The New Technology of Community Corrections: Are We Moving in the Right Direction? Professor James...

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The New Technology of The New Technology of Community Corrections: Community Corrections: Are We Moving in the Are We Moving in the Right Direction? Right Direction? Professor James Byrne Professor James Byrne Dec. 3, 2009 Lecture Dec. 3, 2009 Lecture
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Transcript of The New Technology of Community Corrections: Are We Moving in the Right Direction? Professor James...

The New Technology of The New Technology of Community Corrections: Are We Community Corrections: Are We Moving in the Right Direction?Moving in the Right Direction?

Professor James ByrneProfessor James Byrne

Dec. 3, 2009 LectureDec. 3, 2009 Lecture

What is Community Corrections?What is Community Corrections?

ProbationProbation: Pre-trial and Sentenced : Pre-trial and Sentenced OffendersOffenders

Parole and ReentryParole and Reentry Programs Programs

Stand-Alone Intermediate SanctionsStand-Alone Intermediate Sanctions Programs: Day Reporting Centers, Programs: Day Reporting Centers, Electronic Monitoring ProgramsElectronic Monitoring Programs

Residential Community CorrectionsResidential Community Corrections

Why community corrections Why community corrections mattersmatters

1.Community corrections is a reflection of 1.Community corrections is a reflection of community valuescommunity values( legitimacy of the law, respect for others, belief ( legitimacy of the law, respect for others, belief in reformation/individual offender change)in reformation/individual offender change)2. 2. Community corrections is the most commonly used Community corrections is the most commonly used and effective offender control strategy currently and effective offender control strategy currently availableavailable (e.g. in terms of cost and recidivism reduction). (e.g. in terms of cost and recidivism reduction).

3. 3. Community corrections helps attain critical Community corrections helps attain critical correctional goalscorrectional goals (e.g. punishment, community protection , (e.g. punishment, community protection , rehabilitation, justice)rehabilitation, justice)4. 4. Community corrections is essential for the Community corrections is essential for the efficient operation of the criminal justice systemefficient operation of the criminal justice system at at several key decision points: (1) pretrial release and supervision decisions,several key decision points: (1) pretrial release and supervision decisions,(2) sentencing/punishment decisions, (3)prison release and reentry (2) sentencing/punishment decisions, (3)prison release and reentry decisions, and(4) revocation/return to prison decisions decisions, and(4) revocation/return to prison decisions

Recent Changes in Community Recent Changes in Community CorrectionsCorrections

(1) (1) New PNew Programsrograms —a whole variety of innovative —a whole variety of innovative intermediate sanctions has been developed, including intermediate sanctions has been developed, including reentry partnership initiatives, day reporting centers, day reentry partnership initiatives, day reporting centers, day fines, drug courtsfines, drug courts

(2) (2) New TNew Technologiesechnologies----There has been an explosion --There has been an explosion in the use of information technology to monitor offenders in in the use of information technology to monitor offenders in the community, including, new forms of electronic the community, including, new forms of electronic monitoring, new methods of drug testing, new methods of monitoring, new methods of drug testing, new methods of reporting via kiosks, etc) reporting via kiosks, etc) (3) (3) New PNew Personnelersonnel from both the public and private from both the public and private sector, many of whom have backgrounds and qualifications sector, many of whom have backgrounds and qualifications more in line with policing than traditional community more in line with policing than traditional community corrections.corrections.

Correctional Control : The NumbersCorrectional Control : The Numbers– IncarcerationIncarceration: As our prison system has grown, we : As our prison system has grown, we

have incarcerated individuals at a higher rate across all have incarcerated individuals at a higher rate across all major offense categories.major offense categories.

– StateState Offender ProfileOffender Profile: However, we do in fact : However, we do in fact have a greater proportion of violent offenders in our have a greater proportion of violent offenders in our state prison system today (52%) than a decade ago state prison system today (52%) than a decade ago (47%).(47%).

– Federal Offender ProfileFederal Offender Profile: By comparison, the : By comparison, the majority of offenders in federal prison (6 out of 10) are majority of offenders in federal prison (6 out of 10) are serving time for drug related offenses.serving time for drug related offenses.

– Time ServedTime Served: On average, offenders sent to prison : On average, offenders sent to prison in the United States received sentences of in the United States received sentences of approximately 4.5 years; they will typically be released approximately 4.5 years; they will typically be released in 2.5 years. Offenders receive jail sentences of about 6 in 2.5 years. Offenders receive jail sentences of about 6 months in duration, but jail systems vary in the actual months in duration, but jail systems vary in the actual time served. time served.

Effectiveness: Can We Control Effectiveness: Can We Control Offenders in the Community?Offenders in the Community?

