Twelfth Night by William Shakespeare - Teachit English · Twelfth Night by William Shakespeare
THE NORMAN FRONTIER IN THE TWELFTH AND...
22
THE NORMAN FRONTIER IN THE TWELFTH AND EARLY THIRTEENTH CENTURIES The twelfth-century borderlands of the duchy of Normandy formed the cockpit for dynastic rivalries between the kings of England and France. This book examines how the political divisions between Normandy and its neighbours shaped the communities of the Norman frontier. It traces the region’s history from the conquest of Normandy in 1106 by Henry I of England, to the duchy’s annexation in 1204 by the king of France, Philip Augustus, and its incorporation into the Capetian kingdom. It explores the impact of the frontier upon princely and ecclesiastical power struc- tures, customary laws, and noble strategies such as marriage, patronage, and suretyship. Particular attention is paid to the lesser aristocracy as well as the better-known magnates, and an extended appendix reconstructs the genealogies of thirty-three prominent frontier lineages. The book sheds new light upon the twelfth-century French aristocracy, and makes a sig- nificant contribution to our understanding of medieval political frontiers. daniel power is Lecturer in Medieval History at the University of Sheffield. He is the author of a number of articles concerning France in the central Middle Ages and co-editor of Frontiers in Question: Eurasian Borderlands 700–1700 (1999). © Cambridge University Press www.cambridge.org Cambridge University Press 0521571723 - The Norman Frontier in the Twelfth and Early Thirteenth Centuries Daniel Power Frontmatter More information
Transcript of THE NORMAN FRONTIER IN THE TWELFTH AND...
THE NORMAN FRONTIER IN THETWELFTH AND EARLY THIRTEENTH
CENTURIES
The twelfth-century borderlands of the duchy of Normandy formed thecockpit for dynastic rivalries between the kings of England and France.This book examines how the political divisions between Normandy andits neighbours shaped the communities of the Norman frontier. It tracesthe region’s history from the conquest of Normandy in 1106 by Henry I ofEngland, to the duchy’s annexation in 1204 by the king of France, PhilipAugustus, and its incorporation into the Capetian kingdom. It exploresthe impact of the frontier upon princely and ecclesiastical power struc-tures, customary laws, and noble strategies such as marriage, patronage,and suretyship. Particular attention is paid to the lesser aristocracy as wellas the better-known magnates, and an extended appendix reconstructs thegenealogies of thirty-three prominent frontier lineages. The book shedsnew light upon the twelfth-century French aristocracy, and makes a sig-nificant contribution to our understanding of medieval political frontiers.
danie l power is Lecturer in Medieval History at the University ofSheffield. He is the author of a number of articles concerning France inthe central Middle Ages and co-editor of Frontiers in Question: EurasianBorderlands 700–1700 (1999).
© Cambridge University Press www.cambridge.org
Cambridge University Press0521571723 - The Norman Frontier in the Twelfth and Early Thirteenth CenturiesDaniel PowerFrontmatterMore information
Cambridge Studies in Medieval Life and ThoughtFourth Series
General Editor:rosamond mCkitterick
Professor of Medieval History, University of Cambridge, and Fellow of Newnham College
Advisory Editors:christ ine carpenter
Reader in Medieval English History, University of Cambridge, and Fellow of New Hall
jonathan shepard
The series Cambridge Studies in Medieval Life and Thought was inaugurated byG. G. Coulton in 1921; Professor Rosamond McKitterick now acts as GeneralEditor of the Fourth Series, with Dr Christine Carpenter and Jonathan Shepardas Advisory Editors. The series brings together outstanding work by medievalscholars over a wide range of human endeavour extending from political econ-omy to the history of ideas.
For a list of titles in the series, see end of book.
© Cambridge University Press www.cambridge.org
Cambridge University Press0521571723 - The Norman Frontier in the Twelfth and Early Thirteenth CenturiesDaniel PowerFrontmatterMore information
Cambridge Studies in Medieval Life and Thought
The Norman Frontier in the Twelfth and Early Thirteenth Centuries
Seventeenth-century copy of the seal of Simon, count of Evreux (1140–81) (BN, ms. 5441, i, p. 256), reproduced by permission of the Biblio-theque Nationale de France. See below, pp. 86, 216.
