The Ottoman EmpireLevel One Individuals and Societies

Mr. PentzakSpring 2015

Pre-test 4/29 & 4/301. What was the capital city of the

Ottoman Empire? What was it called before they captured the city?

2. When was the Ottoman Empire founded? When did it end?

3. How many modern-day countries were once ruled by the Ottomans?

4. What was the main religion of the empire?

5. What is a sultan?

Pre-test continued

6. What is a caliph? 7. Which sultan was considered to be “The

Magnificent” and what were two things he accomplished?

8. What was the sultanate of women?9. What is a Divan, and what is its purpose?10. What title is given to the sultan’s top

advisor? 11. During WWI, which side did the

Ottomans fight for?

Homework 4/29 & 4/30 Do fives trials of the Middle East drag and drop game.

Record scores & average error and bring it to class. http://www.sheppardsoftware.com/middle-east_G2_drag-drop.html

Study Vocabulary List Nine & make flashcards:1. Pilgrimage2. Revolution 3. Tenets4. Crusade5. Sultan6. Caliph7. Mosque8. Muhammad (the prophet)9. Jesus (of Nazareth)10. Abraham (the patriarch)

You have TWO assignments!

Vocab List Nine Definitions1. Pilgrimage-a journey,

especially a long one, made to some sacred place as an act of religious devotion

2. Revolution- a sudden, extreme, or complete change in the way people live, work, etc.

3. Tenets- a principle or belief, especially one of the main principles of a religion or philosophy.

4. Crusade-any one of the wars that European Christian countries fought against Muslims to retake the Holy land during the 11th, 12th, and 13th centuries

5. Sultan-a king or ruler of a Muslim state or country

6. Caliph-the chief Muslim civil and religious ruler, regarded as the successor of Muhammad.

Vocab List Nine Definitions7. Mosque- a Muslim

place of worship.8. Abraham- an Old

Testament patriarch regarded by Jews as the founder of the Hebrew people through his son Isaac and by Muslims as the founder of the Arab peoples through his son Ishmael

9. Jesus- A Jewish teacher and prophet whose life and teachings form the basis of Christianity.

10. Muhammad- An Arab prophet regarded as the founder of Islam or the restorer of the monotheistic religion of Abraham

Vocab Alive Pilgrimage-a journey, especially

a long one, made to some sacred place as an act of religious devotion

Revolution- a sudden, extreme, or complete change in the way people live, work, etc.

Tenets- a principle or belief, especially one of the main principles of a religion or philosophy.

Crusade-any one of the wars that European Christian countries fought against Muslims to retake the Holy land during the 11th, 12th, and 13th centuries

Sultan-a king or ruler of a Muslim state or country

Caliph-the chief Muslim civil and religious ruler, regarded as the successor of Muhammad.

Mosque- a Muslim place of worship.

On the front, please respond to the following questions:

1. What is your favorite ice-cream flavor?

2. Come up with three adjectives for your flavor

3. Why is it the best flavor? If someone has never tried it, what would you tell them to persuade them to try it?

Take out a blank sheet of paper

On the back, number your paper one through ten

What symbols or images can you recognize? Come up with ten associations

What is this?

Before we get into the details of the Ottoman Empire, we need to get some background

The Ottoman Empire occupied the land that birthed three major religions, and citizens of their empire followed diverse faiths

The “Big Three” Monotheistic Religions

Also known as the “Abrahamic Religions”

Judaism Christianity Islam

Over 50% of the world’s population belong to one of these three religions

Judaism, Christianity, and Islam

Similarities Trace founder back to

Abraham All worship the same

god Originate in the Middle

East Moral codes and laws Holyland All have different sects

within their religion

Differences

View of Jesus Christ Specific teachings

in their scriptures Holidays Dietary restrictions Rituals (prayer,

conversion, celebrations)

Sabbath day

Judaism 14 million believers- Jews/Hebrews

Non-evangelical, born into religion, few converts God is “Yahweh” or “Elohim” or “Jehovah” Approximately 4,000 years old Abraham is the first Jew (c. 1800 BCE)

From Ur in Mesopotamia Two sons, Isaac and Ishmael Isaac’s line- Jews and eventually Jesus Ishmael’s line- Muslims and eventually Muhammad

Torah is their main religious text, written between 1200-400 BCE

Abraham’s grandson Jacob led family into Egypt, later Jews would be enslaved.

Moses & Ten Commandments

Christianity 2.4 Billion believers-Christians Based on the teachings of Jesus (4BCE-30CE)

Immaculate conception, son of God Human and divine

Holy Trinity-Father (God), Son (Jesus), and holy spirit all one and the same

Main Sects (Catholicism, Orthodox, Protestant) Bible main religious text, two testaments

Old Testament before Jesus (The Torah/Pentauch) New Testament is after Jesus (written between 60-90

CE) Constantine spreads Christianity throughout Roman

Empire

Islam 1.6 Billion believers-Moslems/Muslims God is called “Allah” Based on the teachings of the Prophet

Muhammad (c. 570 CE- 632 CE) Holy text is called the Quran or Koran

Must be written in Arabic to be called a Quran, translations are called “Message of the Quran”

Main groups Sunni (~80%) and Shia (~20%)

Bell Ringer 5/1 & 5/4 What are the “Big Three” Monotheistic

religions or the three Abrahamic religions?