Probation’s effectivenessProbation’s effectiveness has decreased has decreased over the past several decades( 80% over the past several decades( 80% success rate in the 70’s vs. 60% today)success rate in the 70’s vs. 60% today)Parole’s effectivenessParole’s effectiveness is lower(50%); and is lower(50%); and has also decreased, but not as has also decreased, but not as dramatically.dramatically.ChurningChurning: Two- thirds of all offenders : Two- thirds of all offenders released from prison this year are released from prison this year are predicted to be rearrested at least once predicted to be rearrested at least once within 3 years; 40% will return to prison within 3 years; 40% will return to prison during this period( new criminal conviction during this period( new criminal conviction or technical revocation)or technical revocation)

Surveillance and ControlSurveillance and ControlTechnical ViolationsTechnical Violations : In 2005, almost : In 2005, almost half half of all of all new prison admissions (300,000 of 600,000) were new prison admissions (300,000 of 600,000) were technicaltechnical violatorsviolators; they were returned to prison ; they were returned to prison for periods ranging from a few months to several for periods ranging from a few months to several years (in California, technical violators served an years (in California, technical violators served an additional 9 months in prison.additional 9 months in prison.How should we respond ? How should we respond ? : One of the ongoing : One of the ongoing dilemmas for community corrections is how to dilemmas for community corrections is how to enforce multiple, control-based supervision enforce multiple, control-based supervision conditions without relying on prison as the conditions without relying on prison as the primary sanction for noncompliance. primary sanction for noncompliance.

Changes in Prison Release PoliciesChanges in Prison Release PoliciesThe major shift in parole release mechanisms over the past 25 years has The major shift in parole release mechanisms over the past 25 years has been away from discretionary release and toward supervised mandatory been away from discretionary release and toward supervised mandatory release .release .

Discretionary ReleaseDiscretionary Release: In 1980, about 55% of all offenders were : In 1980, about 55% of all offenders were released from prison based on a discretionary decision by a state parole released from prison based on a discretionary decision by a state parole board. By 2005, only slightly more than 20 % were released from prison in board. By 2005, only slightly more than 20 % were released from prison in this manner .this manner .

Mandatory ReleaseMandatory Release: During this same period, many state : During this same period, many state legislatures rewrote their parole release guidelines to create a new release legislatures rewrote their parole release guidelines to create a new release mechanism, mechanism, supervised mandatory releasesupervised mandatory release, which essentially eliminated , which essentially eliminated the need for a discretionary parole board review.the need for a discretionary parole board review.Once offenders completed their mandatory minimum period of Once offenders completed their mandatory minimum period of incarceration, they were released from prison and placed under mandatory incarceration, they were released from prison and placed under mandatory community supervision for a specified follow-up period.community supervision for a specified follow-up period. In 1980, approximately 18% of all prisoners were released in this manner, In 1980, approximately 18% of all prisoners were released in this manner, but by 2005, almost 40% of all inmates re-entered the community on but by 2005, almost 40% of all inmates re-entered the community on supervised mandatory release. supervised mandatory release.

Examples of Hard Technology Examples of Hard Technology InnovationsInnovations

New Electronic Monitoring Systems( GPS)New Electronic Monitoring Systems( GPS)New Drug Testing technologyNew Drug Testing technologyNew Technologies for managing alcohol-New Technologies for managing alcohol-involved offenders: ignition interlock involved offenders: ignition interlock devices and remote alcohol monitoringdevices and remote alcohol monitoringNew Technologies for managing sex New Technologies for managing sex offenders: polygraphs,penile offenders: polygraphs,penile plethsysmographs, and computer use plethsysmographs, and computer use monitoring ( Field Search).monitoring ( Field Search).Automated Reporting Systems( Kiosks)Automated Reporting Systems( Kiosks)

Language Translation DevicesLanguage Translation Devices

Examples of Soft Technology Examples of Soft Technology Innovations In Community Innovations In Community

CorrectionsCorrections

New Risk Assessment InstrumentsNew Risk Assessment Instruments

New Case Management SystemsNew Case Management Systems

New Supervision Strategies( Proactive New Supervision Strategies( Proactive Community Supervision, utilizing Community Supervision, utilizing motivational interviewing and positive re-motivational interviewing and positive re-enforcers in conjunction with sanctions.enforcers in conjunction with sanctions.

