“The only thing that interferes with my learning is my education.”
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Transcript of “The only thing that interferes with my learning is my education.”
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“The only thing that interferes with my learning is my education.”
Albert Einstein
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How does learning take place?• http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ZgJc0zmWHL8• http://www.youtube.com/watch?feature=endscree
n&v=H8oQBYw6xxc&NR=1
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What is learning?• “A relatively permanent change in an
organism’s behaviour due to experience”.
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How do you learn?• Three different types:
i. Classical conditioningii. Operant conditioningiii. Social learning/Observational
learning
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Classical conditioning• Experiment - Who would like
to get wet…? • Ivan Pavlov (1849 – 1936)• Originally studied how much
dogs salivated during digestion• Noticed that dogs started
salivating at the sight of food…• …so he started varying the
stimuli before feeding
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Pavlov’s Dogs
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Little Albert• John B. Watson (1878
– 1958)• Little Albert
experiment– http://www.youtube.com/watch?v
=Xt0ucxOrPQE
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Little Albert• Before conditioning:
UCSUCR
(Fear)
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Little Albert• Before conditioning:
Neutral stimulus No fear
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Little Albert• During conditioning:
UCSNeutral stimulus UCR (Fear)
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Little Albert• After conditioning:
CS CR (Fear)
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Classical conditioning• http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=
WfZfMIHwSkU
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Classical conditioning• What is an example of classical
conditioning? • For each example, name the
following: – US – unconditioned stimulus– UR – unconditioned response–Neutral stimulus– CS – conditioned stimulus– CR – conditioned response
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Classical conditioning• Initial learning of the stimulus-
response relationship - Acquisition• How much time should elapse
between presenting the neutral stimulus and the unconditioned stimulus?
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Acquisition
Weak CR
Strong CR• The CR grows stronger as the CS and US are repeatedly paired
(CS + US)
Acquisition (CS + US)
Time
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Classical conditioning• What happens if the CS occurs
repeatedly without the US?
Response diminishes when the CS no longer signals the US –
Extinction
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Extinction
Weak CR
Strong CR
(CS + US)
Extinction (CS alone):CR weakens as the CS is presented alone
Acquisition: (CS + US)
Time
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Classical conditioning• After a pause in time, the CS is
sounded again with the US. What happens?
-The CR reappears – Spontaneous recovery
-Extinction suppressed the CR, but did not eliminate it
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Spontaneous Recovery
Weak CR
Strong CR
(CS + US)
2. Extinction (CS alone)
Time Pause
1. Acquisition: (CS + US)
3. Spontaneous recovery of CR 4. Extinction
(CS alone)
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Classical conditioning• What do you think happened when
Pavlov used a slightly different sounding tone than the original CS? (i.e., a metronome vs. a buzzer)
Dogs still responded to the stimuli – Generalization
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Generalization• Applications for generalization?– Human health and well-being – former
drug users– Toddlers fearing vehicles