The Next Giant Leap - Propulsion and Habitats for Mars
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Transcript of The Next Giant Leap - Propulsion and Habitats for Mars
The Next Giant Leap For Mankind
Propulsion and Habitats for Mars
Remco TimmermansTalk at Mars mini-symposium Universiteit Twente, 15 May 2014
@timmermansr | UTwente | 15-05-2014 2
Agenda
• Getting to Mars is hard
• Why one way is easier than two way
• A little rocket science – propulsion
• Your home on Mars – habitats
@timmermansr | UTwente | 15-05-2014 3
Getting to Mars is Hard
@timmermansr | UTwente | 15-05-2014 4
So why is Mars harder than the Moon?
@timmermansr | UTwente | 15-05-2014 5
Mars is Very Far Away
55 – 103 million km
400 million km
Distance to the Moon: 384,400 km
Average travel time: 5 months
@timmermansr | UTwente | 15-05-2014 6
Radiation along the way
@timmermansr | UTwente | 15-05-2014 7
From Difficult to Very Difficult
• Flyby, unmanned (e.g. Mariner 4, 1964)
• One way, unmanned, orbit (e.g. ESA Mars Express)
• One way, unmanned, landing (e.g. Viking, MSL Curiosity)
• Flyby, manned (e.g. Inspiration Mars, 2021)
• Two way, unmanned, landing, sample return
• One way, manned, landing (e.g. Mars One)
• Two way, manned, operate rover from orbit
• Two way, manned, landing, people return
@timmermansr | UTwente | 15-05-2014 8
Why is it so difficult?
∆ 𝑣=𝑣 h𝑒𝑥 𝑎𝑢𝑠𝑡 ln𝑚𝑖𝑛𝑖𝑡𝑖𝑎𝑙
𝑚𝑓𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑙∆v = acceleration OR deceleration
@timmermansr | UTwente | 15-05-2014 9
Rocket Equation
Variables:• Final mass, or spacecraft useful mass• Required ∆v (destination and route)• Propellant mass• Exhaust velocity
@timmermansr | UTwente | 15-05-2014 10
Gravity on Mars
Earth gravity: 9.8 m/s2
Moon gravity: 1.6 m/s2
Mars gravity: 3.7 m/s2
@timmermansr | UTwente | 15-05-2014 11
Escape velocity (∆v) per planet
Earth: 11.2 km/s
Moon: 2.4 km/s
Mars: 5.0 km/s
@timmermansr | UTwente | 15-05-2014 12
Principles of rocketry
Rocket
Energy
Mass
Thrust
@timmermansr | UTwente | 15-05-2014 13
Types of rockets
• Thermodynamic – heat and pressure– Chemical propulsion (solid, liquid, hybrid)
• Electrodynamic – charged particles in fields– Electrothermal (electrically produced heat)– Electrostatic (electric fields)– Electromagnetic (electro + magnetic fields)
• Nuclear propulsion – nuclear power for heat
@timmermansr | UTwente | 15-05-2014 14
1 - Chemical propulsion
• Fuel and oxidizer combine in combustion chamber to produce heat and by-products
• Solid (solid fuel and solid oxidizer)• Hybrid (solid fuel and liquid oxidizer)• Liquid (liquid fuel and liquid oxidizer)
@timmermansr | UTwente | 15-05-2014 15
Solid fuel rocket motor
@Arianespace
@timmermansr | UTwente | 15-05-2014 16
Effect of grain geometry on thrust-time
@timmermansr | UTwente | 15-05-2014 17
Hybrid rockets
@virgingalactic
@timmermansr | UTwente | 15-05-2014 18
Liquid rocket motor
First used by Robert Goddard Success by Wernher von Braun
@timmermansr | UTwente | 15-05-2014 19
Principle of liquid rocket motor
Snecma Vulcain-2 on Ariane 5
@timmermansr | UTwente | 15-05-2014 20
Classic liquid rocket examples
@timmermansr | UTwente | 15-05-2014 21
Modern liquid rocket examples
Soyuz Atlas V Falcon 9
@timmermansr | UTwente | 15-05-2014 22
SpaceX Falcon 9
@SpaceX
@timmermansr | UTwente | 15-05-2014 23
Monopropellant liquid rocket
@MarsCuriosity
