The North Takes The North Takes ChargeCharge

Ch.11 Sec.4Ch.11 Sec.4

The North Takes ChargeThe North Takes Charge A. Shortly after 3 o’clock on July 3,1863, A. Shortly after 3 o’clock on July 3,1863,

from behind a stone wall on a ridge from behind a stone wall on a ridge south Of the little town of Gettysburg, south Of the little town of Gettysburg, Pennsylvania, Union troops watched Pennsylvania, Union troops watched thousands of Confederate soldiers thousands of Confederate soldiers advance toward them across an open advance toward them across an open fieldfield

B. An hour later, half of the Confederate B. An hour later, half of the Confederate force lay dead or wounded because of force lay dead or wounded because of the North’s heavy weaponrythe North’s heavy weaponry

C. The July 3rd infantry charge was part C. The July 3rd infantry charge was part of a three-day battle at Gettysburg – of a three-day battle at Gettysburg – turning point of the Civil Warturning point of the Civil War

Crippled the South so badly that General Crippled the South so badly that General Lee would never again possess sufficient Lee would never again possess sufficient forces to invade a Northern stateforces to invade a Northern state

the year 1863 had actually gone well for the year 1863 had actually gone well for the Souththe South

during the 1st four days of May, the South during the 1st four days of May, the South defeated the North at Chancecellorsville, defeated the North at Chancecellorsville, Virginia where Lee outmaneuvered Union Virginia where Lee outmaneuvered Union general Joseph Hookergeneral Joseph Hooker

the North’s only consolation was when the North’s only consolation was when General Stonewall Jackson returned from a General Stonewall Jackson returned from a patrol, Confederate guards mistook him for patrol, Confederate guards mistook him for a Yankee and shot him in the left arm; arm a Yankee and shot him in the left arm; arm had to be amputatedhad to be amputated

Lee exclaimed, “he has lost his left arm, but Lee exclaimed, “he has lost his left arm, but I have lost my right.”I have lost my right.”

Jackson caught pneumonia and died May 10Jackson caught pneumonia and died May 10 most decisive battle fought a Gettysburg, but most decisive battle fought a Gettysburg, but

no one planned to fight thereno one planned to fight there Confederate soldiers, barefoot, heard there Confederate soldiers, barefoot, heard there

were shoes in Gettysburg and went to find were shoes in Gettysburg and went to find themthem

Ran into a couple brigades of Union cavalry Ran into a couple brigades of Union cavalry commanded by John Bufordcommanded by John Buford

The shooting attracted more troops and each The shooting attracted more troops and each side sent for reinforcementsside sent for reinforcements

Lee knew the battle would not be won unless Lee knew the battle would not be won unless the Northerners were also forced to yield their the Northerners were also forced to yield their position on Cemetery Ridge, the high ground position on Cemetery Ridge, the high ground south of Gettysburgsouth of Gettysburg

On July2, almost 90,000 Yankees and On July2, almost 90,000 Yankees and 75,000 Confederates stood ready to fight 75,000 Confederates stood ready to fight for Gettysburgfor Gettysburg

Lee ordered General James Longstreet to Lee ordered General James Longstreet to attack Cemetery Ridgeattack Cemetery Ridge

The yelling Rebels overran Union troops, The yelling Rebels overran Union troops, but Colonel Joshua I. Chamberlain of but Colonel Joshua I. Chamberlain of Maine led his troops to meet the RebelsMaine led his troops to meet the Rebels

When his soldiers ran short of When his soldiers ran short of ammunition, Chamberlain ordered a ammunition, Chamberlain ordered a bayonet charge at the Confederatesbayonet charge at the Confederates

The Rebels, exhausted from fighting The Rebels, exhausted from fighting uphill, and the 25 mile march of the uphill, and the 25 mile march of the previous day, were shocked by the Union previous day, were shocked by the Union assault and surrendered in drovesassault and surrendered in droves

Lee was optimistic, he felt he could break the Lee was optimistic, he felt he could break the Union defensesUnion defenses

Early in the afternoon of July 3rd, Lee ordered Early in the afternoon of July 3rd, Lee ordered an artillery barrage an artillery barrage

On the middle of the Union linesOn the middle of the Union lines For 2 hours the two armies fired at one For 2 hours the two armies fired at one

another in a vicious another in a vicious ExchangeExchange

When the Union artillery fell silent, Lee When the Union artillery fell silent, Lee insisted that Longstreet insisted that Longstreet

