The Peopling of the World Prehistory – 2500 BCE Chapter 1 World History 1 Mr. Calloway 2010 –...
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Transcript of The Peopling of the World Prehistory – 2500 BCE Chapter 1 World History 1 Mr. Calloway 2010 –...
The Peopling of the WorldPrehistory – 2500 BCE
Chapter 1
World History 1Mr. Calloway2010 – 2011
Discovering Prehistory• Prehistory:
– Period before written history– Prehistory Periods (Three-Age
System):• Stone Age
– Paleolithic – Old Stone Age– Neolithic – New Stone Age
• Copper Age • Bronze Age• Iron Age
– (onset of written evidence varies by culture)
– Essential tools to understanding this period:• Archaeology• Paleontology• Anthropology• Geology
• Primary Source:– First-hand, eyewitness
account (most accurate)• Artifacts, Human
Remains, Written Records
• Secondary Source:– Second-hand source of
information (less accurate)• Encyclopedia/Textbook,
Articles that interpret primary sources
Archaeology • Study of past societies through an analysis of
what they left behind.
• Artifacts:
Tools and Weapons Art and Sculpture Pottery
Jewelry Human RemainsBuildings &Monuments
Paleontology• Study of the evolution and interaction of prehistoric life
and environments
• Fossil:
• Carbon Dating:– Used to date organic fossils
• All living things possess a radioactive isotope called Carbon 14 (absorbed from the sun)– Carbon 14 has a half-life of 5000 years
• Measuring the amount of Carbon left allows scientists to date fossils
• Thermoluminescence Dating:– Measures amount of light given off by the electrons in the soil
surrounding fossils/artifacts• Can measure up to 200,000 years
Anthropology
• Study of human life and culture
• Basic Concerns:– What defines homo sapiens?– Who are the ancestors of homo
sapiens?– How do humans behave?
Geology
• Study of the history and composition of the physical matter that constitutes Earth
Hominid Discovery• Hominid:
– Humans and other creatures that walk upright on two feet.• Australopithecines:
– 1st Hominids; 4 million – 1 million BCE• Walked upright; Opposable thumb
• Donald Johanson:– 1974 (‘Lucy’):
• Complete skeleton of an adult female hominid
• Mary Leakey:– 1978:
• Found footprints that dates walking human ancestors to 3,600,000 years ago
Humans Evolve• Homo Habilis:
– 2.5 million – 1.5 million BCE• ‘Man of Skill’
– Used simple tools made of lava rock
– Location: Eastern Africa– Olduvai Gorge
» Great Rift Valley (Eastern Africa)
• Homo Erectus:– 1.6 million – 30,000 BCE
• ‘Upright Man’– Developed technology
• Hominid Firsts:– to migrate from Africa
» India, China, SE Asia, Europe– to use fire– to develop a spoken language
• Neanderthals:– 200,000 – 30,000 BCE
• Location: Europe and SW Asia– Developed religious beliefs and rituals
• Ex: funerals– Skills
• Utilized stone tools• played music
• Homo-Sapiens:– ‘Wise Men’
• Species of modern men• Cro-Magnon:
– 40,000 – 8,000 BCE• Prehistoric humans
– Location: Europe– Skills:
• created art• developed hunting strategies• Advanced spoken language
Early Human Migration
Paleolithic Age• Old Stone Age
– ‘Paleo’: old– ‘Lithic’: stone
• Nomadic Clans:– Groups of 20-30 that wandered from place to place in search of food
• Hunter-gatherers:– Men hunted and women gathered
• Adaptations:– Fire:
• Used to keep warm and cook food– Oral Language:
• Allowed for cooperation (ex: hunting)– Tools:
• Allowed for increase in food production (ex: spear, digging stick)– Cave Paintings:
• Depict life, identify animals, communicate information, religious practices– ‘Sympathetic Magic’
Neolithic Revolution• New Stone Age
– ‘Neo’: New• Agricultural Revolution:
– Provided a stable food source • Systematic Agriculture
– Ushered in the Neolithic Age– Slash-and-Burn Farming:
• Burned trees/grass to clear a field and provide fertilizer for the soil (ash)– Jarmo:
• Oldest known agricultural community • Animal Domestication:
– Tamed horses, dogs, goats and pigs• Innovations:
– more sophisticated tools– developed weaving– created pottery
• Food storage
Villages into Cities
• Innovations:– Irrigation:
• Consistent water source for crops led to food surplus– Craftsmen:
• Food surplus allows villagers to develop other skills– Ex: potters, weavers, jewelers, metal workers, traders
– Wheel/Sail:• Benefited trade (barter system), movement and communication
• Social Changes:– Class Systems Develop:
• Groups of different wealth, power and influence– Religion:
• Become more organized and traditional
JerichoLocation:
- Ancient Palestine near the Dead Sea
- est. 8,000 BCE
Catal HuyukLocation:
- Anatolia
- est. 7,200 BCE
Civilization• Advanced Cities:
– Center of trade for an area/region• Complex Institutions:
– Government, Religion• Record Keeping:
– Economics, government, and religion required record keeping and brought the need for scribes• Professional record keepers
– Cuneiform (Sumer):• 1st system of writing
• Specialized Workers:– Creation of artisans
• Jewelers, Potters, Tool/Weapon Makers, etc
• Advanced Technology:– Potter’s Wheel– Ox-Drawn Plow– Metal Use:
• Copper (Chalcolitihic/Copper Age):– 1st metal utilized; natural metal
• Bronze (Bronze Age):– alloy of bronze and tin
» Harder and more durable