© Cambridge University Press www.cambridge.org
Cambridge University Press0521571723 - The Norman Frontier in the Twelfth and Early Thirteenth CenturiesDaniel PowerFrontmatterMore information
THE NORMAN FRONTIER INTHE TWELFTH AND EARLYTHIRTEENTH CENTURIES
DANIEL POWER
© Cambridge University Press www.cambridge.org
Cambridge University Press0521571723 - The Norman Frontier in the Twelfth and Early Thirteenth CenturiesDaniel PowerFrontmatterMore information
publ i shed by the pre ss syndicate of the univer s ity of cambridgeThe Pitt Building, Trumpington Street, Cambridge, United Kingdom
cambridge univer s ity pre ssThe Edinburgh Building, Cambridge, cb2 2ru, UK
40 West 20th Street, New York, ny 10011–4211, USA477 Williamstown Road, Port Melbourne, vic 3207, Australia
Ruiz de Alarcon 13, 28014 Madrid, SpainDock House, The Waterfront, Cape Town 8001, South Africa
http://www.cambridge.org
C© Daniel Power 2004
This book is in copyright. Subject to statutory exceptionand to the provisions of relevant collective licensing agreements,
no reproduction of any part may take place withoutthe written permission of Cambridge University Press.
First published 2004
Printed in the United Kingdom at the University Press, Cambridge
Typeface Bembo 11/12 pt. System LATEX 2ε [tb]
A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library
Library of Congress Cataloguing in Publication dataPower, Daniel, 1968–
The Norman frontier in the twelfth and early thirteenth centuries / Daniel Power.p. cm. – (Cambridge studies in Medieval life and thought. Fourth series; 62)
Includes bibliographical references and index.isbn 0–521–57172–3
1. Normandy (France) – History – To 1500. 2. Normans – France. 3. Nobility – France –Normandy – History – To 1500. 4. France – Relations – England. 5. England – Relations –
France i. Title. ii. Series.dc611.n854p68 2004
944′.2023 – dc22 2004045704
isbn 0 521 57172 3 hardback
© Cambridge University Press www.cambridge.org
Cambridge University Press0521571723 - The Norman Frontier in the Twelfth and Early Thirteenth CenturiesDaniel PowerFrontmatterMore information
For Clare
© Cambridge University Press www.cambridge.org
Cambridge University Press0521571723 - The Norman Frontier in the Twelfth and Early Thirteenth CenturiesDaniel PowerFrontmatterMore information
‘They always keep true faith towards their lord, though dwelling in evil border-lands . . .’
Charter of Louis VII (1153), referring to the inhabitants of Mantes
© Cambridge University Press www.cambridge.org
Cambridge University Press0521571723 - The Norman Frontier in the Twelfth and Early Thirteenth CenturiesDaniel PowerFrontmatterMore information
CONTENTS
List of maps page xiList of tables xiiPreface xiiiNotes on names, dates, manuscripts and coinage xvNote on maps xviList of abbreviations xvii
Introduction 1
part i prince ly power and the normanfrontie r
1 The dukes of Normandy and the frontier regions 232 Capetian government in the Franco-Norman marches 813 The Church and the Norman frontier 1134 The customs of Normandy and the Norman frontier 143
part i i the pol it ical communit ie s of thenorman frontie r
5 The aristocracy of the Norman frontier: originsand status 199
6 The concerns of aristocratic lineages: marriage, kinship,neighbourhood and inheritance 224
7 The lesser aristocracy 2638 Religious patronage and burial 301
part i i i the pol it ical deve lopment of thenorman frontie r
9 The structure of politics on the Norman frontier 33710 The Norman marches in the reign of Henry I (1106–35) 36611 The Norman frontier and the Angevin dukes (1135–93) 38812 The Norman frontier and the fall of Angevin Normandy
(1193–1204) 413
ix
© Cambridge University Press www.cambridge.org
Cambridge University Press0521571723 - The Norman Frontier in the Twelfth and Early Thirteenth CenturiesDaniel PowerFrontmatterMore information
Contents
13 The Norman frontier after 1204 446Conclusion 467
Appendix i Genealogies 478Appendix ii The campaigns in eastern Normandy (1202) 532Bibliography 539Index 585
x
© Cambridge University Press www.cambridge.org
Cambridge University Press0521571723 - The Norman Frontier in the Twelfth and Early Thirteenth CenturiesDaniel PowerFrontmatterMore information
MAPS
