THE OPTIMUM AMBIENT TEMPERATURE OF DANDARAWI LAYING HENS … · 2015. 2. 25. · Dandarawi laying...
Transcript of THE OPTIMUM AMBIENT TEMPERATURE OF DANDARAWI LAYING HENS … · 2015. 2. 25. · Dandarawi laying...
El-Sagheer, 2007.
Egyptian Poultry Science Journal, Vol. 27, (II): 499-520.
THE OPTIMUM AMBIENT TEMPERATURE OF
DANDARAWI LAYING HENS FOR OPTIMUM
PRODUCTIVE AND REPRODUCTIVE PERFORMANCE
By
El-Sagheer, M.,
Dept. of Anim. and Poult. Prod., Fac. of Agric., Assiut Uni., Assiut, Egypt.
Received: 19/4/2007 Accepted: 21/5/2007
Abstract: A total number of one hundred and ninety eight 32 weeks old
Dandarawi laying birds (180 hens and 18 cocks) at peak production until
44 weeks of age were used to evaluate some productive and reproductive
performance of Dandarawi laying hens under different ambient
temperatures. The birds were randomly divided into 3 groups. Each group
included sixty hens and six cocks. All birds were housed in 3 floor pens.
Each group was kept in an area of 10 square meters provided with deep
litter of wheat straw (10 cm). The first, second and third groups were raised
under 20 to 22ºC, 24 to 26ºC, and 28 to 30ºC, respectively.
The obtained results could be summarized as follows: The birds of
groups 1 and 2 were achieved higher (P≤0.01) final body weight (BW) by
about 4.5 and 6.0 % and also higher (P≤0.01) body weight change (BWC)
by about 6.6 and 9.6 %, respectively, than those in group 3, while no
significant differences (P≤0.05) were observed between groups 1 and 2 in
final BW and BWC. The birds in group 2 showed significantly (P≤0.01)
higher hen day egg production (HDP) by 4.4 and 6.7%, hen housed egg
production (HHP) by 4.4 and 8.9%, egg number (EN) by 2.2 and 3.4 eggs,
and egg mass (EM) by 4.1 and 7.7% than those in groups 1 and 3,
respectively, while no significant differences were observed in HDP and EN
between groups 1 and 3. However, HHP and EM in group 1 increased
(P≤0.01) by about 4.8 and 3.8%, respectively than those in group 3. No
deaths occurred in birds of group 2 at all age periods studied, while the
mortality rate was 1.7 and 6.7 % in groups 1 and 3, respectively. The group
1 showed significantly (P≤0.05) higher feed consumption by 3.1% as
compared with that in group 3, while the group 2 had an intermediate
value. No significant differences in cumulative feed conversion (FCR)
among the three groups were detected. However, the birds of group 2 had
insignificantly (P≤0.05) better cumulative FCR by about 4.5 and 6.8 % than
that of groups 1 and 3, respectively. There were no significant differences
among groups in egg weight, egg shape index, and egg yolk index.
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However, the eggs of birds in groups 1 and 2 had significantly (P≤0.01)
higher Haugh units (HU) by 5.3 and 5.3% and shell thickness (ST) by 3.1
and 3.8%, respectively than those in group 3. The yolk percentage in groups
1 and 2 was significantly (P≤0.05) higher by about 2.8 and 3.6 %,
respectively than that in group 3, but the albumen percentage in group 3
was significantly (P≤0.01) higher by about 1.7 and 2.2% than that in
groups 1 and 2. However, no significant differences (P≤0.05) among groups
were observed in shell percentage, fertility, and hatchability of total and
fertile eggs percentages. But, the chick weight at hatch in group 2 was
significantly (P≤0.05) higher by about 1.8% than that of group 3, while the
group 1 had an intermediate value.
Economic efficiency (EE) in group 2 exceeded that of groups 1 and
3 by 17 and 29%, respectively, while the EE in group 1 exceeded that of
group 3 by 12%. The group 2 recorded the best EE percentage as compared
with the other two groups.
The recommendation of the present study is raising Dandarawi
laying hens during the period from 32 to 44 weeks of age under 24 to 26ºC
to obtain higher productive and reproductive performance.
(Keywords: Dandarawi laying hens, optimum ambient temperature)
INTODUCTION
The final aim in chicken production is to obtain the highest yield at
the lowest cost. In order to be able to perform at the highest capacity, they
should be kept under in poultry houses adequate environmental conditions.
In the poultry houses of laying hen, optimal temperature is required
up to 19- 22°C (Charles, 2002). Environmental temperature was correlated
with many measures of performance including feed and water consumption,
body weight, egg production, shell quality, feed conversion, and egg weight
(Sterling et al., 2003). The reduction of egg production under high
temperature may have been related to the altered respiratory pattern. Such
condition is one of the main causes of low productivity of chickens under
Upper Egypt conditions where the prevailed ambient temperature fluctuates
from lower than 10C in winter to higher over 40C in summer months. In
case of reduction of environmental temperature, the laying hens consume
much feed in order to maintain their body heat and also decrease egg
production, nutrient digestibility and feed conversion (Ensminger et al.,
1990; Spinu and Degen, 1993). Temperature was found to have significant
effect on body weight, fertility and hatchability percentages of chickens
(Balat, 1990; Saleh et al., 1991).
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501
Intensive poultry production in Egypt depends not only on commercial
hybrids but also on local strains of chickens. Recently in Egypt, a
considerable attention has paid to improve the productive performance of
these local strains, especially Dandarawi. Although many researches have
been carried out to determine the optimal requirements of different local
strains under different locations in Egypt, the available data regarding their
requirement of optimum ambient temperatures are still insufficient.