Press forwardPress forward Longstreet reluctantly ordered his men Longstreet reluctantly ordered his men Suddenly Northern artillery renewed its Suddenly Northern artillery renewed its

barrage and Yankee infantry fired on them as barrage and Yankee infantry fired on them as wellwell

Devastated the Confederates staggered backDevastated the Confederates staggered back

Lee sent cavalry led by General James E.B. Lee sent cavalry led by General James E.B. (Jeb) Stuart circling the right (Jeb) Stuart circling the right

Flank of Meade’s forcesFlank of Meade’s forces Not knowing that Gregg had stopped Stuart Not knowing that Gregg had stopped Stuart

nor that Lee’s army was nor that Lee’s army was Severely weakened, Union general Meade Severely weakened, Union general Meade

never ordered a counterattacknever ordered a counterattack Lee gave up any hopes of invading the Lee gave up any hopes of invading the

North and led his army in a long,North and led his army in a long, Painful retreat back to Virginia through a Painful retreat back to Virginia through a

pelting rainpelting rain 3 day battle produced staggering losses-3 day battle produced staggering losses-

Union lost 23,000 men killed or Union lost 23,000 men killed or wounded; Confederates lost 28,000 killed or wounded; Confederates lost 28,000 killed or

woundedwounded

D. Lee would continue to lead his men brilliantly D. Lee would continue to lead his men brilliantly in the next two years of the war, in the next two years of the war,

But neither he nor the Confederacy would But neither he nor the Confederacy would ever recover from the loss at Gettysburg or ever recover from the loss at Gettysburg or the surrender of Vicksburg which occurred the surrender of Vicksburg which occurred the next day the next day

E. Union general Ulysses S. Grant continued his E. Union general Ulysses S. Grant continued his campaign in the westcampaign in the west

Vicksburg, Mississippi, was one of only 2 Vicksburg, Mississippi, was one of only 2 Confederate holdouts Preventing the Union Confederate holdouts Preventing the Union from taking control of the Mississippi Riverfrom taking control of the Mississippi River

Spring of 1863, Grant sent a cavalry Spring of 1863, Grant sent a cavalry brigade to destroy rail lines in Central brigade to destroy rail lines in Central Mississippi and draw attention from the Mississippi and draw attention from the port cityport city

Confederate forces were distracted, Grant Confederate forces were distracted, Grant was able to land infantry south of Vicksburg was able to land infantry south of Vicksburg late on April 30late on April 30

In 18 days, Union forces whipped several In 18 days, Union forces whipped several rebel units and sacked Jackson, the capital of rebel units and sacked Jackson, the capital of the statethe state

Grant and his troops rushed to Vicksburg, and Grant and his troops rushed to Vicksburg, and 2 frontal attacks failed2 frontal attacks failed

The last week of May, Grant settled in for a The last week of May, Grant settled in for a siege setting up a steady barrage of artillery, siege setting up a steady barrage of artillery, shelling the city from both the river and the shelling the city from both the river and the landland

Food supplies ran so low that people ate dogs Food supplies ran so low that people ate dogs and mulesand mules

Starving Confederate soldiers sent a petition Starving Confederate soldiers sent a petition to their commander saying “if you can’t feed to their commander saying “if you can’t feed us, you’d better surrenderus, you’d better surrender

On July 3,1863, the confederate commander On July 3,1863, the confederate commander of Vicksburg asked Grant for terms of of Vicksburg asked Grant for terms of surrender and the Confederacy was now cut surrender and the Confederacy was now cut in twoin two

F. In November 1863, a ceremony was F. In November 1863, a ceremony was held to dedicate a cemetery in held to dedicate a cemetery in Gettysburg Gettysburg

it was here that Lincoln gave his famous it was here that Lincoln gave his famous Gettysburg AddressGettysburg Address

before the war, people said, “The United before the war, people said, “The United States are.” And after Lincoln’s speech, States are.” And after Lincoln’s speech, they said, “The Unites States is.”they said, “The Unites States is.”