i Normandy and its neighbours in the twelfth century page xixxixii The frontiers of north-east Normandy xxxxiii The Eure and Avre valleys xxixxiiv North-east Maine, the Alenconnais and Perche xxiixxiiv The frontiers of Normandy, north-west Maine and Brittany xxiiixxiiivi Fouage exemptions in Normandy 3636vii The Conquests Hue de Gournay and the lordship of Gournay 192192viii The northward expansion of Capetian power, 1180–92 409409ix The campaigns in eastern Normandy, 1202 536536
xi
© Cambridge University Press www.cambridge.org
Cambridge University Press0521571723 - The Norman Frontier in the Twelfth and Early Thirteenth CenturiesDaniel PowerFrontmatterMore information
TABLES (EXCLUDING APPENDIX i)
i The sureties of Robert d’Ivry page 255ii The sureties of Simon de Beaussault and the kin-group of
the counts of Clermont 258iii The kinship of the families of Evreux, Montfort, Anjou,
Tosny and Crispin 382
xii
© Cambridge University Press www.cambridge.org
Cambridge University Press0521571723 - The Norman Frontier in the Twelfth and Early Thirteenth CenturiesDaniel PowerFrontmatterMore information
PREFACE
In the course of producing a work of this type an author will happilyincur many debts which it is a pleasure to acknowledge. My first words ofgratitude are for Sir James Holt, who supervised the doctoral thesis thatforms the basis of the present work. His influence upon my understand-ing of the dynamics of the Angevin ‘empire’ will be apparent throughoutthe chapters below. David Luscombe, as series editor, and Edmund Kingboth kindly read the entire manuscript as it was prepared for publication,and their comments and encouragement have been of immense value. Iam similarly grateful to Catherine Holmes for her comments upon theintroduction. Three other people deserve my particular thanks. NicholasVincent drew my attention to countless manuscripts which he had dis-covered in French and British archives. Kathleen Thompson and JudithEverard generously shared their knowledge of Anglo-French and Bretonhistory respectively with me. I also wish to thank the following historiansfor sending me offprints or unpublished research, or for their guidance,suggestions, or support: Martin Aurell, David Bates, Pierre Bauduin,Maıte Billore, Christine Carpenter, David Crouch, Marc-Antoine Dor,John Gillingham, Judith Green, Julian Haseldine, Matthew Innes, thelate Tom Keefe, Rosamond McKitterick, Vincent Moss, John Morrill,Beatrice Poulle, Sandra Raban, Jonathan Steinberg and Elisabeth VanHouts. I am much obliged to William Davies of Cambridge UniversityPress for his patience while awaiting the arrival of a much-delayed text.
By electing me to a research fellowship the Master and Fellows ofTrinity Hall, Cambridge, provided me with a congenial atmosphere forthe completion of the doctoral thesis and enabled me to carry out muchof the necessary further research for the present work, especially con-cerning north-eastern and south-western Normandy. The Departmentof History at the University of Sheffield has provided an equally agreeableenvironment since 1996 and I owe a great deal to my colleagues therefor their stimulating and probing discussions, especially Tim Baycroft,Sarah Foot, Mark Greengrass, Simon Loseby and Simon Walker. Themaps were prepared with the aid of the Department of History and of
xiii
© Cambridge University Press www.cambridge.org
Cambridge University Press0521571723 - The Norman Frontier in the Twelfth and Early Thirteenth CenturiesDaniel PowerFrontmatterMore information
Preface
Paul Coles of the University’s Cartography Unit. The generosity of theBritish Academy enabled me to complete the necessary research for thisproject. For permission to consult manuscripts I am indebted to theBibliotheque Nationale de France, the Archives Nationales, theBibliotheque Sainte-Genevieve, the Archives Departementales of Cal-vados, Cotes d’Armor, Eure, Eure-et-Loir, Ille-et-Vilaine, Loir-et-Cher,Maine-et-Loire, Mayenne, Nord, Oise, Orne, Sarthe, Seine-Maritime,Somme, Val d’Oise and Yvelines; the Bibliotheques Municipales ofAlencon, Avranches, Le Mans and Rouen, and the Bibliotheque del’Eveche de Sees; in England, the British Library, the Public RecordOffice, the Bodleian Library, Cambridge University Library, Der-byshire and Hertfordshire County Record Offices and Birmingham CityArchives. My work in France has been especially assisted by the hospitalityof Marie-Elisabeth and Didier Bougeard, Angela and Francis Chronnell,Claire Graffeuille and Tony Gheeraert, and Bernard and Therese Dubust.
