The Origins of the Industrial Revolution

Agricultural Rev. brought about the Industrial Rev.

I. The Agricultural Rev.

Before 1600s = villagers given small land plots Also, had common lands for pastoralism

1600s = wealthy landholders bought up land Enclosed land w/fences or hedges Enclosure movement (Great Britain)

Reached height = early 1800s Demand & prices rose on ag. products (1800s)Consequences of enclosures

1. forced small farmers out (became tenant farmers)2. farmers experimented w/new methods

Jethro TullOriginal way of sowing seed = wastefulCreated the seed drill (1701)Also, uprooted weeds

Viscount Charles “Turnip” Townshend Developed crop rotation

Wheat => turnips => barley => clover

Jethro Wood Iron plow w/STANDARD PARTS

New techniques & machines = expensive Demand for farm laborers decreased

Moved to cities = LABOR FORCE for I.R.

II. Factors of Production

I.R. began in G.B. (had factors of production) LAND, CAPITAL, & LABOR!

Land = all natural resources Coal & iron-ore Great harbors & rivers

Capital = $ & goods (tools, machinery for production) Brits had $ = invest in new businesses

Labor = industrial workers Growing pops & migration into cities

Other reasons why G.B. = Overseas colonies Other overseas tradeGovt. support for commerce

British Empire: 1919

III. The Textile Industry

Cotton textile industry (first to mechanize) 1600s = Brit imported raw cotton, employed

spinners & weavers (domestic system)Spinners = spun cotton into threadWeavers = wove thread into cloth

A. New Inventions

Improvement of the loom (weaving cloth)1733: John Kay

the flying shuttleMechanized weaving

1764: James Hargreavesthe spinning jennyMechanized spinning

1769: Richard Awkwright Water frame – driven by water powerToo big for cottage industryOpened spinning mill

Leads to factory system

B. Effects of Mechanization

Demand for cotton increased Most came from U.S.

BUT, cotton was not profitable (SEEDS!?)1793: Eli Whitney – cotton gin

IV. Steam Engines

Water power = early I.R. (drawbacks?)Answer = STEAM!1712: Thomas Newcomen – first steam engine 1760s: James Watt – patented modern steam

engine (replaced water as power source)

V. Transportation

Roads were poor

A. Roads & Canals

John McAdam – developed the “macadam” roadsSmall stones topped a roadbed of larger stones Heavy wagons wouldn’t sink

Private investors built roads“Turnpikes” = $$$

Rivers = transportation Used canals w/locks

B. Railroads & Steamboats

1814: George Stephenson Steam locomotives for miners 1825: world’s first RR line (27 mi.)

Entrepreneurs invested in RRs From Liverpool to Manchester1829: the Rocket won competition for locomotive1830: Liverpool-Manchester RR opened (SUCCESS!)

Effects of Locomotives:1. spurred industrial growth

Manufacturers could transport materials & finished products2. created new jobs (RR workers & miners)3. boosted England’s ag. & fishing industries 4. allowed rural people to take jobs in cities

Robert FultonEst. first inland steamboat service the Clermont (Hudson River 1807)

1838: the Great Western Samuel Cunard = the Cunard Line (1839) across

Atlantic Ocean