Which one is the oldest? The newest? Name at least two things all the

Abrahamic religions have in common Name at least one thing that is

different/unique about each one

Homework 5/1 & 5/4 Complete a three-way venn diagram of

the Abrahamic Religions (Judaism, Christianity, and Islam) Include clear labels Include AT LEAST TWO RELEVANT

items in each section It must be neat and look nice enough to

hang up in my room!

Three-Way Venn Diagram of the Abrahamic Religions

Christianity

IslamJudaism

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=0Mt6PjKmESU Play until 21:50

Include two items per section

The Five Pillars of Islam

① Shahada② Salat③ Sawm④ Zakat⑤ Hajj

The five pillars of Islam give the basic outline of how to live as a Muslim. Faith in one-true God (Allah), prayer, fasting, charity, and pilgrimage

Shahada “Declaration of Faith” or bearing witness

to the one true God and his messenger

Salat “Daily Prayer” Stop and contemplate

God five times a day Pray facing Mecca

1. Fajr- dawn/sunrise2. Zuhr- afternoon3. Asr- evening4. Maghrib- After sunset/dusk5. Isha- dusk until dawn

Sawm “Fasting” or not eating or drinking while

the sun is up during the 9th month of the Muslim calendar called Ramadan Feasting and prayer at night Exceptions: elderly, sick, pregnant,

children Also, no smoking, perfume (sometimes

cursing) Meant to purify/cleanse the body

Zakat “Alms Giving” or charity. Muslims are

expected to donate a portion of their wealth of what is left over. In modern Muslim countries the figure is typically around 2.5%

Hajj “Pilgrimage” all able-bodied Muslims

must go to Mecca and circumvent (circle around) the Kaaba seven times Wear simple garments- all are equal in the

eyes of Allah and all Muslims are brothers

Graphic Organizer of the Five Pillars of Islam Create a graphic organizer (in any format: a

tree, a spider web, a rainbow, a soccer ball, whatever) that displays the five pillars of Islam

You need to include: the Arabic word, the English translation, and a relevant picture or illustration

These must be neat, free from spelling/grammar errors, and colorful

Must be on paper, counts as a quiz grade

Bell Ringer 5/5 & 5/6 Name as many of the five pillars of

Islam as you can WITHOUT looking at your notes.

Which Vocab List Four word best describes what the five pillars of Islam are?

Are there any pillars that you can make connections to any other religions we have studied?

Spread of Islam

Muhammad preaches after receiving his revelation and much of the Arabian Peninsula becomes Muslim by the time of his death

After his death, his successors spread the faith and a series of military conquests further spreads Islam

Much of the Byzantine Empire (Eastern Roman Empire) falls to Muslim conquerors, north Africa into the Iberian Peninsula, and into modern day Iran and Iraq

Caliphates After the death of Muhammad, who would

become the leader of the Muslim faith? A Caliph is the religious leader or successor

of Muhammad Sunni’s believe caliph should be elected Shia’s believe caliph should be related to

Muhammad Four Main Caliphates

Rashidun (632-661 CE), Umayyad (661-750 CE), Abbasid (750-1258), Ottoman (1517-1924 CE)

Spread of Islam

Ottoman Origins A mercenary was granted a small piece

of land on the Anatolian peninsula in exchange for military service

His son Osman I conquered lands around the land grant, establishing the Ottoman Empire in 1299 CE

Explosive growth and expansion follows, mostly at the expense of the Byzantines

Ottoman Origins continued Spread their influence into Eastern

Europe and the Middle East Were able to defend off attacks from

crusading armies and win key victories Conquered Constantinople in 1453,

renamed Istanbul and establish it as their capital city

Reflect…

What are advantages/disadvantages of either style?

<European

Ottoman>

Military Often considered to be the superior military

power of the Mediterranean region Maintained a large standing army Naval power Fast, lightweight units Mercenary troops, captive soldiers,

conscription (Azabs) One of the first to use cannons, guns, and

established an Air Force in 1909

Elite TroopsSipahi

Calvary, swords, lances, bows, axes, maces

Ethnic Turks Given land in

exchange for service Led charges in

battle, distract enemy from infantry units

Elite Troops Janissaries

Infantry, bows/small blades; then guns

Sultans bodyguards and seen as battle-winners

Slaves, but were paid, could marry, retire and receive pensions

Christians, European, ethnically Serbs, Ukrainian, Greek

Bell Ringer 5/7 & 5/8 Based on the previous lecture material,

please answer the following questions.