The greatest debts of all are always the hardest to convey in mere words.For many years my parents and siblings have shared the history of theNorman frontier with me with a mixture of enthusiasm and bemusement.Towards the end of the project my children Susanna and Richard helpedme along in their own inimitable ways. Most important of all, my wifeClare knows how much the completion of this work was made possibleby her love, and I dedicate it to her with my own love in return.
xiv
© Cambridge University Press www.cambridge.org
Cambridge University Press0521571723 - The Norman Frontier in the Twelfth and Early Thirteenth CenturiesDaniel PowerFrontmatterMore information
NOTES ON NAMES, DATES,MANUSCRIPTS AND COINAGE
In surnames, I have followed the Anglo-Normanist conventions of using‘de’ with identifiable French placenames and ‘of’ for English placenames,and of using English first names but French surnames, even after 1204(with one or two familiar exceptions, e.g. Philippe de Beaumanoir).Where possible I have used the modern placename as represented on IGNmaps (e.g. Fontevraud, La Roche-Mabile, Aumale and Torigni ratherthan Fontevrault, La Roche-Mabille, Aumale or Torigny). A few familiarbut non-standard forms have been retained (e.g. ‘de Clare’ rather than ‘ofClare’, and ‘de Quency’, ‘de Warenne’, ‘de Lacy’ and ‘de Montgomery’rather than ‘de Cuinchy’, ‘de Varenne’, ‘de Lassy’ or ‘de Montgommery’),but in some cases the modern placename has been given on the map.Surnames for which identification is uncertain (e.g. Geoffrey de Bosco),or where no modern form exists (e.g. Hugh de Caigni), have been left inLatin. For Christian names, the more familiar form has generally beenused, but sometimes a modern French form has seemed more appropriate:hence Guerin has been preferred to Warin and Renaud to Reginald,but Hasculf (closer to the Latin form) has been adopted in preferenceto the obsolete French forms Harcoit or Harscoet. In a few cases, thesources’ preference for differing forms suggest that standardisation wouldbe misplaced (e.g. Gasco, Gazo and Gado).
Dates are given as they appear in acts, indicating ‘o.s.’ (old style) fordates where the method of calculating the New Year is uncertain; ‘n.s.’(new style) is reserved for those where this can be ascertained, and ‘s.d.’indicates undated acts.
In quotations from unpublished manuscripts the punctuation has beenretained as far as possible, but capitalisation has been modernised.
For coinage, the mint is named where known; for French coinagesthis is specified in its modern French form (e.g. livres angevins).
xv
© Cambridge University Press www.cambridge.org
Cambridge University Press0521571723 - The Norman Frontier in the Twelfth and Early Thirteenth CenturiesDaniel PowerFrontmatterMore information
NOTE ON MAPS
The diocesan boundaries are based primarily upon the late medievalpouilles, supplemented where possible by earlier episcopal confirmations(see chapter 3). These sources indicate the centres rather than the bound-aries of parishes, and it is probable that some boundaries which did notfollow watercourses, particularly those which crossed forests, were notdefined exactly in the twelfth century; probable examples include thediocesan border between Avranches and Le Mans west of Domfront, theboundaries of the deaneries of Passais and La Roche-Mabile in the Forestof Andaine, and the district of La Montagne near the lands of the lordsof Gournay.
In general, fortresses and religious houses are shown only if mentionedin the text.
In Maps i and viii the French coastline is based upon Atlas de l’an mil,35, 19.
xvi
© Cambridge University Press www.cambridge.org
Cambridge University Press0521571723 - The Norman Frontier in the Twelfth and Early Thirteenth CenturiesDaniel PowerFrontmatterMore information
ABBREVIATIONS
For abbreviated titles of published primary sources, see bibliography.
