The Ocean
description
Transcript of The Ocean
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Init 2/17/2010 by Daniel R. Barnes
WARNING: This presentation contains graphical and audio elements taken without permission from the world wide web. Do not copy or distribute this presentation. Its very existence may be illegal.
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NorthAmerica?
SouthAmerica?Australia?
Africa?
Europe? Asia?
Antarctica?
PacificOcean?
AtlanticOcean?
AtlanticOcean
?IndianOcean?
CONTINENTS AND OCEANS
MediterraneanSea?
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Los Angeles
FAMOUS LOCATIONS
West sa-eed!
New York City
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Los Angeles
FAMOUS LOCATIONS
New York City
Japan
Brazil
India
Italy
Egypt
SiberiaAlaska
Hawaii
GreenlandIceland
Norway &Sweden
ChinaHimalayas
Philippines
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HISTORICAL ASIDE:Countries that were at some point part of the
BRITISH EMPIRE
Sorry, Erlis. Turkey is grey on this map. It has never been a possession of the British.
It looks like the Brits owned the island of Cyprus at some point, though. That’s close to Turkey.
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HISTORICAL ASIDE:Countries that, in 1683, were part of the
OTTOMAN EMPIRE
It looks like you were just thinking of the wrong empire.
Grand VizierKöprülü Fazıl Ahmed Pasha
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Topography is . . .
. . . the study of the shape of the earth’s surface
The sea floor has just as much topographic diversity as dry land does . . .
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Mountains
Dry Land Ocean Floor
Valleys
Plains
Volcanoes
Faults
Plateaus
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The deepest parts of the ocean are colored . . .
. . . dark blue on this map.
These deep, wide, dark, flat regions of the seafloor are called . . .
abyssal plains
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gulper eel
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gulper eel
Is this one
fake?
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Mid-AtlanticRidge
divergentplate boundary
seafloorspreading
Basaltic eruptionsmake new oceanic crust
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pillow basalt
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Mid-AtlanticRidge
Oceanic ridge
Mid-ocean ridge
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What are allthe red zones?
continentalshelf
shallowwater
oftengood for fishing
GrandBanks
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continentalshelf
shallowwater
can easily becomea land
bridge . . .
. . . when sea levels drop . . .
. . . during a
glaciation phase of
an ice age
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can easily becomea land
bridge . . .
. . . when sea levels drop . . .
. . . during a
glaciation phase of
an ice age
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This map has a different color code than the last one.This map has a different color code than the last one.
On this map, what color are the continental shelves?
On this map, what color is the mid-ocean ridge?On this map, what is in dark blue?On this map, what color are the highest mountains?
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Volcanic eruptions can and do occur underwater . . . a LOT, in fact
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Lava comes out and quickly solidifies when it touches the water.
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Each layer of igneous rock adds size and mass to the volcano.
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These undersea mountains are called “seamounts”.
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If the magma supply from underneath doesn’t die out too soon . . .
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The seamount will eventually get tall enough to become an island.
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Islands have a tendency to become surrounded by coral reefs.
Coral is an animal, even though it sits in place like a plant.
However, coral polyps, which are basically jellyfish with their heads stuck to a rocky skeleton they secrete, do typically have tiny golden-brown algae living in them that photosynthesize.
Therefore, coral must grow in clear, shallow, sunlit waters.
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The island itself may shrink, but the ring of coral remains, since it’s alive, and can grow, if needed, to stay high enough to reach light.
If the volcanic eruptions stop, the island stops growing, but weathering and erosion don’t stop, so
the island shrinks.
The ability to fight the forces of weathering and erosion are, in fact, a sign of life.
Coral is a combination of rock and living tissue, so not only is it subject to normal weathering and erosion; it is also subject to being eaten . . .
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The green humphead parrotfish eats algae that grows on coral, and also eats the coral itself.
Because it eats coral, it poops out calcium carbonate sediment.
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The oceanic crust from which the island projects often begins to sink once the magma supply dies out.
The coral keeps growing upward, creating more and more calcium carbonate skeleton, to stay high enough for light.
Once the island is worn down beneath the waves, coral can grow on top of it, turning the fringing reef from a doughnut shape into a solid disc shape (cookie?). It is now an “atoll”.
If eruptions have stopped, waves will wear the island away until its surface lies beneath the waves, but the coral keeps growing
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At some point, though, the crustal plate may sink so low that the coral can’t grow fast enough to stay in
the light, and the reef dies.
At this point, the submerged ex-island is no longer an atoll, but a guyot.
Guyots are flat-topped seamounts that used to be islands.
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e=mc2
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North PacificGyre
South PacificGyre
North Atlantic
Gyre
South Atlantic
GyreIndianOceanGyre
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North PacificGyre
South PacificGyre
North Atlantic
Gyre
South Atlantic
GyreIndianOceanGyre
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NorthAmerica
SouthAmericaAustralia
Africa
Europe Asia
Antarctica
PacificOcean
AtlanticOcean
AtlanticOcean
IndianOcean