Therefore, this study aimed to evaluate productive and reproductive
performance for Dandarawi laying hens under different ambient
temperatures to find out the more suitable one for its performance.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
This research was carried out at the Poultry Researches Farm of
Animal and Poultry Production Department, Faculty of Agriculture, Assiut
University, Assiut, Egypt, during the period from 1st of December 2006 to
22nd
of February 2007.
A total number of one hundred and ninety eight selected from
Dandarawi laying birds (180 females and 18 males) at 32 weeks of age
(peak production) having nearly equaled live weights were used in this
study. All birds were shank banded, weighed individually, randomly
distributed into three equal groups of 66 birds (60 females and 6 males), and
housed in 3 closed floor pens in 3 rooms. Each group was kept in an area of
10 square meters provided with deep litter of wheat straw (10 cm). The first
group raised under 20 to 22ºC, the second group raised under 24 to 26ºC,
while the third group exposed to 28 to 30ºC. Temperature of groups rooms
was controlled using separate electric heaters, and ventilation was
controlled using electric extractor fans. The photoperiod was 17 hours per
day (5 a.m. to 10 p.m.) and light intensity ranged from 20 to 25 Luxes by
using additional incandescent light while the humidity was from 60 to 70%.
Feed and water were available ad libitum. All hens were kept under similar
adequate managerial and hygienic conditions until the end experimental (44
weeks of age). The composition and calculated analysis of the experimental
diet are shown in Table 1.
Individual body weights (BW) were recorded at the beginning, every 4
weeks and the body weight changes (BWC) were calculated by subtracting
final BW from initial BW. Egg weight (BW), egg number (EN) and egg
mass (EM), egg production calculated as (hen-day and hen-housed egg
production (HDP&HHP) were recorded daily. Feed consumption (FC) and
feed conversion ratio as g feed/ g egg mass were recorded weekly. EW, EN,
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EM, HDP, HHP, FC, and FCR were calculated periodically every 4 weeks.
Dead birds were recorded daily throughout the experimental period and
expressed as percentages.
Thirty fresh-laid eggs were taken every four weeks from each group to
measure egg quality characteristics. Egg weight was recorded to the nearest
0.1 gram on the same day of collection using special automatic balance. The
length and width of egg were determined by sliding caliper and the egg
shape index was determined according to Reddy et al., (1979). The eggs
were broken gently on glass surface. The height of thick albumen and yolk
were measured using a micrometer as described by Brant and Shrader
(1952). The diameter of yolk was measured, using sliding caliber. The yolk
was separated from the albumen then yolk was weighted. Shell with
membranes dried then weighed to the nearest 0.01gm. Individual Haugh
unit (Haugh, 1937) score was calculated using the egg weight and thick
albumen height (Doyon et al., 1986), using the following formula: Haugh
unit = 100 Log (H – 1.7X W0.37
+7.6). Where: H = the observed height of
the thick albumen in millimeters and W = Weight of egg (grams). Also, the
yolk index was calculated by dividing (yolk’s height/yolk
’s diameter) X 100.
Shell thickness of the dried shell (with membranes) was measured using
shell thickness apparatus from three different regions of shell (from equator
and each of the two ends) and the average was recorded (millimeters). The
albumen was calculated by subtracting egg weight from shell weight plus
yolk weight. The three egg components were expressed as percentage of
egg weight.
Eggs were collected daily and stored 7 days on 15-18°C and 70-75%
relative humidity before incubation. One hatch was performed every four
weeks from each group. The incubation was carried out using automatic
Paterzime setter and hatcher under the recommended temperature, humidity,
ventilation and turning of eggs. At the fourth day of setting, eggs were
examined by candling to identify clear eggs. Clear eggs were broken and
checked to detect the embryonic development. Eggs with embryonic
development were considered fertile, while the remainder eggs were
considered infertile. The fertility (F), hatchability of total (HT) and fertile
eggs (HF) were calculated. After hatching, the released chicks were
individual weighted per group to the nearest 0.1 gram.
Feed cost per bird was calculated by multiplying mean feed
consumption per bird by the cost of 1 kg of diet. The price of egg mass per
bird was calculated by multiplying mean egg mass by price of 1 Kg egg
mass. Total revenue was calculated by summing prices of egg mass and
body weight change. Net revenue was calculated by subtracting total feed
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503
costs from total income of egg mass and body weight change price.
Economic efficiency (EE) was estimated by dividing net revenue by total
feed costs.
Statistical analysis: Data collected were subjected to ANOVA by applying
the General Linear Models Procedure of SAS software (SAS Institute,
Version 6.12, 1996). Duncan (1955) was used to detect differences among
means of different groups.
RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS
1. Body weight (BW) and Body weight change (BWC):
At 32 and 36 weeks of age, no significant differences (P≤0.05) was
found in body weight (BW) among the three groups (Table 2). However, the
group 2 had significantly (P≤0.05) higher BW than those of group 3 at 40
weeks of age, but the group 1 had an intermediate value. The birds exposed
to 20-22ºC (group 1) and 24-26ºC (group 2) achieved higher (P≤0.01) final
BW by about 4.5 and 5.9 %, respectively and also higher (P≤0.01) body
weight change (BWC) by about 6.6 and 9.6 % than those exposed to 28-
30ºC (group 3), while no significant differences (P≤0.05) between groups 1
and 2 in final BW and BWC (%) were observed.