ARCHIVES AND LIBRARIES
ADC Archives Departementales du Calvados (Caen)ADCA Archives Departementales des Cotes d’Armor (St-Brieuc)ADE Archives Departementales de l’Eure (Evreux)ADEL Archives Departementales de l’Eure-et-Loir (Chartres)ADIV Archives Departementales de l’Ille-et-Vilaine (Rennes)ADLC Archives Departementales du Loir-et-Cher (Blois)ADM Archives Departementales de la Mayenne (Laval)ADML Archives Departementales de la Maine-et-Loire (Angers)ADN Archives Departementales du Nord (Lille)ADOI Archives Departementales de l’Oise (Beauvais)ADOR Archives Departementales de l’Orne (Alencon)ADSA Archives Departementales de la Sarthe (Le Mans)ADSM Archives Departementales de la Seine-Maritime (Rouen)ADSO Archives Departementales de la Somme (Amiens)ADVO Archives Departementales du Val d’Oise (Cergy-Pontoise)ADY Archives Departementales des Yvelines (Versailles)AN Archives Nationales de France (Paris)BCA Birmingham City ArchivesBES Bibliotheque de l’Eveche de Sees (Orne)BL British Library (London)BMAL Bibliotheque Municipale d’Alencon (Orne)BMAV Bibliotheque Municipale d’Avranches (Manche)BMF Bibliotheque Municipale de Flers (Orne)BMM Bibliotheque Municipale du Mans (Sarthe)BMRO Bibliotheque Municipale de Rouen (Seine-Maritime)BN Bibliotheque Nationale de France (Paris)CUL Cambridge University LibraryHRO Hertfordshire Record Office (Hertford)
xvii
© Cambridge University Press www.cambridge.org
Cambridge University Press0521571723 - The Norman Frontier in the Twelfth and Early Thirteenth CenturiesDaniel PowerFrontmatterMore information
List of abbreviations
OBL Bodleian Library (Oxford)PBSG Bibliotheque Sainte-Genevieve (Paris)PRO Public Record Office (London)
OTHER ABBREVIATIONS
ANS Anglo-Norman Studies (cited by date of publication;early volumes were called Proceedings of the BattleConference)
ar. arrondissementBEC Bibliotheque de l’Ecole des ChartesBSAN Bulletin de la Societe des Antiquaires de Normandiecant. cantonCCM Cahiers de Civilisation Medievalech.-l. du cant. chef-lieu du cantoncne. communedept. departementEHR English Historical ReviewHR Historical ResearchIGN Institut Geographique National (maps in 1:25000
and 1:50000 series)JMH Journal of Medieval HistoryMGH Monumenta Germaniae HistoricaMGH, SS Monumenta Germaniae Historica, ScriptoresMGH, SRG Monumenta Germaniae Historica, Scriptores rerum
GermanicarumMSAN Memoires de la Societe des Antiquaires de NormandieMSAP Memoires de la Societe des Antiquaires de PicardieNMS Nottingham Medieval StudiesNRHDFE Nouvelle Revue Historique du Droit Francais et EtrangerRHDFE Revue Historique du Droit Francais et EtrangerSHF Societe de l’Histoire de FranceSHN Societe de l’Histoire de NormandieVCH The Victoria County History
xviii
© Cambridge University Press www.cambridge.org
Cambridge University Press0521571723 - The Norman Frontier in the Twelfth and Early Thirteenth CenturiesDaniel PowerFrontmatterMore information
BE
SS
IN
COTENTIN
AU
GE
CA
UX
RO
UM
OI S
NO
RM
AN
VE
XIN
FR
EN
CH
VE
XIN
BR
AY
VIM
EU
HI É
MO
I S
ÉV
RE
CIN
OU
CH
E
HO
UL
ME
PA
SS
AIS
SA
OS
NO
IS
PE
RC
HE
BR
ITT
AN
Y
MA
IN
E
CO
UN
TY
OF
BL
OIS
-C
HA
RT
RE
S
PO
NT
HIE
U
N
050
km
Bis
hopr
ics
Dio
cesa
n bo
unda
ries
(enc
lave
s no
t sho
wn)
Cou
tum
e de
Nor
man
die
(158
3)
Land
ove
r 20
0m
Gerb
eroy
Orne
Ste-
Scol
asse
St-L
ô
DOL
ST M
ALO
Dina
nSa
vign
y
Couesnon
Foug
ères
Col mo
nt
Gorr
on
RENN
ES
Cher
bour
g
Ného
u
BAYE
UX
Haye
-du-
Puits
Caen
Troa
rnAg
onCO
UTAN
CES
Torig
ni
Vire
Fala
ise
Vire
Tinc
hebr
ay
Gavr
ay
Mor
tain
Dom
front
Sé
lune
Pont
orso
n
Alen
çon
Roch
e-M
abile
Ferté
-Mac
éSt
-Jam
es
Mayen
ne
Ambr
ière
s
May
enne
Beau
mon
t-su
r-S.
