand

erth

al

Let’s look at the last 100,000 years

One MillionOne MillionYears AgoYears Ago NowNow

Human History Time Line: Human History Time Line: aka Recent Geologic Timeaka Recent Geologic Time

NowNow100,000

100,000

Years Ago

Years Ago Last Ice AgeLast Ice Age

Northern HemisphereNorthern Hemisphere

ADAD human history BChuman history BC

100,000

100,000YearsYears

1,000,000

1,000,000

YearsYears

500,000

500,000

YearsYears

10,000

10,000Years

Ago

Years Ago

Now the last 15,000 yearsNow the last 15,000 years As the Ice Age ClosesAs the Ice Age Closes

10,00010,000

YearsYears

Last 15,000 Years Last 15,000 Years and the Stone and the Stone AgeAge

ADADBCBC

End

of La

st

End

of La

stIce

Age

Ice A

ge

5,0005,000

YearsYears

200720073000

3000ye

arsye

ars

Stone Age

Notice: Last Ice age Notice: Last Ice age maximum = 17,000 BCmaximum = 17,000 BC

The location of Early Tribes was The location of Early Tribes was determined by the melting glaciersdetermined by the melting glaciers

Where does the Stone Age fitWhere does the Stone Age fit in Human History?in Human History?

Divisions of Historic TimeDivisions of Historic TimeSilicon AgeSilicon Age 1950 to Present 1950 to PresentModern AgeModern Age 1900 to 1950 1900 to 1950Steam AgeSteam Age 1830 to 1950 1830 to 1950

Industrial AgeIndustrial Age 1700 to 1830 1700 to 1830RenaissanceRenaissance 1450 to 1700 1450 to 1700Middle AgesMiddle Ages 470 to 1450 470 to 1450

Roman AgeRoman Age to 470 to 470 750750

Iron AgeIron Age 1400 to 750 1400 to 750Bronze AgeBronze Age 3300 to 1400 3300 to 1400

Copper AgeCopper Age 3300 to 3000 3300 to 3000Stone Age (end of Ice Age) 10,000 to 3000Stone Age (end of Ice Age) 10,000 to 3000

First MajorCivilizations

Evidence of Early HumansEvidence of Early Humans

Sudan (3+mmypp) Sudan (3+mmypp) African Rift ValleysAfrican Rift Valleys

Human Migration from AfricaHuman Migration from Africa

Human Migration from AfricaHuman Migration from Africa

African Rift ValleysAfrican Rift Valleys SudanSudan

MigrationsMigrations In following 3 mm yearsIn following 3 mm years

So by the Stone AgeSo by the Stone AgeHumans were widespreadHumans were widespread

Let’s focus on the Stone AgeLet’s focus on the Stone Age

10,00010,000

YearsYears

The Stone AgeThe Stone Age12,000 to 5,000 Years Ago12,000 to 5,000 Years Ago

ADADBCBC

End

of La

st

End

of La

stIce

Age

Ice A

ge

5,0005,000

YearsYears

200720073000

3000ye

arsye

ars

Stone Age: Stone Age: Stone Tools and WeaponsStone Tools and WeaponsClay building bricksClay building bricksStone building blocksStone building blocks

Stone Age: Stone Age: Topography & Soils = Tribal AreasTopography & Soils = Tribal Areas and Different Religionsand Different Religions

Stone Age

The Last Ice Age: EuoasiaThe Last Ice Age: Euoasia

Last Continental Glacier

Last Continental Glacier110,000 to 10,000 ybp

110,000 to 10,000 ybp

From: Ron Redfern, 2000, OriginsFrom: Ron Redfern, 2000, Origins

ColdCold

OKOK

Every Flood Plain Every Flood Plain Spawned a Major Civilization??Spawned a Major Civilization??

Where would you expect the early Tribes &Where would you expect the early Tribes & Clans to begin to develop Farming?Clans to begin to develop Farming?

ColdCold

Favorable

Favorable

Continental Glacier

The Geologic TopographyThe Geologic Topography and Conditions (glacial time)and Conditions (glacial time)

ColdCold

In major river flood plainsIn major river flood plains 500 miles+/- south of melting glaciers!500 miles+/- south of melting glaciers!