The average BW of Dandarawi laying hens (at 48 weeks of age)
were 1644g under high summer temperature (26-36°C) in Assiut
(Metwally, 2003), while it was1339g with average ambient temperature of
22°C (at 42 weeks of age) (Metwally, 2004). Similar results were reported
that by Puthpongsiriporn et al., (2001) in Hy-line hens, Abdel-Rahman,
(2000) in Sharkasi chickens and Mashaly et al., (2004) in Leghorn hens
which showed that high temperature decreased BW. Furthermore, Emeery
et al., (1984) showed that birds under temperature 26.7°C or 29.4°C lost
more BW than those at a 23.9°C. Decreased BW may be due to a reduction
in feed consumption (de Andrade et al., 1976).
2. Egg production and Eggs number (EN):
During 32-36 and 36-40 weeks of age, the birds of groups 1 and 2 had
significantly (P≤0.01 and P≤0.05, respectively) higher hen day egg
production (HDP) than those of group 3 (Table 3). During 40-44 weeks of
age, the birds of groups 2 and 3 had significantly (P≤0.01) higher HDP than
those of group 1. The overall mean of HDP in group 2 increased (P≤0.01)
by about 4.4 and 6.7%, as compared with that of groups 1 and 3,
respectively, while no significant differences were observed between groups
1 and 3.
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504
The hen housed egg production (HHP) had almost the same trend of
HDP in the three groups during 32-36 and 36-40 weeks of age (Table 3).
During 40-44 weeks of age, the birds of group 2 had significantly (P≤0.01)
higher HHP than those of groups 1 and 3. The overall mean of HHP in
group 2 increased (P≤0.01) by about 4.4 and 8.9% as compared with that of
groups 1 and 3, respectively, while the overall mean in group 1 increased
(P≤0.01) by 4.8% than that of group 3.
The egg number (EN) had almost the same trend as HDP in the three
groups at all age periods studied (Table 3). Also, the cumulative EN of
group 2 was significantly (P≤0.01) higher by 2.2 and 3.4 eggs than those of
groups 1 and 3, respectively, while no significant differences were observed
between groups 1 and 3.
These were results in agreement with those of El-Sagheer (2001) who
reported that no significant differences were observed in HDP between
Naked neck birds (Ethiopia) exposed to normal (20°C) and high
temperatures (30°C). The average egg laying rate (%) and egg number
(egg/hen/28 days) of Dandarawi laying hens (from 32 to 48 weeks of age)
were 47.3% and 13.24 eggs, respectively under average high ambient
temperature of 26-36°C (Metwally, 2003), while they were 61.2% and 18.1
eggs with average normal ambient temperature of 22°C (Metwally, 2004).
Also, Younis and Abd El-Ghany (2003) reported that egg number during
the first 90 days of egg production of different local chicken strains was
significantly better for hens raised under normal ambient temperature (22-
24°C) in winter (55 eggs) than those raised under high ambient temperature
(27-33°C) in summer (49.44 eggs). The depression of egg number of birds
raised under HT could be attributed to higher temperature and its effects on
the different physiological mechanisms. Mashaly et al., (2004) showed that
HDP of Leghorn hens exposed to 23.9 and 26.7°C (87.9 and 82.5%,
respectively) were higher than that of the 35°C (56.2%), but no significant
differences in HDP were observed between 23.9 and 26.7°C . Also, Peguri
and Coon (1993) reported that HDP of Dekalb hens exposed to 33.9°C
decreased (P≤0.05) by 8.2% than that exposed to23.9°C.
High temperature (HT) had an adverse effect on egg production in
Leghorn hens (Mashaly et al., 2004), White Leghorns (kirunda et al.,
2001), and in White Leghorn and Rhod Island Red breeds (Saleh et al.,
1991). The reduced egg production under HT could be attributed to the
direct and indirect effects on the physiological functions of the bird as well
as due to decreased appetite and reduced feed intake (Daniel and Balnave,
1981). HT not only reduces feed intake but has been also reported to reduce
digestibility of different components of the diet (Bonnet et al., 1997),
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505
decreased plasma protein concentration (Zhou et al., 1998) and plasma
calcium concentration (Mohmoud et al., 1996), both of final traits are
required for egg formation.
3. Mortality rate:
No deaths occurred of birds in group 2 at all ages studied, while the
mortality rate was 1.7 and 6.7 % for groups 1 and 3, respectively (Table 3).
The mortality rate of Dandarawi laying hens (from 32 to 48 weeks of age)
was 15.6% under high summer temperature (26-36°C) in Assiut (Metwally,
2003), while it was 6.8% with average ambient temperature of 22°C
(Metwally, 2004). Furthermore, Mashaly et al., (2004) showed that
mortality in Leghorn hens for the 26.7°C group (6.7%) was higher than for
the 23.9°C control group (5%). This increase in mortality could be due to
inhibition of some immune response. However, El-Sagheer (2001) reported
that no significant differences were observed in mortality rate between
Naked neck birds (Ethiopia) exposed to normal (20°C) and high
temperatures (30°C).
4. Egg weight (g) and Egg mass (EM):
No significant differences (P≤0.05) were observed in egg weight
(EW) among the three groups at all age periods studied (Table 4).
The birds of groups 1 and 2 had significantly (P≤0.01) higher egg
mass (EM) than those of group 3, during 32-36 and 36-40 weeks of age
(Table 4). During 40-44 weeks of age, the birds of groups 2 and 3 had
significantly (P≤0.01) higher EM than those of group 1. The cumulative EM
of birds of group 2 was significantly (P≤0.01) higher by 4.1 and 7.7% than
those of groups 1 and 3 respectively, while the cumulative EM of birds of
group 1 was significantly (P≤0.01) higher by 3.8% than those of group 3.
