The Office of the State Auditor Colorado PERA Hybrid Defined Benefit Plan Docs/Annual... · 2016....

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Copyright © 2015 GRS – All rights reserved. The Colorado Office of the State AuditorColorado PERA Hybrid Defined Benefit Plan A Comprehensive Study Comparing the Cost and Effectiveness to Alternative Plan Designs Authorized by Senate Bill 14214

Transcript of The Office of the State Auditor Colorado PERA Hybrid Defined Benefit Plan Docs/Annual... · 2016....

Page 1: The Office of the State Auditor Colorado PERA Hybrid Defined Benefit Plan Docs/Annual... · 2016. 5. 23. · 1 Features of theAlternative Plan: Cash Balance Plan structure with a

Copyright © 2015 GRS – All rights reserved.

The Colorado Office of the State Auditor‐Colorado PERA Hybrid Defined Benefit Plan

A Comprehensive Study Comparing the Cost and Effectiveness to Alternative Plan Designs Authorized by Senate Bill 14‐214

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Today’s Agenda

Climate Leading to the Study Purpose of the Study Establishing the Baseline‐Measuring Colorado PERA Comparing to Alternatives‐Public and Private Sector Comparisons Key findings‐State Division

Alternative # 1 Side‐by‐Side DB and DC plans Alternative #2 Cash Balance Plan Alternative #3 Defined Contribution Only Alternative #4 Private Sector Social Security and DB Alternative #5 Private Sector Social Security and DC

Summary of Alternative Comparisons Lower Returns in the Defined Contribution Plan Peer Group Comparisons Impacts and Costs What I Learned Along the Way… Summary2

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Climate Leading to the Study

Legislators asking “why don’t we model PERA after the private sector?” Less interest in plans with an explicit unfunded accrued liability Greater interest in Defined Contribution plans as a primary vehicle

A desire to see whether there is something better out there

A desire to have science based work to support statements

A desire to provide legislators with “budget displacement “ numbers as well as more explicit policy statements to aid in their review

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Purpose of the Study

Statutory purpose: To compare the cost and effectiveness of PERA to other public and private sector plans

To compare the benefits, costs and portability of benefits with alternative plan designs

Highlight transition, disruption and costs

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Establishing the Baseline‐Measuring Colorado PERA

First, a representative group of members was selectedVarying entry ages, service yearsThis was done so that the retirement policy as well as portability could be assessed at many different points in a member’s career

Note:  the entire study of the benefits portion will examine future benefits, so we only look at the benefits for new hiresLater, when there are comparisons to other plans, the latest tier of those plans will be used

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Establishing the Baseline‐Measuring Colorado PERA

Next, use replacement ratios (replacement ratios are used to normalize benefits all to one single age)

Examine the targets from all sources for retirement incomeThe target RR should be 77% to 85% of pre‐retirement income in order to maintain the same standard of living

Many sources make up retirement income

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Establishing the Baseline‐Measuring Colorado PERA

PERA, a non Social Security State, replaces 72.2% for a 30 year career terminating at age 65; replaces 60.2% for a 25 year career terminating at age 65

This leaves some replacement income from other sources

Partial career members have partial income replaced

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Establishing the Baseline‐Measuring Colorado PERA

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72.2%

60.2%

72.2%

60.2%

75.0%

62.5%

0%

25%

50%

75%

100%

Hire age 35, Terminated age 65 Hire age 40, Terminated age 65

Rep

lace

men

t R

atio

PERA Replacement Ratios for Age 65 RetirementPercent of Pre-Retirement Salary at Age 65

State and Local Government Schools/DPS Judges

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Establishing the Baseline‐Measuring Colorado PERA

Portability and value retentionMembers who terminate early are able to leave their money in PERA and can receive a 100% match at retirement age

• Note:  portability became an issue back in the 80’s because members wanted their retirement benefits to retain value instead of being frozen; hence they wanted to be able to withdraw their funds and invest