G. the twin defeats at Gettysburg and G. the twin defeats at Gettysburg and Vicksburg cost the south much of its Vicksburg cost the south much of its limited fighting powerlimited fighting power

no longer able to attackno longer able to attack work toward an armistice – a cease fire work toward an armistice – a cease fire

agreement based on mutual consent agreement based on mutual consent rather then a surrenderrather then a surrender

morale on the Confederacy’s home front morale on the Confederacy’s home front deteriorateddeteriorated

discord in the Confederate government discord in the Confederate government made it impossible for Jefferson Davis to made it impossible for Jefferson Davis to governgovern

H. In March 1864, President Lincoln H. In March 1864, President Lincoln appointed Ulysses S. Grant appointed Ulysses S. Grant commander of all Union armiescommander of all Union armies

Grant appointed William Tecumseh Grant appointed William Tecumseh Sherman as commander of the military Sherman as commander of the military division of Mississippidivision of Mississippi

G. These to appointments would change G. These to appointments would change the course of the warthe course of the war

both men believed in total warboth men believed in total war

believed in fighting not only the South’s believed in fighting not only the South’s armies and government, but its civilian armies and government, but its civilian population as wellpopulation as well

civilians produced the weapons, grew the civilians produced the weapons, grew the food, and transported the goods on which food, and transported the goods on which the armies reliedthe armies relied

the strength of the people’s will kept the the strength of the people’s will kept the war goingwar going

Grant’s overall strategy was to Grant’s overall strategy was to immobilize Lee’s army in Virginia while immobilize Lee’s army in Virginia while Sherman raided GeorgiaSherman raided Georgia

From May 4 to June 18, Grant lost nearly From May 4 to June 18, Grant lost nearly 60,000 which he could replace to Lee’s 60,000 which he could replace to Lee’s 32,000 which the South could not replace32,000 which the South could not replace

From May 4 to June 18, Grant lost nearly From May 4 to June 18, Grant lost nearly 60,000 which he could replace to Lee’s 60,000 which he could replace to Lee’s 32,000 which the South could not replace32,000 which the South could not replace

Sherman decided he would march Sherman decided he would march southeast through Georgia, creating a southeast through Georgia, creating a wide path of destructionwide path of destruction

As the army marched through South As the army marched through South Carolina, it inflicted even more Carolina, it inflicted even more destruction than it had in Georgiadestruction than it had in Georgia

a. one Union private exclaimed, “Here is a. one Union private exclaimed, “Here is where treason began and, by God, here is where treason began and, by God, here is where it shall end!”where it shall end!”

army burned almost every house in its army burned almost every house in its pathpath

J. as the 1864 presidential election J. as the 1864 presidential election approached, Lincoln faced heavy oppositionapproached, Lincoln faced heavy opposition

K. many Democrats, dismayed at the war’s K. many Democrats, dismayed at the war’s length and its high casualties, nominated length and its high casualties, nominated George McClellan who was delighted to run George McClellan who was delighted to run against Lincoln after being fired by Lincolnagainst Lincoln after being fired by Lincoln

L. Lincoln other opponents, the Radical L. Lincoln other opponents, the Radical Republicans, favored a harsher proposal Republicans, favored a harsher proposal than Lincoln for readmitting the Confederate than Lincoln for readmitting the Confederate states and the nominated John C, Fremontstates and the nominated John C, Fremont

M. Lincoln’s supporters dropped the Republican M. Lincoln’s supporters dropped the Republican name and called themselves the National name and called themselves the National Union Party and chose Andrew Johnson as Union Party and chose Andrew Johnson as Lincoln’s running mate Lincoln’s running mate

N. Lincoln won a 2nd termN. Lincoln won a 2nd termO. By late March 1865, it was clear that the O. By late March 1865, it was clear that the

end of the Confederacy was nearend of the Confederacy was near

Grant and Sheridan were approaching Grant and Sheridan were approaching Richmond from the west, while Richmond from the west, while

Sherman was approaching from the southSherman was approaching from the south Lee and Grant met to arrange a Confederate Lee and Grant met to arrange a Confederate

surrender on April 9, 1865 in surrender on April 9, 1865 in in a Virginia village called Appomattox Court in a Virginia village called Appomattox Court

HouseHouse at Lincoln’s request, the terms were generousat Lincoln’s request, the terms were generous Grant paroled Lee’s soldiers and sent them Grant paroled Lee’s soldiers and sent them

home with their personal possessions, horses, home with their personal possessions, horses, and 3 days’ rationsand 3 days’ rations

Officers were permitted to keep their side Officers were permitted to keep their side armsarms

After 4 long years, the Civil War was overAfter 4 long years, the Civil War was over