COMSTAT for Community Corrections: COMSTAT for Community Corrections: Timing, Location, and RiskTiming, Location, and Risk

Electronic Monitoring SystemsElectronic Monitoring Systems

New Drug Testing TechnologyNew Drug Testing Technology

New Technologies for managing New Technologies for managing alcohol-involved offendersalcohol-involved offenders

New Technologies for managing New Technologies for managing sex offenders:sex offenders:

Polygraph Testing: reliability issuesPolygraph Testing: reliability issuesPenile Plethysmograph: controversialPenile Plethysmograph: controversialField Search and other computer Field Search and other computer monitoring strategiesmonitoring strategies

http://http://www.justnet.org/Pages/fieldsearch.aspxwww.justnet.org/Pages/fieldsearch.aspx

http://www.forensic-centre.com/assessmehttp://www.forensic-centre.com/assessments/penile_plethysmographyenilents/penile_plethysmographyenile

Automated Reporting SystemsAutomated Reporting Systems

What is a Kiosk?What is a Kiosk?The KIOSK is utilized when accountability and monitoring can be The KIOSK is utilized when accountability and monitoring can be enhanced or accomplished when a personal interaction between enhanced or accomplished when a personal interaction between the probationer and probation officer are not required.the probationer and probation officer are not required. An example would be administrative probation, i.e. monitoring An example would be administrative probation, i.e. monitoring the timely payment of court costs, fines, restitution and the timely payment of court costs, fines, restitution and compliance with random drug testing.compliance with random drug testing. The KIOSK is a fully automated reporting system where a person The KIOSK is a fully automated reporting system where a person on pretrial release or probation can complete a routine interview.on pretrial release or probation can complete a routine interview. The person’s identity is verified by a biometric fingerprint scan.The person’s identity is verified by a biometric fingerprint scan.New York City uses Kiosks to supervise about 50,000 probationers New York City uses Kiosks to supervise about 50,000 probationers each year.each year.

http://www.govtech.com/gt/87473

Other Hard TechnologiesOther Hard Technologies

Language Translation DevicesLanguage Translation Devices

The Effectiveness of Hard The Effectiveness of Hard Technology: A SummaryTechnology: A Summary

1. Control vs. Change1. Control vs. Change

2. Targeted Supervision and 2. Targeted Supervision and SurveillanceSurveillance

3. Cost considerations: A Look at 3. Cost considerations: A Look at Massachusetts( Probation Budget has Massachusetts( Probation Budget has increased by 123% in past 10 years, increased by 123% in past 10 years, even though probation caseloads even though probation caseloads have not increased).have not increased).

The New Generation of The New Generation of Concentrated Community Concentrated Community

Supervision StrategiesSupervision StrategiesFocusing Resources Focusing Resources

on on HighHigh RiskRisk Offenders, Times, Offenders, Times,

and Placesand Places

IntroductionIntroductionCrime concentrated by: 1) Person, 2) Crime concentrated by: 1) Person, 2) Place, 3) TimePlace, 3) TimeSmall percent of offender account for Small percent of offender account for majority of serious offensesmajority of serious offensesSmall % of neighborhoodsSmall % of neighborhoodsOffender crime most likely in few months Offender crime most likely in few months following release following release http://www.pewcenteronthestates.org/uplohttp://www.pewcenteronthestates.org/uploadedFiles/PSPP_1in31_report_FINAL_WEB_adedFiles/PSPP_1in31_report_FINAL_WEB_3-26-09.pdf3-26-09.pdf

Community correction systems Community correction systems spread to thin.spread to thin.Probation rates have dropped from Probation rates have dropped from 80% to 60% success in completing 80% to 60% success in completing supervision termssupervision termsNeed to be reconstructed to Need to be reconstructed to incorporate new strategies incorporate new strategies Develop programs that focus on both Develop programs that focus on both offender accountability and changeoffender accountability and change

Informal Social ControlsInformal Social Controls

Relationship between offender and Relationship between offender and corrections officer (I.e. Supervision and corrections officer (I.e. Supervision and treatment)treatment)

Technique changes to assess Technique changes to assess offendersoffenders

-New risk classifications-New risk classifications

-Training line staff-Training line staff

-Developing case management -Developing case management plansplans

New Generation of proactive New Generation of proactive concentrated supervisionconcentrated supervision

Time, Offender, LocationTime, Offender, Location

1) Move parole (and probation) 1) Move parole (and probation) resources up frontresources up front

2) Use risk instruments to 2) Use risk instruments to determine initial and ongoing level of determine initial and ongoing level of supervisionsupervision

3) After an initial period, 3) After an initial period, resources to supervise should resources to supervise should decreasedecrease

Dimension 1: Timing is everything Dimension 1: Timing is everything (front-load resources(front-load resources

What can be done differently to What can be done differently to reduce risk at the start of reduce risk at the start of

supervision periods?supervision periods?Continuity of treatment as Continuity of treatment as

offenders transitionoffenders transitionProactive, structured reentry plan Proactive, structured reentry plan

that includes accountability & that includes accountability & treatment/resource dimensionstreatment/resource dimensions

Concentration by time:Concentration by time:Offenders pose greatest risk to Offenders pose greatest risk to community at start of probation or community at start of probation or parole periodsparole periodsConcentration by time: focuses Concentration by time: focuses limited community corrections limited community corrections resources at start of termresources at start of termTime-focused supervision strategies, Time-focused supervision strategies, first step toward shorter supervision first step toward shorter supervision termstermsTexas and California account for Texas and California account for quarter of all U.S. Offenders.quarter of all U.S. Offenders.

