The Perfect Human Pathogen
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Transcript of The Perfect Human Pathogen
PATHOGENPATHOGENThePerfect Human
Highly Contagious
DiarrheaThe Norovirus alters
the intestinal lining, causing cells to dump
fluid, which gets washed out of the body along with many, many,
many noroviruses.
http://phenomena.nationalgeographic.com/2013/01/02/the-norovirus-a-study-in-puked-perfection/
each GRAM of feces contains around 5 BILLION noroviruses ready to INFECT a new host.
http://jid.oxfordjournals.org/content/205/11/1622.full
but it only takes about 20 VIRUSES to establish an infection.
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21876931
Highly ContagiousVomitNoroviruses hijack our nervous system to slow down the passage of food from the stomach into the intestines.
http://www.mdpi.com/1999-4915/2/3/748
when that STORED FOOD comes flying out of the mouth, it provides a vehicle for noroviruses to SPREAD.
EasilySpread
AirborneNoroviruses easily
float through the air and settle on
surfaces like food, countertops, sinks or
toilets.
http://jcm.asm.org/content/48/7/2552
Tougher ThanBear GryllsFreeze, Cook or Clean
noroviruses survive both freezing and heating and resist many common chemical disinfectants.
http://phenomena.nationalgeographic.com/2013/01/02/the-norovirus-a-study-in-puked-perfection/
noroviruses can SURVIVE on surfaces for up to 2 WEEKS.Maybe even years in still water
http://blogs.scientificamerican.com/artful-amoeba/2012/01/17/misery-inducing-norovirus-can-survive-for-months-perhaps-years-in-drinking-water/http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0168160505005854
RapidEvolution
Limited Immunitynoroviruses are genetically diverse and evolve rapidly. That means we’ve only got a few months of immunity, and then we’re fair game for another brutal bout of projectile puking and diarrhea.
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16343580?dopt=Abstract
What Doesn’t Kill You...
Moderate Virulencenoroviruses are only moderately virulent allowing a large pool of potential hosts to survive... and be reinfected.again. and again. and again...
Recipe for an Outbreak
1 car dealership1 Infected toddler
1 baby changing stationSeveral Billion Noroviruses
2 big packs of dry paper towels 16 employees (12 sick)
Ingredients:
http://www.micro-blog.info/2013/07/this-is-what-happens-when-norovirus-sprays-from-a-toddler/http://www.salahqutaishat.com/1/post/2013/07/the-st-hit-the-fan-at-an-auto-dealer-in-oregon.htmlhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23559462
Recipe for an Outbreak
Directions:
1. Bring an infected toddler to car dealership and liberally spray baby changing station with feces. Leave the mess for a dealership employees to cleanup.
Recipe for an Outbreak
Directions:
2. Clean up the baby changing station using only dry paper towels. Leave some infected feces (with billions of noroviruses) visible on the baby changing station. For additional outbreaks leave the feces visible for weeks.
Recipe for an Outbreak
Directions:
3. Return to the meeting, touch surfaces, handle food and infect 75% of your co-workers
Treatment
NOTHING!•antiviral drugs•vaccine•time •plenty of fluids
Dehydration is the most common complication and in severe cases can require IV fluids.
http://www.cdc.gov/norovirus/about/treatment.html
But it is possible to PREVENT Norovirus outbreaks.
Prevention
The best way to help prevent norovirus is
to practice proper hand washing and
general cleanliness.
http://www.cdc.gov/norovirus/preventing-infection.html
Wash Your Hands
Prevention
Remove vomit or diarrhea right away! Use soapy water to wash surfaces that contacted vomit or diarrhea and all nearby surfaces, such as door knobs and toilet handles
http://www.disinfect-for-health.org/wp-content/themes/disinfect/pdfs/NorovirusIncident_8.5x11_Eng_Color.pdf
Clean contaminated surfaces
Prevention
Rinse thoroughly with plain water
Wipe dry with paper towels
http://www.epa.gov/oppad001/list_g_norovirus.pdf
Clean contaminated surfaces
But DON’T STOP here. Norovirus can survive on surfaces after cleaning
Prevention
Disinfect surfaces by applying a chlorine bleach solution or EPA approved disinfectant
Disinfect Surfaces
Prevention
Prepare a chlorine bleach solution (or disinfectant)
Allow disinfectant to air dry for surfaces unlikely to have food or mouth contact
Rinse all surfaces intended for food or mouth contact with plain water before use
Disinfect Surfaces
Cleaning and Disinfection Resources
• Restroom Cleaning Procedures
• EPA Approved Disinfectants
• Baby Changing Station Sanitation Instructions
• Industry Cleaning Tips
Norovirus BREAKS BAD millions of times each year
More CommonThan the Cold?No. But...
Norovirus is the most common cause of acute gastroenteritis in the United States
https://www.osha.gov/Publications/norovirus-factsheet.pdf
So What’s the Big Deal?It’s expensive!
•21 million illnesses•2 million outpatient visits •400,000 emergency department visits•70,000 hospitalizations•800 deaths each year
http://www.cdc.gov/norovirus/php/illness-outbreaks.html
It’s more common than you thinkA.G.E. (acute gastroenteritis) •179 million episodes occur annually•50% caused by norovirus•NORS started tracking in 2009•Most illnesses are not tied to a reported outbreak (1/3000)
http://wwwnc.cdc.gov/eid/article/19/8/13-0482_article.htm
The first identified OUTBREAK was in 1968 at Bronson Elementary school in NORWALK Ohio
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norovirus
That’s why it’s sometimes called NORWALK VIRUS.
Norwalk virus is the species, where as norovirus is the genus (but there’s only one known species in the genus anyways).
Discovery
The 1968 outbreak of gastroenteritis at Bronson Elementary school in Norwalk Ohio prompted a lot of scientific study. But it wasn’t until 1972 that Dr Albert Kapikian discovered the virus behind that outbreak.
http://www.niaid.nih.gov/labsandresources/labs/aboutlabs/lid/epidemiologysection/Pages/kapikian.aspx
Dr. Albert Kapikian
What Can YOU do?Report unclean conditions
•Report unclean restrooms to management•Wash your hands regularly•Stay home when you’re sick (really, no need to be a hero, let someone else finish those TPS reports.)
http://www.salahqutaishat.com/
Photo Attributes• Photo Credit: <a href="http://www.flickr.com/photos/28634332@N05/5654415647/">NASA's Marshall Space Flight Center</a> via <a href="http://compfight.com">Compfight</a> <a href="http://
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