The Ocean Habitat - SOEST · 2011. 2. 28. · The Ocean Habitat Life at the microscale Friday,...
Transcript of The Ocean Habitat - SOEST · 2011. 2. 28. · The Ocean Habitat Life at the microscale Friday,...
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The Ocean HabitatLife at the microscale
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Marine Planktonic Food Web
Prokaryotes
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Most Life in the Sea is Microscopic
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• Fish
• Copepods
• Diatoms
• Dinoflagellates
• Nanoflagellates
• Cyanobacteria
• Prokaryotes
• Viruses
What’s in a liter of water?NONE
10
1,000
10,000
1,000,000
100,000,000
1,000,000,000
10,000,000,000
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http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=zOZi9v9p1lU
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Reynolds Number
Re =
u = velocity (m/s)L= length (m)v = kinematic viscosity m2/s (10-6 for water)
Dimensionless number useful for determining relative importance of inertial versus viscous forces
uLv
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Laminar vs Turbulent Flow
http://video.google.com/videoplay?docid=-4535320633959087386#docid=1827702182265329855Friday, February 25, 2011
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Reynolds NumberRe =
u = 1 m/sL= 2 mv = 10-6 m2/s
uLv
Re = 1 x 210-6
= 2,000,000
Human Swimming
u = 0.000150 m/sL= 0.0000002 mv =10-6 m2/s
Re = 0.000150 x 0.000000210-6
=0.00003
Bacterium Swimming
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• Large whale 10m/s
• Tuna 10 m/s
• Copepod 20 cm/s
• Invert Larva 1 mm/s
• Protozoan 35 µm/s
• Bacterium 150 µm/s
Reynolds Numbers
300,000,000
30,000,000
300
0.3
0.0003
0.00003
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Viscosity
http://video.google.com/videoplay?docid=-4535320633959087386#docid=-4556431258553465670
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Length Scales of Variability
L = 2π(v / e)1/43Kolmogoroff Length Scale
v = kinematic viscosity of water = 10 m s e = turbulent energy dissipation = 10 to 10 W kg
(winds 5 - 15 m s )
-1-6
-8 -6 -1
-1
2
3-6 mm20-30 mmFriday, February 25, 2011
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Diffusion dominates transport at the microscale
F = D dC/dz
Values for Diffusivity (m2/s)
Heat = 1.5 x 10-7
Nutrient = 1.5 x 10-9
D = L2/t so t = L2/Dif L = 1 mm
7 sec11 min
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Length Scales of Variability
L = 2π(v / e)1/43
L = 2π(vD / e)1/42
Kolmogoroff Length Scale
Batchelor Scale
v = kinematic viscosity of water = 10 m s e = turbulent energy dissipation = 10 to 10 W kg
(winds 5 - 15 m s ) D = molecular diffusivity = X m s
-1-6
-8 -6 -1
-1-12
2
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Length Scales of Variability
• turbulence = 6 - 20 mm
• heat = 2 - 14 mm
• salt/nutrient = 0.2 - 1 mm
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Eddy Diffusivity
• Typical eddy diffusivity for horizontal diffusion (deep ocean) is 500 m2 s-1
• 6 x 10-5 m2 s-1 vertical (deep ocean)
• Compare to molecular diffusivities of 10-7 10-11
Eddy diffusivities for deep sea from Gargett (1984) J. Mar. Res. 42: 359-395
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Nutrient Diffusion
• Horizontal eddy diffusion (500 m^2/s):
• Vertical eddy diffusion (6 x 10-5 m^2/s):
• Molecular diffusion (1.5 x 10-9 m^2/s):
t = L2/D
Time for nutrients to diffuse 10 meters
20 seconds
19 days
2000 years
assuming empirical estimates on the km scale
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The Problem for Small Cells
• no turbulence at the micro-scale
• diffusion is very slow
• Swimming or sinking by large cells can increase the nutrient flux to the cell to some degree.
• Boundary layers make swimming less effective for smallest cells
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F = D dC/dz
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Marine Snow
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F. Azam & R. A. Long 2001
Photo D.C. Smith
Microscale Hot Spots Exist
colonized marine snow particle
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F. Azam 1998
Microscale Patchiness and Hotspots
Creates niche space contributing to microbial diversity
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Bacterial Motility
• Old models based on E. coli
• about 25 µm per sec
• run and tumble
• New observations show high speed bursts (45 to 300 µm per sec), stops and, direct reversals
• Swimming does not increase flux directly, but can move the cell to a place where nutrient concentrations are higher
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Paradox of the plankton (Hutchinson)
Utilization of the same resource by two species in a homogenous environment will lead to elimination of the less competitive species
G. E. Hutchinson posed the question: Why is there so much diversity among phytoplankton? Because according to ecological theory, namely the competitive exclusion principle of Gause:
The simple explanation (recognized by Hutchinson) is that the pelagic marine environment is far from
homogeneous
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