The Perforated Universe

8/2/2019 The Perforated Universe

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The Perforated UniverseA new hypotheses

A Haris Mind Production

Hari Nair

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A new (to my knowledge) & integrated hypotheses of the Universe that explains:

A new evolutionary model Preponderance of Matter over Antimatter in our universe Its observed Accelerated Expansion Dark Energy Dark Matter Pioneer Anomaly Future possibilities

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Some important notes & conventions about thispresentation


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Some important notes & conventions about thispresentation

All mathematics have been avoided to make it more understandable tothe lay person

Wherever dimensions are referred to, it does not include the dimensionof time unless explicitly stated. For example, when I say 3 dimensional (or3d) universe, it refers to our current universe of 3 spatial dimensions and 1dimension of Time.

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This is 1dimensional (1d)



Thus in this presentation...


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Refreshing some currently accepted ideas:Gravity as the Curvature of Space-Time

Dense Star

ObjectThe Gravity Well:

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Object attracted by the star due to thenegative curvature of space-time


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Spatially 3 dimensional substratum

Two dimensional (planar) surface containing adense 2d object

embedded on a 3d substratum.

2 d planarsurface

The 3 d substratum will alsohave the indentation due to

contiguity

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Spatially 3 dimensional substratum

What is the effect of this indentation on a 3 d object withinthe substratum?

3 d object within thesubstratum

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A closer look...

Hence, it is repelled

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What was a negative curvature for an object on the 2dplanar surface, is positive curvature for an object withinthe 3d substratum.


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Now consider the 3d space of our universe perforated withclosed 2d voids...much like Swiss cheese.

Only in this case, the boundary of each void is a closed 2d membrane(or brane)...

... on which are embedded 2dmatter or antimatter.

The 2d matter within these perforations have a tendency to repelagainst the 3d matter outside as well as repel against other suchvoids around them. This is due to the net positive curvature of these voids with respect to the 3d space outside.

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This repulsive gravitational force may not be detectableover a short range since gravity itself is a very weak force

But over the long range they addup to being significant.

This could perhaps be the so calleddark energy causing theaccelerated expansion of theuniverse

Since 3d space itself curves around these perforations, they wouldbe undetectable. The only effect that these voids have on theouter universe is through the gravitational repulsion.

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These perforations may contain both matter andantimatter.

These voids are like the holescaused by shrapnel on thesurrounding buildings after a huge

bomb blast

This Bomb blast could be the BigBang.

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The (Modified) Big Bang Theory! Since this was the First Instance of Change, in a sense Time too

was created for these emanating universes. The 2 expanding unidimensional (two dimensional, if you

consider time) universes of matter and antimatter, finallyclosed in on themselves as in the figure below.

0

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The (Modified) Big Bang Theory! The moment the linear universes of

matter and antimatter met, the first BigBang occurred and some matter &antimatter combined and got convertedto neutral energy.

The power of this 1 st Big Bang, togetherwith the topological closing of thetrajectories of the 2 (matter &antimatter) universes instantly upgradesboth the unidimensional (let us excludetime for the moment) universes to thenext dimensional level. That is, 2dimensional, planar universes.

The 1 st Big Bang

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The (Modified) Big Bang Theory!

Only a section of matter and antimatter that comes into immediate contactcauses the first Big Bang explosion. Just as any explosion shoots out shrapnel in all directions, this Big Bang

also shoots out its own shrapnel: unidimensional rings of matter andantimatter of varying sizes.

This is due to the splintering of those unidimensional sections in theimmediate vicinity of the explosion. The sections that are not annihilated.

The splinters immediately curl up and close to form a ring as they are flunginto the larger planar universes.

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The (Modified) Big Bang Theory! Since these matter/antimatter rings are unidimensional and now

embedded in two dimensional space, they do not interact with thesurrounding 2 dimensional space or matter except by way of repulsion.

However, as explained earlier, they cause a gravitational repulsion on thesurrounding 2d matter and also between them.

This adds up over distance and is the main force driving the expansion of the 2 planar universes.

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The (Modified) Big Bang Theory! The larger voids at the periphery continue to push the universes outwards,

thus fueling its expansion even further .

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The (Modified) Big Bang Theory! Just as (previously mentioned) the 2 unidimensional (matter/antimatter)

line universes, collided to generate the first Big Bang, the two planaruniverses finally meet after a period of expansion, which results in thesecond Big Bang.

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The (Modified) Big Bang Theory! Again, just as previous, the vast energy release of this Big Bang triggers the

next dimensional upgrade. That is, the two dimensional planar universesof matter and antimatter instantly upgrade to their 3 dimensionalequivalents, like two flat balloons, suddenly blown up.