How might the Stone AgeHow might the Stone Age developed in Europe?developed in Europe?

Melting Continental Melting Continental GlacierGlacier

The Stone Age: EuropeThe Stone Age: Europe

Open country

Open country

Forested

Forested

Hill Country

Hill Country

Clans and Tribes shaped byClans and Tribes shaped by topography and Soilstopography and Soils

Low HillLow HillCountryCountry

Summary of the Stone AgeSummary of the Stone Age

10,00010,000

YearsYears

ADADBCBC

End

of La

st

End

of La

stIce

Age

Ice A

ge

5,0005,000

YearsYears

200720073000

3000ye

arsye

ars

Stone Age

The Stone AgeThe Stone AgeStone (flint) and Clay: PrincipalStone (flint) and Clay: Principal Geological Natural Resources butGeological Natural Resources butCopper, Zinc & Tin had been foundCopper, Zinc & Tin had been found

Clans having these ResourcesClans having these Resources Developed early Farming, Mining & QuarryingDeveloped early Farming, Mining & Quarrying

Farming EgyptFarming Egypt

What geological knowledge mightWhat geological knowledge mightthese Early Humans have acquired?these Early Humans have acquired?

Farming ChinaFarming China

Resources Irregularly DistributedResources Irregularly Distributed in the Earth’s Rocky Crust in the Earth’s Rocky Crust

10,00010,000

YearsYears

Phantom “Science” through Phantom “Science” through TimeTime

ADADBCBC

End

of La

st

End

of La

stIce

Age

Ice A

ge

5,0005,000

YearsYears

200720073000

3000ye

arsye

ars

Mining & Quarrying: No written Mining & Quarrying: No written recordrecord

Stone Age

Time ofTime ofGeologyGeology““Science”Science”WrittenWritten recordrecord

Early Human Mining and Smelting No Written Records

__________________________________________________________

__________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

Stone Age ADADBCBC

30003000

years

years10,000

10,000

YearsYears

Stone AgeStone Age

Stone Age;Stone Age;Mining & SmeltingMining & Smelting

2 HgO(s) + C(s) -----> 2 Hg(l) + CO2(g) 2 SnO(s) + C(s) -----> 2 Sn(s) + CO2(g) 2 PbO(s) + C(s) -----> 2 Pb(s) + CO2(g) 2 Ag2O(s) + C(s) -----> 4 Ag(s) + CO2(g) 2 CuO(s) + C(s) -----> 2 Cu(s) + CO2(g) 2 Fe2O3(s) + 3 C(s) -----> 4 Fe(s) + 3 CO2(g)

Wood smeltingWood smelting

Sulfide ores must be roasted to remove sulfur. In roasting, the ore is heated in an oxidizing atmosphere. Sulfides are oxidized by the oxygen in the air and the sulfur combines with oxygen and comes off as sulfur dioxide gas: 2 HgS(s) + 3 O2(g) -----> 2 HgO(s) + 2 SO2(g) 2 PbS(s) + 3 O2(g) -----> 2 PbO(s) + 2 SO2(g) 4 CuFeS2(s) + 13 O2(g) -----> 4 CuO(s) + 2 Fe2O3(s) + 8 SO2(g) 2 Ag2S(s) + 3 O2(g) -----> 2 Ag2O(s) + 2 SO2(g) 4 FeS2(s) + 11 O2(g) -----> 2 Fe2O3(s) + 8 SO2(g) 4 FeS(s) + 7 O2(g) -----> 2 Fe2O3(s) + 4 SO2(g)

Once the sulfur has been removed, the metal oxides can be reduced by heating with charcoal, which is a reducing agent: 2 HgO(s) + C(s) -----> 2 Hg(l) + CO2(g) 2 SnO(s) + C(s) -----> 2 Sn(s) + CO2(g) 2 PbO(s) + C(s) -----> 2 Pb(s) + CO2(g) 2 Ag2O(s) + C(s) -----> 4 Ag(s) + CO2(g) 2 CuO(s) + C(s) -----> 2 Cu(s) + CO2(g) 2 Fe2O3(s) + 3 C(s) -----> 4 Fe(s) + 3 CO2(g)