Ballo
n
Huisne
Sarth
e
Mam
ers
(LE
MAN
S)
Brio
uze
St-C
enér
y
Noge
nt-
le-R
otro
u
Brou
Risl
e
Touq
ues
LISI
EUX
Bern
ay
Orbe
c
Dreu
x
Nona
ncou
rtTi
llièr
esVe
rneu
il
Bret
euil
l’Aig
leGa
cé
Pont
-Éc
hanf
ray
Brez
olle
sNo
gent
-le
-Roi
Chat
eaun
euf-
en-T
hym
.
CHAR
TRES
Cour
ville
Bellê
me
Eure
Iton
Tiro
nM
arch
évill
e
Bét
hune
Diep
pe
Arqu
es
Féca
mp
Drin
cour
t
Long
uevi
lle
Grav
ench
onLi
llebo
nne
ROUE
NAn
delle
Pont
-Aud
emer
Se
i ne
Mon
tfort-
sur-
R.Va
udre
uil
Les
Ande
lys Ch
âtea
u-su
r-Ep
teGa
illon
Le N
eubo
urg
Beau
mon
t-le
-R.
ÉVRE
UX
Eure
Conc
hes
Ivry
Illie
rs
Arge
ntan
Alm
enêc
hes
Mou
lins Mor
tagn
e
SEES
Avr
e
Lyon
s
Caye
ux
Abbe
ville
St-V
alér
y
Som
me
AMIE
NS
Bresl
e
Eu
Bret
euil-
en-B
.
Aum
ale
Mor
tem
er-
sur-
E.
BEAU
VAIS
Poix
Gour
nay
Giso
rsCh
aum
ont
Epte
Thé ra
in
Oise
Vern
onPo
ntoi
se
Man
tes
Pacy
Brév
al
Seine
PARI
SM
ontfo
rt-l’A
mau
ryAn
et
Ville
preu
xHa
utes
-Br
uyèr
es
Pois
sy
Mon
tlhér
y
Roch
efor
t
Meu
lan
AVRA
NCHE
SM
ont-S
t-M
iche
l
BE
AU
VA
ISIS
025
mile
s
Com
bour
Vare
nne
Gran
dmes
nil
Mon
tgom
mer
y
Vaux
-de-
Cern
ay
Map
iN
orm
andy
and
itsne
ighb
ours
inth
etw
elfth
cent
ury
© Cambridge University Press www.cambridge.org
Cambridge University Press0521571723 - The Norman Frontier in the Twelfth and Early Thirteenth CenturiesDaniel PowerFrontmatterMore information
Map ii The frontiers of north-east Normandy
xx
© Cambridge University Press www.cambridge.org
Cambridge University Press0521571723 - The Norman Frontier in the Twelfth and Early Thirteenth CenturiesDaniel PowerFrontmatterMore information
Map iii The Eure and Avre valleys
xxi
© Cambridge University Press www.cambridge.org
Cambridge University Press0521571723 - The Norman Frontier in the Twelfth and Early Thirteenth CenturiesDaniel PowerFrontmatterMore information
Map
ivN
orth
-eas
tM
aine
,the
Ale
ncon
nais
and
Perc
he
© Cambridge University Press www.cambridge.org
Cambridge University Press0521571723 - The Norman Frontier in the Twelfth and Early Thirteenth CenturiesDaniel PowerFrontmatterMore information
Map
vT
hefr
ontie
rsof
Nor
man
dy,n
orth
-wes
tM
aine
and
Bri
ttan
y
© Cambridge University Press www.cambridge.org
Cambridge University Press0521571723 - The Norman Frontier in the Twelfth and Early Thirteenth CenturiesDaniel PowerFrontmatterMore information