However, El-Sagheer (2001) showed that egg weight in Naked neck
strain (Ethiopia) for 20°C group (49.7g) was significantly (P≤0.05) higher
that for 30°C group (45.3g). Also, Mashaly et al., (2004) observed that EW
of Leghorn hens declined significantly when ambient temperature increased.
They found that the average EW was 56.4, 53.5 and 46.9g under average
ambient temperature of 23.9, 26.7 and 35.0°C, respectively. As reported by
many workers, high temperature had adverse effect on egg weight (Emery
et al., 1984; Kirunda et al., 2001; Mashaly et al., 2004). Ahvar et al.,
(1982) reported that the reduction in egg weight ranged from 0.17 to 0.98
gram per one centigrade. This response had a curvilinear shape and was
particularly noticeable above 25°C. Also, Younis and Abd El-Ghany
(2003) reported that egg weight and egg mass during the first 90 days of egg
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506
production of different local chicken strains were significantly better for
hens raised under normal temperature (22-24°C) in winter season than those
raised under high temperature (27-33°C) in summer season, similarly to
Saleh et al., (1991) in White Leghorn and Rhod Island Red breeds. Peguri
and Coon (1993) reported that EW and EM of Dekalb hens exposed to 33.9°C
decreased (P≤0.05) by 3.2 and 10.7%, respectively than that exposed to 23.9°C.
5. Feed consumption (FC) and Feed conversion ratio (FCR):
Results in Table 4 show that, no significant differences (P≤0.05)
were found in feed consumption (FC) among the three groups during 32-36
weeks of age. The birds in group 1 consumed significantly (P≤0.01) more
feed than those in groups 2 and 3 during 36-40 weeks of age, while the birds
in group 2 consumed significantly (P≤0.01) more feed than those in group
3. The birds in group 1 consumed significantly (P≤0.05) more feed than
those of birds in group 3 during 40-44 weeks of age, while the birds in
group 2 had an intermediate value. The overall mean of FC of birds in
group 1 was significantly (P≤0.05) higher by about 3.1% as compared with
that of group 3, while the birds in group 2 had an intermediate value.
No significant differences (P≤0.05) were observed in feed
conversion ratio (FCR) among the three groups during 32-36 and 36-40
weeks of age (Table 4). The birds of groups 2 and 3 had significantly
(P≤0.01) better FCR than those of group 1 during 40-44 weeks of age. It
was observed that, there were no significant (P≤0.05) differences in
cumulative FCR among the three groups. Moreover, the birds of group 2
had insignificantly (P≤0.05) better cumulative FCR by about 4.5 and 6.8 %
than those of groups 1 and 3, respectively.
Yahav et al., (1996) observed that, feed consumption and feed
efficiency were declined when ambient temperature increased from 18 to
35°C. Such decrease may be due to the decrease in appetite (Geraert et al.,
1996). El-Sagheer (2001) showed that high temperature (30°C) resulted in
a lower FC and FCR in Naked neck strain (Ethiopia) as compared to normal
temperature (20°C). Peguri and Coon (1993) reported that feed intake of
Dekalb hens exposed to 33.9°C decreased (P≤0.05) by 21.7% than that exposed
to23.9°C. Similar results were reported by Samara et al., (1995) which
found that the high temperature resulted in a lower feed consumption in
broiler breeder hens. The average feed intake (g) of Dandarawi laying hens
(from 32 to 48 weeks of age) was 79.8 g under high summer temperature
(26-36°C) in Assiut (Metwally, 2003), while it was 84.0 g with average
normal ambient temperature of 22°C (from 30 to 42 weeks of age)
(Metwally, 2004).Mashaly et al., (2004) showed that the feed consumption
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507
of Leghorn hens decreased (P≤0.05) under 35 and 26.7°C by 23.4 and
52.0%, respectively than that of 23.9°C. Similarly to Younis and Abd El-
Ghany (2003) in different local chicken strains and Younis, (1996) in
broiler chickens.
6. Egg quality:
There were no significant differences (P≤0.05) in egg weight (EW)
and egg shape index (ESI) among three groups at all age periods studied
(Table 5).
Results in Table 5 show that, no significant differences (P≤0.05)
were observed in egg yolk index (YI) among the three groups at all age
periods studied except at 36 weeks of age where the differences were
significant (P≤0.05). It was observed that, there were no significant
differences (P≤0.05) in the overall mean of YI.
No significant differences (P≤0.05) were observed in Haugh units
(HU) among the three groups at 36 and 44 weeks of age (Table 5).
However, at 40 weeks of age, HU in groups 1 and 2 was significantly
(P≤0.01) higher than that in group 3. Also, the overall mean of HU in
groups 1 and 2 was significantly (P≤0.01) higher by about 5.3 and 5.3%,
respectively than that in group 3.
The egg shell thickness (ST) of groups 1 and 2 was significantly
(P≤0.05) higher than that in group 3 at 36 weeks of age (Table 5). While, no
significant differences (P≤0.05) were observed in ST among the three
groups at 40 weeks of age. However, at 44 weeks of age ST of group 2 was
significantly (P≤0.05) higher than that in group 3, while the group 1 had an
intermediate value. The overall mean of ST in group 1 and 2 was
significantly (P≤0.01) higher by about 3.1 and 3.8 % than those of group 3,
while no significant differences were observed between groups 1 and 2.
El-Sagheer (2001) showed that HU and YI of Naked neck strain
(Ethiopia) under temperature of 20°C were significantly (P≤0.05) higher
than that the birds under temperature of 30°C, while no significant
differences in ST and ESI were observed. Carmon and Huston (1965) and
Miller and Sunde (1975) showed no significant differences in egg shape
index were observed between hens exposed to normal and high
temperatures. Mashaly et al., (2004) showed no significant differences in
shell thickness of Leghorn hens were observed between the birds exposed to
23.9 and 26.7°C (34.8 and 33.9 x0.01 mm, respectively), but the shell
thickness of birds exposed to 35°C decreased significantly (28.3 x0.01 mm).