What does the research on the changing What does the research on the changing risk of re-offending over time reveal?risk of re-offending over time reveal?

Re-arrest during the first month after Re-arrest during the first month after release from prisonrelease from prisonRe-offending (drug, property, and violent Re-offending (drug, property, and violent offenses)offenses)NRC: risk rates drop 50% between first NRC: risk rates drop 50% between first and 15th month after release (dug and and 15th month after release (dug and property offenders)property offenders)Only 20% for violent offendersOnly 20% for violent offendersCrime-specific probabilities influenced by Crime-specific probabilities influenced by variables including: offender risk level, variables including: offender risk level, conviction offense type, location, and conviction offense type, location, and supervisionsupervision

Stakes vs. Risk PerspectiveStakes vs. Risk Perspective

1 in 20 risk of a sex offender or 1 in 20 risk of a sex offender or murder re-offending is greater than 1 murder re-offending is greater than 1 in 2 likelihood of drug and property in 2 likelihood of drug and property re-offending.re-offending.

Dimension 2:Dimension 2:

Targeting the supervision and Targeting the supervision and service needs of high risk service needs of high risk

offendersoffenders

Risked based concentration supervision Risked based concentration supervision strategies based on 2 assumptions:strategies based on 2 assumptions:

1)1) All offenders placed on community All offenders placed on community supervisions are at greatest risk to supervisions are at greatest risk to re-offend during first few monthsre-offend during first few months

2)2) There are subgroup of “high risk” There are subgroup of “high risk” offenders that are more likely to fail offenders that are more likely to fail while on community supervisionwhile on community supervision

Concentration by OffenderConcentration by OffenderAttempts to target limited community Attempts to target limited community corrections resources on the offenders corrections resources on the offenders who either pose the greatest risk to the who either pose the greatest risk to the community or who are most likely to community or who are most likely to benefit from the provision of treatment.benefit from the provision of treatment.

Jurisdictions must consider cost Jurisdictions must consider cost containment strategiescontainment strategies

Need to assess offenders risk level and Need to assess offenders risk level and than design evidence-based risk reduction than design evidence-based risk reduction strategiesstrategies

Risk Reduction Strategies Risk Reduction Strategies Focus:Focus:

1)1) Personal developmentPersonal development

2)2) Skill DevelopmentSkill Development

3)3) Community ResourcesCommunity Resources

Example: Maryland’s statewide Example: Maryland’s statewide proactive community supervision proactive community supervision programprogram

Technological InnovationsTechnological Innovations

Allow monitoring offender Allow monitoring offender compliance easiercompliance easier

Location, movement, drug and Location, movement, drug and alcohol consumption, risk level, and alcohol consumption, risk level, and progress in treatmentprogress in treatment

Accountability and change strategiesAccountability and change strategies

Reward systemsReward systems

Down grading supervision (risk Down grading supervision (risk reduction)reduction)

Removal of selected restrictionsRemoval of selected restrictions

Early termination from active Early termination from active supervisionsupervision

Dimension 3:Dimension 3:

Reintegrating the Concept of Reintegrating the Concept of Community into Community-Community into Community-

Based CorecctionsBased Corecctions

Why Location Matter Why Location Matter (Concentration by Location)(Concentration by Location)

High Risk “Poverty Pocket High Risk “Poverty Pocket Neighborhoods”Neighborhoods”Crime mapping and crime analysis Crime mapping and crime analysis techniques to identify geographic techniques to identify geographic concentrationconcentrationStrategies to workload reallocation, Strategies to workload reallocation, identify treatment resources or identify treatment resources or highlight shortfalls in networks highlight shortfalls in networks availableavailable

ConclusionConclusion

Past three decades, total pop. of U.S. Past three decades, total pop. of U.S. community corrections system has community corrections system has grown from 4 to 7 million offendersgrown from 4 to 7 million offenders

Proactive, concentrated community Proactive, concentrated community supervision strategies offer an supervision strategies offer an alternativealternative

A need for changeA need for change