THE ORIGINS OF MODERN FEMINISM: When did women gain the right to vote? 1869: Wyoming Territory 1893:...
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Transcript of THE ORIGINS OF MODERN FEMINISM: When did women gain the right to vote? 1869: Wyoming Territory 1893:...
THE ORIGINS OF MODERN FEMINISM:When did women gain the right to vote?
1869: Wyoming Territory
1893: New Zealand
1906: Finland
1913: Norway, Denmark
1918: Great Britain, Germany, Austria, USSR, Sweden
1920: USA
1931: Spain
1944/45: France, Italy
1971: Switzerland
Rural family scene (Germany, 1839): Work & housework were closely linked in the old household economy
“The Sewing Room” (1823): In modern, middle-class familiesthe husband “went to work” as the women stayed home
The tyranny of French fashion (Iris, 1852) and a whalebone corset
ARGUMENTS AGAINST WOMEN’S EQUALITY AROUND 1850
SOCIOLOGICAL: That all progress of civilization depends on a strict division of labor between the sexes and devotion by women to child-rearing.NEUROPHYSIOLOGICAL: That only the male brain is suited for quantitative and abstract reasoning.MEDICAL: That adolescent girls would become barren if asked to study as hard at school as boys.PSYCHOLOGICAL: That women are especially prone to mental illness (“hysteria”).
Experts began to challenge all these arguments in the 1880s and ‘90s….
THE SPREAD OF FAMILY PLANNING IN GERMANY:Total number of children born by women married in the
years--
Pre-1905
1905-09 1910-14 1915-19
In cities with over 100,000 people
Self-employed
3.30 2.40 1.98 1.61
White-collar 3.01 2.40 2.04 1.74
Blue-collar 4.03 3.16 2.64 2.18
Among the peasantry (villages with under 2,000)
Self-employed
5.42 4.64 4.10 3.52
Farmworker 6.18 5.38 4.87 4.26
THE FINDINGS OF JOAN SCOTT & LOUISE TILLY FOR FRANCE
Most women in the 19th century faced a grim choice between families and careers
Only recently has it become feasible to
combine motherhood with a career.
THE ORIGINS OF A MASS MOVEMENT FOR WOMEN’S RIGHTS
1880s: A Doll’’s House by Henrik Ibsen and The Diary of Marie Bashkirtseff become international literary hits
1890s: European socialist parties embrace the demand for women’s suffrage
1896: Formation in Germany of the liberal League of German Women’s Clubs, which grew to 300,000 members by 1914
1903: Emmeline Pankhurst founds the Women’s Social and Political Union in England, dedicated to “militant tactics”
1900-1913: The moderate British National Union of Women’s Suffrage Societies grows to 300,000 members
Rally of the Women’s Social and Political Union, Manchester, 1908
Emmeline Pankhurst arrested at Buckingham Palace
Emmeline Pankhurst in prison, 1910
The French Union for Women’s Suffrage (founded in 1909,
with 12,000 members in 1914):
“French Women Want the Vote:Against alcohol, slums, and war”
(ca. 1913)
Some of the first German women university students (1908)
Delegates to the Women’s Suffrage Congress in Munich, 1912
“Women’s Dreams about the Marriage of the Future” (1908)
Madeleine Pelletier(1874-1939),
the first woman psychiatrist in France