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508
Many workers reported that high temperature was associated with a
decrease in Haugh units (Daniel and Balnave, 1981; Ahvar et al., 1982)
and egg shell thickness in broiler breeder hens (Samara et al., 1995),
Sharkasi chickens (Abdel-Rahman, 2000). The decrease in shell quality
may be due to a reduction in plasma calcium in layer hens (Mohmoud et
al., 1996; Mashaly et al., 2004) when the birds were exposed to high
temperature.
7. Egg components:
The egg yolk percentage (YP) in groups 1 and 2 was significantly
(P≤0.05) higher than that in group 3, at 36 and 40 weeks of age (Table 6).
At 44 weeks of age, the YP in group 2 was significantly (P≤0.05) higher
than that in group 3, while the group 1 had an intermediate value. The
overall mean of YP in groups 1 and 2 was significantly (P≤0.01) higher by
2.8 and 3.6 % than that in group 3. As reported in Table 6, the egg
albumen percentage (AP) of group 3 was significantly higher than that in
groups 1 and 2, at 36 (P≤0.05) and 40 weeks of age (P≤0.01). No significant
differences (P≤0.05) were observed in AP at 44 weeks of age among the
three groups. The overall mean of AP in group 3 was significantly (P≤0.01)
higher by about 1.7 and 2.2% than that in groups 1 and 2. No significant
differences (P≤0.05) were observed in egg shell percentage (SP) among the
three groups at all age periods studied (Table 6).
Bollengier-Lee et al., (1998) reported that, high temperature has been
shown to decrease plasma egg yolk precursor proteins, vitellogenin, and
triglycerides due to dysfunctional synthesis in hepatic cells involved in impaired
membrane structure. Lavee, (1979) stated that, there was substantial
reduction in the blood supply to the ovary under high temperature. This
caused a reduction in nutrient supply to the ovary, which might partially
explain the reduction in yolk size. Yolk formation time is also shortened,
thus resulting in smaller yolks, which provide proportionally smaller surface
area for the deposition of albumen and other components, and consequently
reduces the egg size (Carmon and Huston, 1965).
8. Fertility, Hatchability and Chick weight at hatch:
No significant differences (P≤0.05) were observed in fertility,
hatchability of total and fertile eggs percentages among the three groups
(Table 7). However, the chick weight at hatch (g) in group 2 was
significantly (P≤0.05) higher by about 1.8% than that in group 3, while the
group 1 had an intermediate value.
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509
Balat, (1990) cited insignificant differences among the three seasons
for fertility of different local strains of chickens (Winter, 86.9%; Spring,
84.4%; Fall, 83.0%), while the differences of hatchability between the two
seasons (Winter, 77.5%; Summer, 74.9%) were significant. However,
Younis and Abd El-Ghany (2003) observed that the birds exposed to
normal temperature (22-24°C) in winter season recorded the highest fertility
and hatchability percentages (91.9 and 77.5%) of different local strains of
chickens than the birds exposed to high temperature (33-37°C) in summer
season (90.2 and 74.8%, respectively). Also, significant seasonal effects on
egg fertility for Fayoumi chickens were reported by El-Maghraby et al.,
(1969).
9. Economical evaluation (EE):
The birds of group 1 consumed more feed, thus it had the highest
feed cost. The birds of group 2 showed highest body weight change price
due to the higher body weight change. Also, the birds in group 2 had highest
egg mass price, total revenue and net revenue per hen than those of groups 1
and 3. Also, economical efficiency (EE) in group 2 exceeded that of groups
1 and 2 by 17 and 29 %, respectively, while the EE in group 1 exceeded
that of group 3 by 12%. The group 2 recorded the best EE percentage as
compared with the other two groups.
In conclusion, the birds raised under 24-26ºC had greater egg
production, egg number, egg mass, chick weight at hatch and exceeded EE
and also it was associated with no mortalities as compared with the other
birds raised under 20-22ºC or 28-30ºC. The recommendation of the present
study is raising Dandarawi laying hens during the period from 32 to 44
weeks of age under 24 to 26ºC to obtain productive and reproductive
performance.
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510
Table 1: Composition and calculated analyses of experimental diet.
Ingredients
% Yellow corn 67.97
Soybean meal (44% CP) 17.85
Layer concentrate* (44%) 8.00
Salt 0.15
Limestone
6.0
Manganese 0.03
Total 100.00
Calculated analysis **:
ME, Kcal/ Kg 2872.00
Crude protein, %
17.34
Crude fiber, %
2.81
Ether extract, %
3.30
Lysine, %
0.93
Methionine, %
0.38
Calcium, %
2.93
Available phosphorus, % 0.46
Sodium, % 0.18
Cost/kg diet P.T.
(Local price of year 2005)
1.60
* The layer concentrate contained: Crude protein, 44%; Crude fiber, 1.02%; Crude fat,
6.23%; Methionine, 1.58%; Methionine + Cystine, 2.13%; Lysine, 3.05%; Calcium,
7.24%; Available phosphorus, 3.25%; Sodium, 1.30%; and Metabolizable energy, 2457
Kcal / Kg diet. *Layer concentrate supplied the following per kilogram of the diet: Vit. A, 10000
IU; vit. D3, 1000 IU; vit. E, 10 mg; vit. K, 1 mg; vit. B1,1 mg; vit. B2, 4 mg; Pantothenic acid, 10
mg; folic acid,1 mg; Niacin,20 mg; vit. B6, 1.5 mg; vit. B12, 0.01 mg; biotin, 0.05 mg; Choline
chloride, 500 mg; Fe, 30 mg; I, 0.3 mg; Zn, 45 mg; Mn, 40 mg; Cu, 3 mg; and Se, 0.1 mg.