@timmermansr | UTwente | 15-05-2014 24
2 – Electric Propulsion
@timmermansr | UTwente | 15-05-2014 25
Electrothermal thruster
SSTL Resistojet
(solar, nuclear)
@SurreySat
@timmermansr | UTwente | 15-05-2014 26
Electrostatic thruster
@timmermansr | UTwente | 15-05-2014 27
Electromagnetic thruster
@AdAstraRocket
@timmermansr | UTwente | 15-05-2014 28
3. Nuclear propulsion
MTV = Mars Transfer Vehicle
Thermo Nuclear Rocket Engine
@timmermansr | UTwente | 15-05-2014 29
Future: Solar Sail
In 2010 the Japanese IKAROS Solar Sail demonstrator flew to Venus@JAXA_EN
@timmermansr | UTwente | 15-05-2014
Part II - Living on Mars
30@MarsOneProject
@timmermansr | UTwente | 15-05-2014 31
Welcome to Mars
@timmermansr | UTwente | 15-05-2014 32
Challenges after arrival
• Radiation• Temperature• Low oxygen• Lack of food• Lack of water• Lack of fuel• Atmospheric pressure• Communication time delay• Shelter
@timmermansr | UTwente | 15-05-2014 33
Water of Life
• Drinking water
• Fuel (H2)
• Oxygen (O2)
• Radiation Shield
@timmermansr | UTwente | 15-05-2014 34
Water of Life
Terraforming
@timmermansr | UTwente | 15-05-2014 35
Surviving The First Decades
@timmermansr | UTwente | 15-05-2014 36
Mars Habitat Constraints
• Leightweight• Deployable• Radiation shielding• Life support• Climate-proof• Durable• Multi-purpose• Self supporting• Expandable
@ISUnet
@timmermansr | UTwente | 15-05-2014 37
Mars Analogue Missions
Photo: Mars Society@MDRSupdates
@timmermansr | UTwente | 15-05-2014 38
Mars Habitat Research
Photo: Mars Society@MDRSupdates
@timmermansr | UTwente | 15-05-2014 39
Mars Habitat Research
Photo: Dr. Ryan Kobrick@MDRSupdates
@timmermansr | UTwente | 15-05-2014 40
ÖWF Dachstein Caves 2012
Photo: ÖWF | Katja Zanella-Kux@OEWF
@timmermansr | UTwente | 15-05-2014 41
ÖWF Mars 2013 Morocco
Phot
o: Ö
WF
| Ka
tja Z
anel
la-K
ux
@OEWF
@OEWF
@timmermansr | UTwente | 15-05-2014 42
ÖWF Mars 2013 Morocco
Phot
o: Ö
WF
| Ka
tja Z
anel
la-K
ux
@OEWF
@timmermansr | UTwente | 15-05-2014 43
HI-SEAS Hawaii Analog
Photo: University of Hawaii | HI-SEAS@HI_SEAS
@timmermansr | UTwente | 15-05-2014 44
Growing Food on Mars
Photo: Mars Society
Photo: Wiki Commons
@timmermansr | UTwente | 15-05-2014 45
Mars 500 (days!) Experiment
@timmermansr | UTwente | 15-05-2014 46
Mars 500 “Landing”
@Mars500project
Photo: ESA
@timmermansr | UTwente | 15-05-2014 47
ESA Caves
@ESA_CAVES
Photos: ESA
@timmermansr | UTwente | 15-05-2014 48
NASA Desert Rats
Photo: NASA@DESERT_RATS
@timmermansr | UTwente | 15-05-2014
Bigelow Aerospace
4949Photo: Bigelow@BigelowSpace
@timmermansr | UTwente | 15-05-2014 50
Life support systems
Photo: ESA@ISS_Research
@timmermansr | UTwente | 15-05-2014 51
Mars, we are on our way…
Image: Mars Artists Community
@timmermansr | UTwente | 15-05-2014 52
Wordt onderdeel van de space community!
NVR – Netherlands Space Society• Free student membership• Acccess to companies and space organizations• Networking events with the Dutch space sector• Only space ‘glossy’ in the Netherlands• @NVR_Ruimtevaart | www.ruimtevaart-nvr.nl
SGAC - Space Generation Advisory Council• Free membership• Represent young space professionals in United Nations• Meet the global leaders in space• Very cool events and scholarships• @SGAC | @SCACNL | www.spacegeneration.org
@timmermansr | UTwente | 15-05-2014 53
Thank You!
Please follow me at:
@timmermansr@TravelsInOrbit
@WorldSpaceWeek@NVR_Ruimtevaart