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Comparing to Alternatives‐Public and Private Sector Plans

The study looked at three public sector alternative plans and two private sector plans (private sector includes Social Security)

Legislators have heard “why doesn’t Colorado follow the private sector”?The private sector model is Social Security (a defined benefit plan with member and employer contributions each at 6.2% of pay) plus either a defined benefit or a 401(k) plan

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Comparing to Alternatives‐Targeting Retirement Age 65

The study looked at age 65 as the retirement age‐this allows for the optimal comparison for the private sectorOther ages and replacement ratios are shown for illustrative purposes

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Comparing Alternative PlansCash Balance‐Same Retirement Benefits

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Comparison of Cash Balance Plan with PERA Hybrid Defined Benefit Plan

Targeted Benefit ApproachState Division

PERA Hybrid Defined Benefit Plan

Cash Balance Plan1

Employer Contribution2 0.82% 8.08%

Member Contribution2 8.00% 8.00%

Relative Cost (to replace the same age‐65 benefits as under the PERA Hybrid Defined Benefit Plan)

100% 179%

REPLACEMENT RATIOS

Age atHire Age at Termination Years of Service

Benefit Commencement Age

35 65 30 65 72.2% 72.2%

35 62 27 62 62.5% 59.1%

35 60 25 60 49.7% 51.7%

40 60 20 65 39.6% 48.8%

25 45 20 65 20.6% 47.0%

40 50 10 65 13.0% 24.9%

40 43 3 65 4.4% 7.5%

Source: Gabriel, Roeder, Smith & Company1 Features of the Alternative Plan:  Cash Balance Plan structure with a member contribution of 8%, an employer contribution of 8.08%, interest crediting to the member’s 

account of 5%, and actual fund earnings of 7.5%. At retirement the account balance converts based on 5.5% and the valuation mortality table.2 Contribution amounts are calculated as a percentage of employee salary.

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Comparing Alternative Plans‐Cash Balance Plan‐Same Contributions

Comparison of Cash Balance Plan with PERA Hybrid Defined Benefit PlanTargeted Contribution Approach

State DivisionPERA Hybrid Defined 

Benefit PlanCash Balance Plan1

Employer Contribution2 0.82% 0.82%

Member Contribution2 8.00% 8.00%

Relative Cost (set equal) 100% 100%

REPLACEMENT RATIOS

Age atHire

Age at Termination

Years of Service

Benefit Commencement Age

35 65 30 65 72.2% 26.3%

35 62 27 62 62.5% 21.6%

35 60 25 60 49.7% 18.8%

40 60 20 65 39.6% 17.8%

25 45 20 65 20.6% 17.1%

40 50 10 65 13.0% 9.1%

40 43 3 65 4.4% 2.7%

Source: Gabriel, Roeder, Smith & Company1 Features of the Alternative Plan:  Cash Balance Plan structure with a member contribution of 8%, an employer contribution of 0.82%, interest crediting to the member’s account of 5%, and actual fund earnings of 7.5%. At retirement the account balance converts based on 5.5% and the valuation mortality table.

2  Contribution amounts are calculated as a percentage of employee salary.

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Key Findings‐State Division

When costs are held constant (defined as the normal costs for new hires), Colorado PERA provides the highest retirement benefits when compared to all the alternative plans

Similarly, when benefits are held constant, costs increase under all the alternative plansPERA’s normal cost for new hires is 8.82%

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Alternative Plan #1 Defined Benefit and Defined Contribution Side‐by‐Side

DB (employer provided) multiplier 1.50%; DC plan (member provided) contribution 9.03%

To provide the same benefits as the current PERA plan for new hires, the costs would need to be increased 60%

If keeping costs the same, the benefits would be reduced from 72.2% of replacement income to 54.4% of replacement income At age 65, for a 30 year career employee

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Alternative Plan #2 Cash Balance Plan

Member contribution of 8%, interest at 5%, actual fund earnings at 7.5%, at retirement the annuity conversion is at 5.5%