** Calculated according to NRC (1994).
Dandarawi Laying Hens, Optimum Ambient Temperature
511
Table 2: Means ± SE of body weight (g) and body weight change of
Dandarawi laying hens as affected by different ambient
temperatures.
Age Group 1 Group 2 Group 3 Probability
32nd
week 1455
± 11 1438 ±14 1468
±14 NS
36th
weeks 1571
±16 1581 ±10 1565
±9 NS
40th
weeks 1580 ab
±9 1592 a
±8 1558 b
±11 *
44th
weeks 1590 a
±10 1614 a
±8 1518 b
±12 **
Body weight
change (g)
+136.2 a
±14.8
+175.3 a
±14.7
+40.6 b
±16.5
**
Body weight
change (%)
+9.8 a
±1.1
+12.8 a
±1.4
+3.2 b
±1.2
** a, b
means with different superscripts in the same row are significantly different (P≤0.05).
*P≤0.05; **P≤0.01; NS = Non-Significant
Table 3: Means ± SE of hen day and hen housed egg production (%), egg number
(egg/ hen/ 28 days) and mortality rate (%) of Dandarawi laying hens as
affected by different ambient temperatures.
Items
Group 1
Group 2
Group 3
Probability
Hen day egg production
32-36 weeks 55.2 a
±1.0 58.3 a ±1.1 49.2
b ±1.7
**
36-40 weeks 60.7 a
±0.8
61.3 a ±1.0
57.3
b ±0.8 *
40-44 weeks 54.4 b
±0.8 58.5 a
±0.8 59.6 a
±0.9 **
Overall mean 56.8 b
±0.6 59.4 a
±0.6 55.4 b
±0.8 **
Hen housed egg production
32-36 weeks 55.2 a
±1.0 58.3 a ±1.1 49.2
b ±1.7
**
36-40 weeks 60.7 a
±0.8
61.3 a ±1.0
57.0
b ±0.8 *
40-44 weeks 54.2 b
±0.8 58.4 a
±0.8 55.8 b
±0.9 **
Overall mean 56.7 b
±0.6 59.3 a
±0.6 54.0 c
±0.8 **
Eggs number
32-36 weeks 15.5 a
±0.3 16.3 a
±0.3 13.8 b
±0.5 **
36-40 weeks 17.0 a
±0.2 17.2 a
±0.3 16.0 b
±0.2 *
40-44 weeks 15.2 b±0.2 16.4
a ±0.2 16.7
a ±0.2 **
Cumulative 47.7 b
±0.3 49.9 a
±0.6 46.5 b
±0.6 **
Mortality rate 1.7 0.0 6.7
a, b, c means with different superscripts in the same row are significantly different (P≤0.05).
*P≤0.05; **P≤0.01; NS = Non-Significant
Dandarawi Laying Hens, Optimum Ambient Temperature
512
Table 4: Means ± SE of egg weight (g), egg mass (g/hen/28 days), feed
consumption (g /hen /day), and feed conversion (g feed /g egg
mass) of Dandarawi laying hens as affected by different ambient
temperatures.
Items
Group 1
Group 2
Group 3
Probability
Egg weight
32-36 weeks 47.0 ±0.2 46.6
±0.3 46.1
±0.3 NS
36-40 weeks 47.4 ±0.3 46.6
±0.3 46.6
±0.4 NS
40-44 weeks 47.8 ±0.3 48.6
±0.5 47.6
±0.4 NS
Overall mean 47.4 ±0.4 47.3
±0.3 46.8
±0.4 NS
Egg mass
32-36 weeks 728.5 a
±14.0 759.6 a
±14.6 636.2 b
±21.6 **
36-40 weeks 805.8 a
±10.6 801.5 a
±14.0 745.6 b
±10.9 **
40-44 weeks 726.6 b
±10.6 797.0 a
±10.9 794.9 a
±11.2 **
Cumulative 2261.0 b
±23.5 2358.1 a
±23.5 2176.1 c
±33.6 **
Feed consumption
32-36 weeks 109.4 ±3.3 109.3
±3.3 106.2
±2.4 NS
36-40 weeks 112.4 a
±0.3 111.7 b
±0.1 106.4 c
±0.2 **
40-44 weeks 112.1 a
±0.3 111.4 ab
±0.1 111.0 b
±0.3 *
Overall mean 111.3 a
±1.1 110.8 ab
±1.1 107.9 b
±1.0 *
Feed conversion ratio
32-36 weeks 4.22 ±0.23 4.06
±0.26 4.81
±0.48 NS
36-40 weeks 3.92 ±0.10 3.92
±0.13 4.00
±0.14 NS
40-44 weeks 4.31 a
±0.02 3.93 b
±.08 3.92 b
±0.10 **
Overall mean 4.15 ±0.09 3.97
±0.09 4.24
±0.20 NS
a, b, c means with different superscripts in the same row are significantly different (P≤0.05).
*P≤0.05; **P≤0.01; NS = Non-Significant
Dandarawi Laying Hens, Optimum Ambient Temperature
513
Table 5: Means ± SE of egg quality of Dandarawi laying hens as affected
by different ambient temperatures.
