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The Nuclear Atom• Rutherford modified Thomson’s
model:– assume the atom is spherical
but the positive charge must be located at the center (it’s small and dense), with a diffuse negative charge surrounding it
– Read section 2.2 for all of the details on the experiments!
Text, P. 40
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2.3 The Modern View of Atomic Structure
The atom consists of positive, negative, and neutral entities (protons, electrons, and neutrons)
• Nucleus:• Small• Dense (Protons and neutrons)• Massive (Protons and neutrons)
• Isotopes have the same number of protons but different numbers of neutrons
• Electrons are located outside of the nucleus • Most of the volume is due to the electron cloud
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31Text, P. 42
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Isotopes, Atomic Numbers, and Mass Numbers
• Atomic number (Z) = number of protons in the nucleus
• Mass number (A) = total number of protons and neutrons in the nucleus
• For element X, we write X• Isotopes have the same Z but different A
Z
A
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Atomic Number
Average Atomic Mass
(Mass Number = 24)
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Sample Problems: # 15 & 19
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2.4 Atomic Weights
The Atomic Mass Scale• 1 atom of 1H weighs 1.6735 x 10-24 g and 1 atom of 16O weighs
2.6560 x 10-23 g
• We define: mass of 12C = exactly 12 amu• Using atomic mass units:
1 amu = 1.66054 x 10-24 g1 g = 6.02214 x 1023 amu
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• Sample Problem: # 73 a and 75
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Average Atomic Masses
• Relative atomic mass: average masses of isotopes:– Naturally occurring C: 98.892 % 12C + 1.108 % 13C
• Average mass of C: • (0.98892)(12 amu) + (0.0108)(13.00335) = 12.011 amu
• Atomic weight (AW) is also known as average atomic mass
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Sample Problem: # 23
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2.5 The Periodic Table
• The Periodic Table is used to organize the elements in a meaningful way• Dimitri Mendeleev: Periodic properties• IUPAC: governing body of chemistry
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The Periodic Table
92 naturally occurring elements
Others are synthetic
Metalloids have the appearance of metals and the behavior of nonmetals
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Metals, Nonmetals, and Metalloids
Increasing Metallic Character
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GroupsAlkali metals
(no H)Alkaline Earth
metals
HalogensNoble Gases
Transition metals
No Group #s
Innertransition metals
Chalcogens
Lanthanides
Actinides
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PeriodsPerio
d
#
2
1
3
5
4
7
6
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2.6 Molecules and Molecular Compounds
Molecules and Chemical Formulas• Molecules: two or more atoms bonded together
• The chemical formula indicates the type and number of atoms in the molecule• Compounds formed from molecules are molecular
compounds• Molecules that contain two atoms bonded together
are called diatomic molecules• 2 of the same element
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The Diatomic Molecules
Text, P. 50
“Oh I have nice closets for brooms!” ~ Mat Golden, 10/3/06
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Molecular and Empirical Formulas
• Molecular formulas– give the actual numbers and types of atoms in a
molecule– Examples: H2O, CO2, CO, CH4, H2O2, O2, O3, and C2H4
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• Empirical formulas
– give the lowest whole number ratio of atoms in a molecule
– Examples: H2O, CO2, CO, CH4, HO, CH2
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Picturing Molecules
Text, P. 51
(nothing to copy from this slide)
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• Sample problems # 37, 41