To provide the same benefits as the current PERA plan for new hires, the costs would need to be increased 79%

If keeping costs the same, the benefits would be reduced from 72.2% of replacement income to 26.3% of replacement income At age 65, for a 30 year career employee

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Alternative Plan #3 Self Directed Defined Contribution Plan

Assumed interest earnings of 5.5% To provide the same benefits as the current PERA plan for new hires, the costs would need to be increased 142%

If keeping costs the same, the benefits would be reduced from 72.2% of replacement income to 28.3% of replacement income At age 65, for a 30 year career employee

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Alternative Plan #4 “Private Sector” Defined Benefit and Social Security

DB (employer provided) multiplier 1.15%; Social Security of 6.2% for member and employer

To provide the same benefits as the current PERA plan for new hires, the costs would need to be increased 83%

Cannot keep costs the same! (Because Social Security costs more for new hires than the current PERA plan).With minimized costs, the benefits would be reduced from 72.2% of replacement income to 39.0% of replacement income and costs would still need to increase 39% At age 65, for a 30 year career employee The benefit is Social Security only

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Alternative Plan #5 “Private Sector” Defined Contribution and Social Security

DC earnings assumed at 5.5% per year; Social Security contributions of 6.2% for member and employer

To provide the same benefits as the current PERA plan for new hires, the costs would need to be increased 150%

Cannot keep costs the same! (Because Social Security costs more for new hires than the current PERA plan).With minimized costs, the benefits would be reduced from 72.2% of replacement income to 39.0% of replacement income and costs would still need to increase 39% At age 65, for a 30 year career employee The benefit is Social Security only

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Summary of Alternative Comparisons

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Summary of Alternative Comparisons

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Lower Returns in the Defined Contribution Plan

Assumed 2% less than the expected return in the defined benefit plan

There is no single consensus on the differential

Key issues for creating the difference are: Defined benefit plans hire professional consultants Defined benefit plans are able to spread fees over a larger base Defined benefit plans have access to a greater variety of investment vehicles

Investment fee structure is more expensive for the individual investor “Individual investor effects” related to the skill level of the member, as well as the fees and lack of access to alternative investments

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Peer Group Comparison

Showed that PERA is neither too generous nor too low in benefits when compared to other similarly situation public sector employers

PERA’s funded ratios are lowest within the peer group and are low for the entire peer group 

Member contribution rates were low compared to the peer group

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Peer Group ComparisonPeer Group of Non Social Security States

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72.2%

57.8%63.5%

72.2% 72.2% 72.2%

0%

25%

50%

75%

100%

Colorado PERA Maine State andTeachers

Ohio PERS Louisiana SERS MassachusettsSERS

Nevada RegularEmployees

Rep

lace

men

t R

atio

Statewide Systems (Excluding Teachers)Replacement Ratios

Non Social Security Statewide SystemsPercent of Pre-Retirement Pay at Age 65 and 30 Years of Service

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Peer Group ComparisonPeer Group of Non Social Security Teacher Systems

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72.2%

57.8% 62.6% 63.5% 63.5% 66.4% 69.3% 72.2% 72.2% 72.2% 72.2%

0%

25%

50%

75%

100%

Rep

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atio

Teacher SystemsReplacement Ratios

Non Social Security Statewide SystemsPercent of Pre-Retirement Pay at Age 65 and 30 Years of Service

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Peer Group ComparisonPeer Group of Non Social Security States

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8% 8% 8% 8% 10% 8% 9%13%

18% 17%14%

23%14%

31%

11%

13%

58%

73% 73%

83% 82%

59%

70% 72%

0%

20%

40%

60%

80%

100%

0%

10%

20%

30%

40%

50%

Funded Ratio

Con

trib

utio

n as

% of

Pay

Statewide Systems (Excluding Teachers)Employer and Employee Contribution Rates versus Funded Ratios

For Colorado includes AED and SAED and shows Funded Ratio by DivisonCompared to State-Wide Retirement Systems not in Social Security