Items
Group 1
Group 2
Group 3
Probability
Egg weight (g)
36th
week 47.0 ±0.7 46.6
±0.5 46.1
±0.7 NS
40th
weeks 47.4 ±0.7 46.6
±0.5 46.6
±0.6 NS
44th
weeks 47.6 ±0.6 48.7
±0.6 47.6
±0.7 NS
Overall mean 47.5 ±0.4 47.3
±0.3 46.7
±0.4 NS
Egg shape index (%)
36th
week 78.8 ±0.7 79.6
±0.5 80.5
±0.7 NS
40th
weeks 80.5 ±0.6 79.7
±0.6 79.5
±0.7 NS
44th
weeks 78.6 ±0.9 79.5
±0.9 78.5
±0.8 NS
Overall mean 79.3 ±0.4 79.6
±0.3 79.5
±0.4 NS
Egg yolk index (%)
36th
week 57.7 a
±0.9 55.3 b
±0.5 55.9ab
±0.7 *
40th
weeks 52.6 ±0.6 53.4
±0.6 52.4
±0.7 NS
44th
weeks 54.1 ±0.8 54.5
±0.6 54.3
±0.6 NS
Overall mean 54.8 ±0.5 54.4
±0.3 54.2
±0.4 NS
Haugh unit
36th
week 87.4
±1.4 86.7 ±1.2 84.0
±1.9 NS
40th
weeks 85.6 a
±1.8 85.5 a
±0.8 78.2 b
±1.5 **
44th
weeks 81.7 ±1.9 82.5
±1.4 79.0
±2.1 NS
Overall mean 84.9 a
±1.0 84.9 a
±0.7 80.4 b
±1.1 **
Egg shell thickness (x0.01 mm)
36th
week 41.9 a
±0.5 42.1 a
±0.4 40.1 b
±0.7 *
40th
weeks 42.0 ±0.5 41.5
±0.5 40.7
±0.5 NS
44th
weeks 41.1 ab
±0.5 42.3 a
±0.5 40.4 b
±0.5 *
Overall mean 41.7 a
±0.3
42.0 a
±0.3
40.4 b
±0.3
**
a, b means with different superscripts in the same row are significantly different (P≤0.05).
*P≤0.05; **P≤0.01; NS = Non-Significant
Dandarawi Laying Hens, Optimum Ambient Temperature
514
Table 6: Means ± SE of egg components of Dandarawi laying hens as
affected by different ambient temperatures.
Items Group 1 Group 2 Group 3 Probability
Yolk (%)
36th
week 32.4 a
±0.4 32.4 a
±0.3 31.3 b
±0.4 *
40th
weeks 33.1 a
±0.4 33.4 a
±0.3 31.9 b
±0.3 *
44th
weeks 32.6 ab
±0.3 33.3 a
±0.4 32.3 b
±0.3 *
Overall mean 32.7 a
±0.2 33.0 a
±0.2 31.8 b
±0.2 **
Albumen (%)
36th
week 57.4 b
±0.4 57.4 b
±0.3 58.6 a
±0.5 *
40th
weeks 56.5 b
±0.4 56.0 b±0.3 57.8
a ±0.3 **
44th
weeks 57.2 ±0.4 56.6
±0.4 57.6
±0.3 NS
Overall mean 57.0 b
±0.2 56.7 b
±0.2 58.0 a
±0.2 **
Shell (%)
36th
week 10.2 ±0.1 10.2
±0.1 10.1
±0.3 NS
40th
weeks 10.5 ±0.1 10.5
±0.1 10.3
±0.1 NS
44th
weeks 10.2 ±0.2 10.2
±0.2 10.1
±0.1 NS
Overall mean 10.3 ±0.1 10.3
±0.1 10.2
±0.1 NS
a, b means with different superscripts in the same row are significantly different (P≤0.05).
*P≤0.05; **P≤0.01; NS = Non-Significant
Table 7: Fertility (%), hatchability (%) and chick weight at hatch (g)of
Dandarawi laying hens as affected by different ambient
temperatures.
Items
Group 1
Group 2
Group 3
Probability
Fertility 96.8 ±0.4 96.4
±0.3 96.6
±0.2
NS
Hatchability of
total eggs 82.3
±2.1 84.4
±0.5 82.5
±1.8 NS
Hatchability of
fertile eggs 85.3
±1.7 87.6
±0.8 85.3
±2.0 NS
Chick weight
at hatch 27.8
ab ±0.1 27.9
a ±0.1 27.4
b ±0.1 *
a, b means with different superscripts in the same row are significantly different (P≤0.05).
*P≤0.05; **P≤0.01; NS = Non-significant
Dandarawi Laying Hens, Optimum Ambient Temperature
515
Table 8: Economical evaluation of Dandarawi laying hen groups as
affected by different ambient temperatures.
Items
Group 1
Group 2
Group 3
Total feed consumption (Kg/hen) 9.349 9.307 9.064
Total feed costs (LE.) 14.96 14.89 14.50
Live body weight change (kg) 0.136 0.175 0.041
Body weight change price (LE.) 1.36 1.75 0.41
Egg mass (kg/hen) 2.261 2.358 2.176
Egg mass price (L.E.) 22.61 23.58 21.76
Total revenue (L.E.) 23.97 25.33 22.17
Net revenue per hen 9.01 10.44 7.67
Economic efficiency 0.60 0.70 0.53
Relative economic efficiency (%) 100 117 88
Price of 1kg eggs were 10 L.E. at the time of experimental period.
Price of 1Kg diet was 1.60 L.E.
Price of 1 Kg live body weight was 10 L.E.
LE = Egyptian pound.