How were Europeans dressed for battle? How were Ottomans dressed for battle? What are the advantages/disadvantages

of each style?

Moscow: 55°N, 37°E

Rome: 43°N, 12°E

Jerusalem: 31°N, 35°E

Major Battles Jigsaw ActivityDirections: 1. You will download a blank map from my website. 2. You will then be assigned a number: either 1, 2, 3, or 43. Download the worksheet that matches your number4. Find a partner that has the information you need from

either Column A or Column B5. Column A has coordinates, but no descriptions. Column B

has descriptions, but no coordinates (fill in the missing information from your partner’s worksheet then switch)

6. Each numbered coordinate will match it’s numbered description

7. Plot and label each battle on the map you downloaded.8. Save and send to me: joseph_pentzak@iss.k12.nc.us

Current Event Article Go to my website There is a new tab for “Links for Current

Events” Choose any of those websites and find an

article about something going on in any country that was once previously ruled by the Ottoman Empire

Copy the link, and type two paragraphs: One should be a summary (who, what, where, when, why) and another on the significance (why it’s important/why we should care)

Women in the Ottoman Empire Ottoman Empire was Islamic

What do you think the role of women would have been like?

The Qur'an says: Women are equal to men Women should be educated Women can refuse a potential husband

and seek divorce Women can own and inherit property

Women continued Women wore veils, which was

originally reserved for the upper class Most women were not to be seen in

public, but still retained rights and influence, having servants acting for them

Royal women especially influential Arrange marriages, diplomatic efforts,

commission mosques, hospitals, art centers, schools, regents

Harem Female living quarters, their relatives,

servants, and children Has been translated to mean“forbidden”

Usually occupied by multiple women who were the concubines of the sultan

Female sphere of influence

Valide Sultan The second most powerful position in the

Ottoman Empire after the Sultan Meaning “Mother of the Sultan” or “Queen

Mother” “A Mother’s right is God’s right”

Often would actas regent if theirson was underageor incompetent

Sultanate of Women

1530s-1680s a series of infant or insane Sultans follows the death of Suleiman.

Begins with Roxelana (d. 1558), wife of Suleiman The Magnificent

Ends with Turhan Hatice (d.1683)

The Valide Sultan tradition paved the way for the Sultanate of Women, a period when the women of the harem ruled the empire

Sultanate of WomenHurrem (Roxelana) Ukrainian slave Becomes the Sultan’s

favorite Has competition

removed Marries the Sultan Her son continues the

line of sultans Great patron of the Arts

and influenced foreign affairs

Sultanate of Women continued

Nur-Banu (Cecilia) Venetian slave Controlled political

interactions When the Sultan died,

she hid the body in an icebox until her young son got to the palace 12 days later

First Valide Sultan to act as regent (1574-83)

Sultanate of Women continued

Kosem Greek 1623-32 sole regent After death of her

son Murad IV, her other son (mentally unstable) overthrown and she places her 7yr. grandson 1648-52

Killed on the orders of her mother-in-law Turhan Hatice

Turhan Hatice Russian 12 when placed in

Sultan’s harem, skipped as Valide Sultan in favor of Kosem

Her son was going to be replaced by new heir

Orders death of Kosem

Defers power to the Grand Vizier

Government Ruled by the Sultan, inherited title

Absolute power Sultan advised by Grand Vizier and

Divan Religiously based law codes Legal system had three courts (for

Muslims, Non-Muslims, and trade disputes)

Provinces/Regions ruled by Governors local control

Law Sharia Law- Based on Holy Teachings of the

Koran, but includes civil laws as well Guidelines for prayer, eating/fasting, customs,

relationships, trade, crime, punishments, etc. Local law was largely kept in place in order to

integrate diverse cultures into the Empire Suleiman I drafted The Kanuns his personal law code that protected minorities, peasants,

relaxed criminal punishments, created improved taxation systems & allowed for the removal of corrupt officals

Beys The former rulers of conquered territories, often the kings that were retained as governors and continued day-to-day

rule of the province Could also be appointed

governor of region selected by the sultan Controlled regional government

Millets Smaller division of the

Provinces, local areas usually high in non-Muslim populations Usually religious based

groupings Protects rights of the

minority Were able to select their

own leaders that reported to the Beys This allowed for a degree of

cultural integrity to be retained

Decline Failure to enact reforms and modernize

in the 1600-1800s Ceded lands back to Hungary and

Austria Puppet-states under their control were

more influenced by British and French rulers

Eastern Europe destabilizes Diplomacy rather than conquest

becomes foreign policy

Fall WWI, Ottomans fought for the Central Powers, lost. Sykes-Picot Agreement partitions the Middle

Eastern areas of the empire into British and French zones

Post WWI, civil war 1919-1922 1922 Sultanate abolished by Parliament Republic of Turkey declared October 29, 1923 March 3, 1924 Caliphate abolished 43 modern day countries were once under

Ottoman control