The bird’s eye view

The Paradigms Programming

Paradigms

Outline

Programming Paradigms

4 Main Programming Paradigms

Learning Objective

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Problem: Create a

calculator program

Paradigm A

Paradigm B

Solution: A

Solution: B

Programming Paradigm

A programming paradigm is a framework that define how the user conceptualized and interpret complex problems.

Paradigms Vs Languages

Programming Paradigm:

A programming paradigm is an approach to programming a computer based on a mathematical theory or a coherent set of principles.

Programming language:

A programming language is a tool for developing executable models for a class of problem domains.

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In general, programming paradigms influence language design.

Why Programming Paradigm?

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Paradigm A

Model 1

Problems Model 2

Model 3

Model 4

Overview of 4 Programming Paradigms

Object-Oriented

Imperative

Functional Logic

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View everything as an “object”

Key characteristic of OO

Data Abstraction

Encapsulation

Polymorphism

Inheritance

Best for problems with a large number of related data abstractions organized in a hierarchy

Object-Oriented Paradigm

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Name: Gender: Size: Eue _colour: Shopping()

Human

Animal

“Alice”

“Bob”

Building

Object-Oriented Paradigm

Question:

Is Object-Oriented the best paradigm for solving every problems?

If so, there wouldn’t be a need for other paradigm…

Overheads!!

Find the payroll of the salaries for all the employee in

the company Company

Employee 1

Employee 10000

sumAll()

calSal()

calSal()

Imperative Paradigm

First Do This

Next do that

View everything as “a sequence of steps to perform”

Characterized By

Procedures Functions Abstract Data Types (ADTs)

Best for expressing algorithms and the most common paradigm in use today

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Order of Commands is Important!! Analogy: Cooking a cup noodles

Functional Paradigm

View everything as “functions”

Characterized by

Single Assignment

Referentially Transparent

Compositionality

Higher Order Function

Best for abstracting and reducing complexity in programming task with no side effects

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Resulting Value

Used By An Expression

Another Expression

View everything as “Predicate Calculus”

Characterized by

Axioms

Facts

Inference rules

Queries

Best for solving problems in artificial intelligence such as medical diagnosis, fault finding in equipment and robot control

Logic Paradigm

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List all programming

paradigms Automated

Search

Object-Oriented Imperative Functional Logic

Answer a question via search for a solution

Learning Objective

Each paradigm has its place

Learning different paradigms allow us to Identify suitable paradigms for a given complex problem

Decide the most suitable language to implement

Reason for focusing on paradigms Increasing number of programming languages

implementing similar paradigms exists

27 paradigms in total but some are in similar concept

Studying the 4 distinct basic paradigms allow us to easily pick up any programming languages on our own!

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Programming Paradigms

4 Main Programming Paradigms

Learning Objective

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Summary

Thank you!

End of Presentation