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الملخص العربي
أداء الدندراوي البياض للحصول علي امثل المثلي لدجاج ئيةالبي درجة الحرارة
إنتاجي وتناسلي
حسن محمد الصغير محمد
مصر –أسيوط –جامعة أسيوط -كلية الزراعة -قسم الإنتاج الحيواني والدواجن
08, دجاجة 081) أجريت هذه الدراسة على مائة وستة وتسعون من طيور الدندراوي
والتناسلي الإنتاجي الأداءلتقييم , أسبوعا 44ا واستمرت حتى عمر سبوعأ 23عند عمر ( ديك
إلي ثلاثة الطيوروقسمت . المختلفة المحيطة ي تحت تأثير درجات الحرارةولدجاجات الدندرا
كلوربيت طيور .ديوك 0, بياضة دجاجة 01و اشتملت كل مجموعه على عدد , وعاتممج
م01مساحتها عشه فيمجموعة 3
اتالمجموعربيت و .سم من التبن01لى فرشه عميقة حوالي ع
.التواليم علي ° 21-38, م° 30-34, م° 33-31 حرارةعلى درجه والثالثة الأولي والثانية
:تلخيص النتائج المتحصل عليها كالتالي أمكن
حوالي ب (P≤0.01) معنويا أكبر نهائي وزن جسم الأولي والثانية حققت طيور المجموعتان -0
علي التوالي % 6.0, 0.0بحوالي (P≤0.01)في وزن الجسم معنويا روتغير أكب, 0.1%, 4.4
الأولي بينما لم توجد اختلافات معنوية ما بين طيور المجموعتين .الثالثة المجموعة رعن طيو
.تغير في وزن الجسمال النهائي أو جسمالوزن والثانية في
(HDP)في إنتاج البيض ((P≤0.01)ارتفاعا معنويا لثانيةاطيور المجموعة أظهرت -3
بيضه 2.4, 3.3وعدد بيض بحوالي , %8.6, 4.4بحوالي HHPو ,% 0.6, 4.4بحوالي
بينما , علي التوالي الثالثة عتان الأولى والمجمو رعن طيو% 6.6, 4.0وكتله بيض بحوالي ,
. وعدد البيض , HDPوالثالثة في الأولي ر المجموعتينلم توجد اختلافات معنوية ما بين طيو
( HHP) في إنتاج البيض ((P≤0.01)ارتفاعا معنويا طيور المجموعة الأولي أظهرت بينما
.الثالثة المجموعة رعن طيو% 2.8وكتله بيض بحوالي , % 4.8بحوالي
بينما كانت نسبة , رية المدروسةعند كل الفترات العم الثانيةلم يحدث نفوق في طيور المجموعة -2
.علي التوالي% 0.6, 0.6الثالثة والأولي النفوق في طيور المجموعتان
Dandarawi Laying Hens, Optimum Ambient Temperature
520
عن % 2.0من الغذاء بحوالي (P≤0.05)كمية أكبر معنوياالأولي المجموعةطيور استهلكت -4
متوسطة ما بين ة بينما كانت كمية الغذاء المستهلك لطيور المجموعة الثاني, الثالثة المجموعةطيور
.الاثنين
مع , لم توجد أي اختلافات معنوية ما بين طيور المجموعات الثلاثة في كفاءة التحويل الغذائي -4
, 4.4حدث تحسن غير معنوي في كفاءة التحويل الغذائي بحوالي الثانيةأنة في طيور المجموعة
.الثالثة علي التواليوالأولي عن طيور المجموعتان% 0.8
دليل شكل , لم توجد أي اختلافات معنوية ما بين طيور المجموعات الثلاثة في وزن البيضة -0
(P≤0.01)معنويا (HU)بينما تحسنت وحدات جودة البياض . ودليل شكل الصفار, البيضة
الأولي والثانية لطيور المجموعتان% 2.8, 2.0وسمك القشرة بحوالي , % 4.2, 4.2بحوالي
.الثالثة المجموعة رعن طيوعلي التوالي
, 3.8بحوالي (P≤0.05)معنويا الأولي والثانية بيض طيور المجموعتين ارتفعت نسبة صفار -6
بيض بينما ارتفعت نسبة بياض, الثالثةالمجموعة تلك في بيض طيور عنعلي التوالي % 2.0
ض طيور المجموعتانعن تلك لبياض بي% 3.3, 0.6طيور المجموعة الثالثة معنويا بحوالي
لم توجد أي اختلافات معنوية ما بين طيور المجموعات الثلاثة في و. علي التوالي الأولي والثانية
والتفريخ علي أساس البيض الكلي أو علي أساس البيض , ونسب الخصوبة , نسبة قشرة البيضة
في وزن الكتكوت (P≤0.05)حدث ارتفاع معنوي الثانيةمع أنة في طيور المجموعة , المخصب
وزن الكتكوت عند الفقس بينما كان ,الثالثة عنة في طيور المجموعة% 0.8عند الفقس بحوالي
.ما بين الاثنين متوسط وليلطيور المجموعة الأ
عن طيور % 36, 06 حواليب الثانيةفي طيور المجموعة الاقتصادية الكفاءةتحسنت و -8
في طيور المجموعة الاقتصادية الكفاءةتحسنت بينما , التواليالثالثة علي والأولي المجموعتين
وسجلت طيور المجموعة الثانية احسن كفاءة . عن طيور المجموعة الثالثة% 03 حواليبالأولي
.اقتصادية بالمقارنة بطيور المجموعتان الأولى والثالثة
ندراوي البياض يقترح للحصول علي امثل أداء إنتاجي وتناسلي لدجاج الدعامه بصفة
تحت ظروف م° 30-34تربيتها تحت درجة الحرارة وأسبوعا ه 44 -23أثناء الفترة من عمر
.هذه التجربة