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The (Modified) Big Bang Theory! And again, the planar areas of matter and antimatter in the vicinity of

those sections that came into contact became splintered and shoot intothe now 3 dimensional universes, like the shrapnel of an explosion.

Also, at every Big Bang, more matter is converted to energy

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The (Modified) Big Bang Theory! But these splinters (or shrapnel) are like capsules of emptiness that are

wrapped in a closed 2 dimensional (excluding time) skin. 2 dimensional Matter is embedded in this skin.

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The (Modified) Big Bang Theory! Again, as previous, these closed voids of

2 dimensional space repel each other andcause both the spatially 3 dimensionaluniverses to expand.

This repulsive energy exerted by these 2dimensional perforations or voids thatare scattered in the inter-galacticemptiness throughout our universe is thecommonly termed Dark Energy.

It is the cause for the observedaccelerated expansion

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The (Modified) Big Bang Theory! As previous, again the larger spatial

perforations (that now resembleenormous bubbles) tend to move to theperiphery of the 3 dimensional matterand antimatter universes (one of whichwe are currently in).

These large peripheral perforations fuelthe continued and accelerating expansionof both the universes.

We are perhaps now in this phase.

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The (Modified) Big Bang Theory! Some time in future, our spatially 3

dimensional universe made up of matterwill collide with its antimattercounterpart.

Just as previous, this collision will again

dimensionally upgrade both theuniverses. That is, both will then becomespatially 4 dimensional.

The proportion of Energy to Matter in thefuture spatially 4 dimensional universewill be greater than that in the currentone. That is, there will be more energyand hence more light, in the futureuniverse.

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The (Modified) Big Bang Theory!

The dimensional upgrades willcease when all matter/antimatter isconverted to neutral energy in thelast Big Bang!

What is the dimensional level of thepure-energy universe after that lastBig Bang is not known. Perhaps onecan speculate based on the Energyto Matter proportion and the age of our current universe.

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On Nothingness

In The Big Separation, we have seen that from Nothingness emanates theunidimensional Universes, yet Nothingness Itself remains Unchanged andUndiminished.

The Big Separation is not a point in Time. It is a Process that knows noBeginning or End.

It is a Continuous Emanation. Infinite strands of unidimensional universes of matter and antimatter are

continuously churned out by The Nothingness. The nature of Nothingness is essentially Unknowable.

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On Nothingness

Below are not definitions of Nothingness, but merely approximations. Nothingness is the Convergence of All Opposites. Hence it is both Existence

and Non-existence equally. Since Nothingness is both Existence and Non-existence, but Matter and

Antimatter are both Existence, The Big Separation becomes the Continuous

Flow of Duality. Although Nothingness can exist (exist itself is a word that is meaningless in

the context of Nothingness) at the zero dimensional state, it can also existequally at any other dimensional level.

But Nothingness is Forever and Unchanging. Hence, at any dimensional

level, Nothingness is what remains when Time is eliminated. Nothingness IS The Substratum. Nothingness is the Void within the Perforations. Yet Nothingness is without limits.

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To sum it all up, the timeline of theUniverse from the First Big Separation

to the future dimensional universe isshown in the next slide

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Multiple Universes

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Since Nothingness canmanifest in all dimensionalstates, infinite unidimensionallimbs can emanate from thepoint (0 dimension)manifestation as typically

illustrated here.

And each such limb canproduce infinite universes of varying dimensions.


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More on the Perforations

To be more precise, spatially, the early state of our universecan be compared to a big lump of Swiss cheese tightlycovered with a balloon that is full of holes. This ballooncovered Swiss cheese is floating in a spatially 4 dimensionalvoid.

The balloon is the 2 dimensional skin of our 3 dimensionaluniverse (again spatially speaking).

The 2 dimensional skin is also perforated with ring shapedholes, which are remnants of the first Big Bang.

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Since they are constantly repelled by the matter around them,over time, the perforations tend to collect in the intergalacticspaces that are largely empty of matter.

Most of the larger chunks find their way to the peripheries of the Universe.

Since they repel against each other also, they (the largervoids) tend to be like isolated islands, pushing the universeoutwards, thus accelerating its expansion.

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Microscopic perforations can perhaps exist in any of the Lagrangian pointsbetween 2 planetary bodies in our solar system (Sun-Earth, Sun-Mars etc)or even Earth-Moon. It is not necessary, but it is a possibility. Extremelysensitive gravitational detectors may perhaps detect a perforation. This isone way of experimentally confirming the presence of a perforation.