Carbonate ores are also smelted with charcoal: 2 PbCO3(s) + C(s) -----> 2 Pb(s) + 2 CO2(g) 2 CuCO3(s) + C(s) -----> 2 Cu(s) + 2 CO2(g) 2 FeCO3(s) + C(s) -----> 2 Fe(s) + 3 CO2(g)

Copper, Tin, Iron, Lead, & Silver Copper, Tin, Iron, Lead, & Silver fromfromNatural ores by Wood SmeltingNatural ores by Wood Smelting

Number Mineral or Rock Chemical Formula Picture

2 Chalcopyrite(M)

Copper Iron Sulfide

CuFeS2

3 Malachite(M) Hydrous Copper Carbonate

Cu2CO3(OH)2

4 Azurite(M) Hydrous Copper Carbonate

Cu3(CO3)2(OH)

2

5 Hematite(M) Iron Oxide Fe2O3

6 Magnetite(M) Iron Oxide Fe3O4

7 Pyrite(M) Iron Sulfide FeS2

8 Pyrrhotite(M) Iron Sulfide FeS

10 Galena(M) Lead Sulfide PbS

13 Cassiterite(M) Tin Oxide SnO2

14 Sphalerite(M) Zinc Sulfide ZnS

Natural Ores smelted in the late Stone AgeNatural Ores smelted in the late Stone Age

coppercopper

IronIron

TinTin

The Natural Materials (ores) The Natural Materials (ores) of the Metals of the Bronze Ageof the Metals of the Bronze Age

Metals used for weapons for ArmiesMetals used for weapons for Armies that would be employed in thethat would be employed in the Iron Age to create Great Nations Iron Age to create Great Nations

Take Eurasia for ExampleTake Eurasia for Example

Where might Gold, Copper, Tin, Zinc, & IronWhere might Gold, Copper, Tin, Zinc, & Iron have been mined in the late Stone Age?have been mined in the late Stone Age?

Last Continental Glacier

Last Continental Glacier110,000 to 10,000 ybp

110,000 to 10,000 ybp

From: Ron Redfern, 2000, OriginsFrom: Ron Redfern, 2000, Origins

FranceFrance

SpainSpain

NorthNorth

Africa

Africa

HungaryHungary

TurkeyTurkey

ChinaChina

ChinaChina

IndiaIndia

Next Week: 1. Where did the SixNext Week: 1. Where did the Six Earliest Civilizations Develop &Earliest Civilizations Develop & 2. How did they get Copper and Tin2. How did they get Copper and Tin to create the Bronze Age? to create the Bronze Age?

But first: Let’s review the Stone AgeBut first: Let’s review the Stone Age

The Stone Age: Time of The Stone Age: Time of Early Folklore Early Folklore 10

,000

BC

10,0

00 B

C

Beginning of AgricultureBeginning of Agriculture

Flint and Obsidian “tools & weapons”Flint and Obsidian “tools & weapons”

Earliest field Geology: finding and digging flintEarliest field Geology: finding and digging flintDigging copper, iron, gold, & tinDigging copper, iron, gold, & tin

Numerous local, geologically based tribal religiousNumerous local, geologically based tribal religious myths, legends, & stories myths, legends, & stories

3,00

0 BC

3,00

0 BC

Intelligent Humans!!Intelligent Humans!!

Let’s imagine we’re stone age humansLet’s imagine we’re stone age humans living in Williamson Countyliving in Williamson County

Imagine that you are living inImagine that you are living inWilliamson County during the Stone AgeWilliamson County during the Stone AgeHow would geology affect your life?How would geology affect your life?

Grazing LandGrazing Land(hunting & gathering)(hunting & gathering) Farm LandFarm Land

No FlintNo Flint

FloodsFloodsTornadoesTornadoes

Abundant Abundant SpringsSprings

Abundant FlintAbundant Flint

The “have-nots” want & take, whenThe “have-nots” want & take, whenthey have weapons, what they want!!!they have weapons, what they want!!!

And next WeekAnd next Week

Six Major River Flood PlainsSix Major River Flood Plains

The World’s 6 Earliest CivilizationsThe World’s 6 Earliest Civilizations

Next Week: Session 2Next Week: Session 2

The Bronze AgeThe Bronze Age

The Phantom Science

Documents

Transcript of The Phantom Science