Employee Contribution Rate Employer Contribution Rate (including medical) Funded Ratio

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Peer Group ComparisonPeer Group of Non Social Security Teacher Systems

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8% 8% 6%9% 11% 9%

6% 9%12%

8%11%

15%

18% 18% 24%

29%

14%

34%

7%

11%

24%27%

16%15%

60%

81%

59%

52%

74%

41%

80%

67%

54%57% 56%

83%

0%

20%

40%

60%

80%

100%

0%

10%

20%

30%

40%

50%

Funded Ratio

Con

trib

utio

n as

% of

Pay

Teachers SystemsEmployer and Employee Contribution Rates versus Funded Ratios

For Colorado includes AED and SAED and shows Funded Ratio by DivisonCompared to State-Wide Retirement Systems not in Social Security

Employee Contribution Rate Employer Contribution Rate Funded Ratio

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Peer Group Comparison

Private sector plans provide greater lump sum benefits to early terminating employeesThere is no requirement that members participate in the 401(k) plan

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Impacts and Costs

The issue of the unfunded accrued liability is handled separately from the issue of the benefits for new hiresThe UAL is a debt which cannot be eliminated through structural change

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Impacts and Costs

Actuarial recommendations are to accelerate funding if a plan is closed to new entrants Since a point in time is coming where there will be no more actives (contributing employees) in the plan

There is dialogue in the industry that the actuarial standards need not be followed

• Also, there is a good chance that if the system could afford the accelerated payments then they may not be discussing plan structural changes

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Impacts and Costs

Using the cash balance plan as an exampleWith acceleration of the payment of the UAL (so it is paid off in time for the last person to retire) the first year additional cost is nearly $800 million

With no acceleration the first year additional cost is $22 million

• The additional cost of $22 million reflects the fact that the same benefits are being provided, but through a less efficient benefit structure

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Impacts and Costs

Closing the plan may alter the risk profile and also the rate of return

If Colorado were to transition to a cash balance plan for new hires and accelerate the payment on the UAL the additional costs over the 40 year period is $8.85 billion

To transition without accelerating the payment the additional costs over the 40 year period is $16 billion

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Impacts and Costs

Due to acceleration of the payoff of the unfunded accrued liability

The higher cost of the new planThe changing risk profile and investment earnings of the trust

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Impacts and Costs

To say that costs do not need to be accelerated may be true, but that can add up to greater costs over the 40 year period

Need to examine costs over a longer period of time

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What I Learned Along the Way…

Relate any discussion of change to the retirement benefits and related policyLegislators will want to know that a DC plan is less expensive because benefits are lower

A DC plan that provides the same benefits is more expensive (less efficient)

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What I Learned Along the Way…

Eliminating the UAL (e.g., DB to DC plan) does not mean it does not existThe UAL is hidden from viewIt will become known when the member is close to retirement

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What I Learned Along the Way…

The implicit policy of a DB plan is:Non‐decreasing lifetime annuity

The implicit policy of a DC plan is:No lifetime guaranteeFlexibility in the payment stream

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What I Learned Along the Way…

DC plans have a place in the retirement pictureWhen the member needs flexible income

• Early retirement, cost‐of‐living adjustments, additional expenses beyond what the fixed annuity (i.e., Social Security, defined benefit plan) provides

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Summary

The study of cost and effectiveness is measured against the retirement policy of PERA

The study aligned the use of funds against the retirement policy in order to measure efficiency and the efficient use of taxpayer dollars

Thus, benefits and/or costs that did not contribute directly to retirement benefits made the plan “less efficient”

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Disclaimers

This presentation shall not be construed to provide tax advice, legal advice or investment advice

Readers are cautioned to examine original source materials and to consult with subject matter experts before making decisions related to the subject matter of this presentation

This presentation expresses the views of the author and does not necessarily express the views of Gabriel, Roeder, Smith & Company

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Questions

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