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More on the Perforations It must be noted that even a slight disturbance could cause such a

Perforation to drift out of its equilibrium point. If such perforation does still remain in any Lagrangian point within our

solar system, it could even be possible to trap it and transport it to Earth

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More on the Perforations Larger perforations could be present in the outer reaches of our solar

system, in the interstellar medium, where gravitational effects from thesun, the outer planets and the Oort cloud cancel each other out.

It could perhaps explain for the Pioneer anomaly, wherein a slightdeceleration was experienced by both the Pioneer (10 & 11) crafts in theouter reaches of the solar system.

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Perforations - Pioneer Anomaly Explanation

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Shell of Perforations:

It exerts a slight repulsive force thataccounts to the small decelerationexperienced by the Pioneer crafts in theiroutward journey. It would be like climbingan extremely small gradient by a cyclist.Since the repulsive force is quite small, itseffect on larger bodies like the outer planetsand their satellites (due to their muchgreater mass and momentum) would be toonegligible to detect. A heavy and powerfultrain can easily coast through a smallgradient without much effect on its speed.But the cyclist would experience a more

pronounced deceleration.Besides, the planets are not moving in an outward direction (though their satellites could attimes) with respect to the sun.


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Dimensional Density

Every time a universe shifts from a lower dimensional state to ahigher dimensional state, it becomes much less dense. Matter is much less compacted in progressively higher

dimensions. Although matter within the universe may have a range of densities,

the same type of matter in a higher dimensional universe will bemuch less dense. For instance, Iron in our spatially 3 dimensionaluniverse will be much denser than its aspect in the 4 dimensionaluniverse.

This density is a fundamental property of space rather than of matter

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Dimensional Density

Also, all the four fundamental forces gets weaker inprogressively higher dimensions. This results in a much greater range of matter that can exist

stably in universes of higher dimensions. For instance,isotopes of matter that cannot exist in our universe can freelyexist in the higher dimensional universe.

This provides much greater color, variety & beauty to thehigher dimensional universe.

Since the proportion of Energy to Matter is significantly higherin the four dimensional universe of the future, there would bemuch more light too.

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Dark Matter

We have seen that Nothingness is the Substratum, can manifest in any dimensional state, as the Substratum, it is of spatially N+1 dimensions

supporting a Matter/Antimatter universe of N dimensions(spatially). Thus a spatially 3 dimensional universe, such asthe one we are in now, is supported by a spatially 4dimensional substratum. The four dimensional substratum

could either be time-deficient Nothingness or may evencontain matter/antimatter (remnant of a previous cycle).

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Dark Matter The difference in dimensional densities would cause matter in the lower

dimensional universe cause a greater negative curvature, than if it werestacked up on another universe of the same dimension.

To illustrate the point, consider the figures below. On the left we have twoyellow slabs stacked one on top of the other, while on the right we haveanother yellow slab on top of a light blue slab.

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Dark Matter Lets consider the yellow slabs to be made of denser material than the

light blue slab. Say, let the yellow slabs be made of rubber and the blueslab be made of a light spongy material

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Denser material

Lighter material


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Dark Matter Now lets embed within the top yellow slabs, heavy metallic spheres of

equal weight, as shown below

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Denser material

Lighter material

Heavy metallic sphere of equal weight


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Dark Matter

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Since the lower supporting slab on the right is much less dense,

the sag caused by the metallic sphere is deeper and morepronounced here than the one on the left.


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Dark Matter

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Thus coming back to the picture of our 3 d universeembedded on a 4 d substratum, the gravity well formedby large structures such as galactic clusters and evengroups of stars is deeper when considering this effect of dimensional densities.

This would, make it seems as if the mass of this clusteris greater than the sum of the masses of its componentsand as if there is additional (dark) matter.

This extra depth of the collective gravity well due tothe density difference between our 3d universe and the4d substratum is what holds the stars within theirgalaxies and the galaxies within their galactic clusters.


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References

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Vanishing Dimension Hypotheses by Jonas Mureika and Dejan Stojkovic The DGP model by Gia Dvali, Gregory Gabadadze and Massimo Porrati The Kaluza-Klein Theory by Theodor Kaluza The Randall-Sundrum model by Lisa Randall and Raman Sundrum General Theory of Relativity by Albert Einstein Hierarchy problem in the shell-Universe model by Merab Gogberashvili


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This is only a hypotheses and may have manyerrors. Your informed and critical feedback iswelcome and would be much appreciated.

Although careful research has been conducted toensure the ideas described here are original, I makeno such guarantees.

Please feel free to comment, however, please be

respectful.


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Big things have small beginnings

From the movie, Prometheus due for release in May 2012

The Perforated Universe

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